The document discusses the cell cycle, cancer, and cancer treatment. It describes the five phases of the cell cycle - G0, G1, S, G2, and M phase. Cancer occurs when cells divide uncontrollably and avoid checkpoints that normally stop division. The hallmarks of cancer allow cells to proliferate, avoid death, and develop blood vessels to grow. Common cancer treatments include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, and surgery. Statistics show the number of new cancer cases in Iraq has increased dramatically since the 1991 Gulf War due to environmental toxins from warfare.

1. Prepared by:
Zaid wa’ael Dagher
Abdul Aziz Ali Ammar
Manar Sabar Gadbhan
Safa Saade Abbas
Ruqaya Dhafer Ogaidy
Abdul Rahman Mohammed Alwan
Mohammed Nabeel Barhan

2.  What is Cell Cycle?
 Cancer
 Cancer treatment
 Statistics on cancer

3. Cell Cycle : Is a series of events, which include cellular
division and involves the processes occurring during
interphase. It’s divided into five phases :
 G0 :cells are programmed to perform specialized
functions.
 G1 :protein synthesis,organelles produced,increase
volume of the cytoplasm.
 S : cell duplicates its DNA.
 G2 :same the G1.
 M phase: a process of cells duplication or reproduction .
 This process last 12 hours

4. This picture shows the cell cycle

5. Cells that are capable of reproducing are normally stopped
at specific phases they are :
end of G1 ,G2 and during metaphase ,The most important of
these are immediately preceding the initiation of DNA
synthesis and immediately preceding the act of mitosis.
 The first checkpoint :occurs in the late G1 phase, just
before cells enter the S phase, the DNA must be in an
acceptable state, with no lesions, before the cell can
leave G1 .
 The second checkpoint: occurs just before the cell enters
the M phase, determined whether the new progenies are
worthy successors with accurate genetic copies of the
parent, contain full complement of proteins and other
materials to complete mitosis.

6.  metaphase–anaphase transition during mitosis is
carefully regulated in order to assure high-fidelity
transmission of genetic information to the daughter
cells.
 spindle-assembly checkpoint
 monitors the attachment of kinetochores to the
spindle microtubules, and inhibits anaphase onset until
all chromosomes have achieved a proper bipolar
orientation on the spindle
 Check points are regulated by Cyclins , CDKs (Cyclin
dependent kinase) the master regulators and tumor
suppressors gene.

7.  Cancer is a disorder of uncontrolled cell division.
All cancers originate from normal cells of the host.
Hence, a normal cell must undergo a series of
changes in order to become tumorigenic and
finally malignant.
 The tumor is not only composed of malignant cells
but also contains a number of normal cells that
were recruited; they are required for tumor growth

8. This picture show the
most common types of
cancer

9. The hallmarks Of cancer are a list of properties that
cancerous cells all have in common that achieving the
growth advantage by cancerous cell and of tumorigenesis.
A. Sustaining proliferative signaling.
B. Evading growth suppressors
C. Resisting cell death.
D. Enabling replicative immortality.
E. Inducing angiogenesis.
F. Activating invasion and metastasis.
G. Reprogramming energy metabolism.
H. Evading immune destruction.

10. A. Sustaining proliferative signaling: Cancers use multiple
mechanisms to sustain their proliferation:
1. Tumors may produce growth factors for which they have
receptors in an autocrine fashion.
2. Tumors may stimulate surrounding normal tissues and these
normal tissues provide growth factors for the tumor.
3. Tumor may become hypersensitive to growth factors through
up regulation of growth receptors or alterations of the
structure of these receptors
4. Finally, they may become independent of growth factors by
the presence of somatic mutations activating downstream
pathways

11. B. Evading growth suppressors : Normal cells use
multiple mechanisms to regulate negatively cell
proliferation; most of these processes occur through
the products of activation of tumor suppressor genes.
Loss of function of these gene products allows tumor
cells to evade the inhibitory mechanisms.
C. Evading immune destruction :The immune cells
continue surveying the body and eliminate pathogens
and potentially cancerous cells. For cancer cells to
survive, they have to evade this surveillance and they
can achieve it by disabling 33 components of the
immune system

12. Hallmarks
D. Resisting cell death: cell death process take place in three cases:
1. Apoptosis. Under normal conditions, cells that get damaged undergo
programmed cell death in the process of apoptosis. Cancer cells have
ability to avoid this process despite apoptosis-inducing stressors such
as DNA damage or oncogene hypersignaling.
2. Autophagy is a natural process that allows cells to break down
intracellular organelles upon exposure to stressors with help of
lysosomes and recycle nutrients. Cancer cells may use autophagy to
recycle their nutrients and escape damaging agents
3. Necrosis is another process of cell death in which cells increase in size
and break, releasing multiple proinflammatory cytokines. Immune
cells are attracted to the areas of necrosis to eliminate the remnants
of cells. Cancer can use this process to induce an inflammatory
proneoplastic environment, stimulate angiogenesis, and even use
these cytokines to stimulate its own growth.

13. II. Chemotherapy:
- major categories of medical treatments for cancer
- The aim is to prolong life and to reduce symptoms by
inhabiting the process of cell division
II. Radiation therapy:
- Using ionization radiation to kill our control malignant
cells and normally delivered by a linear accelerator .
- Used to treat cancer that is localized and also after
surgery to prevent tumor recurrence.
- Damaging the DNA of cancerous cells

14. II. Targeted therapy:
- Major modalities Of medical treatment for cancer
- Successful target therapies are chemical entities
that target or preferentially target protein or
enzyme that carries a mutation.
II. Surgical Interference
- Surgical intervention is performed to remove the
swollen area for fear of spreading to the rest of the
body and to reduce the number of cancer cells to as
little as possible and thus also facilitate chemical
treatment

15. Common side effects:
 Fatigue: feeling tired or exhausted all most all time
 Skin problems: dryness , itching red and sore
 Nausea: unpleasant feeling
 chemotherapy and radiation therapy will cause
hair loss while loss of hair color in targeted therapy

16. Year NO. of new cases
registered
Male Female
2003 11248 5698 5550
2004 14520 7525 6995
2005 15172 7505 7667
2012 25566 11489 14177
2018 25320 11300
14020

17. The most common causes that increase the rate of cancer
cases are:
 Lifestyle :Smoking , alcohol consumption, diet and the
physical activity.
 Environment: Air and water pollution, damaged ozone
and viruses
 War: In Iraq the use of DU and explosives for military
purposes is related to cause cancer cases throughout
much of Iraq. in 1991, the rate of cancer cases in Iraq
was 40 out of 100,000 people. By 1995, it had increased
to 800 out of 100,000 people, and, by 2005, it had
doubled to at least 1,600 out of 100,000 people

18.  Wikipedia
 Atlas of plant and animal histology
 Wiki Med
 Lippincott manual of clinical oncology
 Globocan

19. Thank you