The document is an investigatory project on cancer and its types, authored by Gourab Bose for class XII. It covers the definition of cancer, the differences between healthy and cancer cells, causes, symptoms, and various treatment methods. The project is acknowledged as genuine and includes gratitude towards teachers, parents, and a bibliography citing sources used for research.

1. ADITYA ACADEMY SECONDARY
BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
TOPIC: CANCER AND IT’S TYPES
NAME: GOURAB BOSE
CLASS:XII SCI-III
BOARD’S ROLL NUMBER:-

2. CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Gourab Bose is the student of the outgoing batch
of class for session 2024-2025 from Aditya Academy Secondary,
Barasat .I thereby certify that this is Chemistry
Project of CANCER AND IT’S TYPES is done under my
supervision and is absolutely genuine.
TEACHER’S
SIGNATURE

3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks to my Biology-
Teachers as well as our respected Principal Ma’am who gave
me the opportunity to work on this wonderful project work,
which helped me in doing a lot of research and came to know
About so many new things. I would like to thank my parents
and Friends who helped me a lot in finalizing the project within
given time.
INDEX

4. SL.NO. CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. DESCRIPTION OF HUMAN CANCER CELLS
3. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HEALTHY AND CANCER CELLS
4. CANCER CELL DIVISION
5. CAUSES OF CANCER
6. CANCER TYPES-SYMPTOMS AND PREVENTION
7. CANCER TREATMENT
8. BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell Growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts
of the body. Not all tumors are cancerous; benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body. Possible signs

5. and Symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged Cough, unexplained weight loss and a change in
bowel movements. While these symptoms may indicate Cancer, they may have other causes.
Over 100 types of cancers affect humans. These diseases are characterized by a cellular malfunction. Healthy cells
are programmed to ‘know what to do and when to do it’. Cancerous cells do not Have this programming and
therefore replicate and grow out of control.
Cancerous cells in together are called Neoplasm.
NEOPLASM HUMAN CANCER
CELLS

6. Cancer cells are cells that divide relentlessly, forming Solid tumors or flooding the blood with abnormal
cells . Cancer cells have distinguishing histological features Visible under the microscope. The nucleus is
often large and irregular, and the cytoplasm may also display abnormalities. The shape, size, protein
composition, and texture of the nucleus are often altered in malignant cells. The nucleus may acquire
grooves, folds or indentations, chromatin may aggregate or disperse, and The nucleolus can become
enlarged.
Different combinations of abnormalities are characteristic of different cancer types, to the extent That
nuclear appearance can be used as a marker in cancer diagnostics and staging Cancer cell formation
Cancer cell multiplication

7. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NORMAL AND CANCER CELLS

8. CANCER CELL DIVISION
Cell division is a normal process used by the body for Growth and repair. A
parent cell divides to form two daughter cells, and these daughter cells are
used to build new tissue, or to replace cells that have died as a result of ageing
or damage. Healthy cells stop dividing when there is no longer a need for more
daughter cells, but cancer cells continue to produce copies. Cancer is
unchecked cell growth. Mutations in genes can cause cancer by accelerating
cell division rates or inhibiting normal controls on the system, such as cell cycle

9. arrest or programmed cell death. As a mass of cancerous cells grows, it can
develop into a tumor.

11. Differentiating between normal cell division and Cancer cell division
CAUSES OF CANCER
• Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer Deaths.
• Another 10% is due to obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity, and excessive drinking of alcohol.
• Other factors include certain infections, exposure To ionizing radiation and environmental pollutants. • In
the developing world nearly 20% of cancers are Due to infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C and
human papillomavirus (HPV).

12. • Approximately 5–10% of cancers are due to inherited Genetic defects from a person’s parents. These
factors act, at least partly, by changing the genes of a cell. Typically many genetic changes are required
before cancer develops.
Types of cancer and symptoms
Most Common types of Cancer: •
Lung Cancer
A cancer that begins in the lungs and most often occurs in people who smoke.
Symptoms- Cough (often with blood), Chest pain, Wheezing and weight loss.
Prevention- Avoid smoking and carcinogens at work, Eat diet full of fruits and vegetables ,exercise
Most days of the week.

13. • Breast Cancer
A cancer that forms in the cells of breasts.
Symptoms- Bloody nipple discharge, discomfort, inverted nipple, lump formation near breasts.
Prevention- Keep weight in check and be physically fit. Avoid alcohol and smoking, Avoid birth
Control pills and regular screening. Avoid post-menopausal hormones. • Prostate Cancer
A cancer in a man’s prostate, a small walnut-shaped gland that produces seminal fluid.
Symptoms- Urinary problems, Blood in the urine and Semen. Pain in the hips, pelvis, spine or Upper
leg. Pain or discomfort during ejaculation.
Prevention- Enough exercise. Maintaining a healthy and a Balanced diet. Ensuring regular ejaculation.
Having green tea regularly.
• Throat Cancer
Throat cancer refers to cancer of the voice box, the vocal cords, and other parts of the throat, Such
as the tonsils and oropharynx.
Symptoms: Respiratory symptoms like coughing, Blood wheezing, or shortness of breath, weight
Loss, weakness, fever, a change in voice, Chest pain, ear pain, hoarseness swollen lymph nodes in the
neck, difficulty in swallowing.

14. Prevention: Don’t smoke, check for radon at home, regular exercise; eat variety of fruits and
vegetables, Limit the intake of alcohol, have a cup of green tea.
CANCER TREATMENT
Cancer can be treated in the following ways:
• Surgery

15. Surgery, when used to treat cancer, is a procedure in which a surgeon removes cancer from the patient’s
body.
• Radiation Therapy
It is a type of cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors.
• Chemotherapy
It is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells.
• Immunotherapy
It is a type of cancer treatment that helps your immune system fight cancer.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• WIKIPEDIA
• INFORMATION FROM LIBRARY
• HELP FROM TEACHERS
• HELP FROM FAMILY

16. • AND AT LAST FROM THE BIOLOGY NCERT BOOK