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IQRA HANIF
What is cancer
• Cancer is a group of diseases.
• Abnormal cell growth.
• Potential to invade or spread.
• More than 100 types.
• 14 million cancer diagnosed every year.
• 8 million die every year.
Causes of cancer
• 90-95% environmental.
• 5% genetically inherited.
• chemicals.
• Drugs/ smoking.
• Obesity.
• Infections.
• Radiations.
• Stress.
• Environmental pollutants.
• Lack of physical activity.
Alterations that cause cancer
• Telomeric.
• Epigenetic alterations.
• DNA repair genes.
• Tsg.
• Oncogenes.
• miRNA.
• Cell adhesion.
• Metabolic byproducts.
Types of cancer therapies
• Surgery.
• Radiation therapy.
• Chemotherapy.
• Targeted therapy.
• Hormone therapy.
• Stem cell transplant.
• Precision medicine.
Side effects of traditional cancer
therapies
• Less effective.
• Reoccurrence of cancer.
• Weight loss.
• Hair fall.
• Suppresses immune system.
• At last death.
What is immunotherapy
• Biologic therapy.
• It is a type of cancer treatment that boosts the
body's natural defenses to fight against the
cancer.
• It uses substances made by the body or in a
laboratory to improve or restore immune
system function.
• Revolutionary therapy.
How immunotherapy works
• Immunotherapy activates innate and adaptive
immune system.
• Stop and slows the growth.
• Destroy cancer cells.
• Stop spreading of cancer cell.
Types of immunotherapies
• Monoclonal antibodies therapy.
• Oncolytic virus therapy.
• Polysaccharide k therapy.
• Cancer vaccines.
• T cell therapy.
• Dendritic cell therapy.
• Cytokine therapy.
• Immune check point therapy.
Monoclonal antibodies
• Immunoglobulins.
• Designed in the laboratory.
• Attack specifically to target antigen on the
cancer cells.
• Triggers the immune system
• Attaches to the cancer cells.
• Recruitment of cytotoxic t cells.
• ADCC.
• NK cells and macrophages also destroy cancer
cells.
• Block signals that telling cancer cells to
divide.
• Mab attach GFR cell division.
• Carry cancer drugs or radiations.
• Conjugated mab.
• Destroy cancer cells.
• Block specific molecules/ receptors.
• So the immune system can detect cancer cells
easily.
Therapy direction
• Subcutaneous injection.
• Drip.
• Overall it activates innate and adaptive
immune system to eliminate cancer.
• Complement system also activated.
Oncolytic virus therapy
• It uses genetically modified viruses to kill
cancer cells.
• Injects viruses into tumors.
• Multiply.
• Cell burst dies.
• As the cell dies it release many antigens into
blood.
• Triggers patient immune system.
• Attack all cancer cells.
Polysaccharide k
• Extract from mushroom effective against
cancer.
• Coriolus versicolor.
• Stimulate immune system.
• Used as dietary supplement in USA.
Cancer vaccines
• Vaccines that are made up of cancer cells/ part
and pure tumor antigens.
• Stimulate body immune system to fight against
cancer cells.
• Antigen is a substance that induces an immune
response / and production of antibodies.
Types of cancer vaccines
• Altered proteins/ peptides.
• DNA/ RNA.
• Whole cell vaccines.
• Dendritic cell vaccines.
• Human papilloma virus vaccines.
• Hepatitis B vaccines.
How cancer vaccines work
• Vaccine antigens goes into the blood.
• APC phagocytose and present antigen on surface.
• T helper cell recognize that antigen bind with it.
• Release cytokines.
• Trigger antibody production B cells
• Trigger Cytotoxic t cells to recognize cancer cells.
• Dstruction.
T cell therapy
• Lymphocytic cells.
• T cell removed from patients.
• Genetically engineered in the laboratory
• T cell expresses antigen specific receptors.
• Produce culture in the laboratory.
• Reintroduced into patients.
• Recognize cancer.
Dendritic cell therapy
• APC cells.
• Removed from patients.
• Cultured with antigen in laboratory.
• Present antigen.
• Re infused into patients.
Cytokine therapy
• Group of proteins released by immune cells.
• Play an important role in activating immune
response.
• interferon's and interleukins.
• It stimulate the production of antibodies.
• Stimulate T cytotoxic cells.
Immune check points
• Cancer cells produce some excessive proteins.
• Prevent them from recognition.
• Immune check point inhibitors blocks that
proteins so immune system detect cancer cells.
• PD-1 inhibitors.
• CTLA-4 inhibitors.
Conclusion
• Remove cancer from roots.
• Decreases risk of reoccurrence.
• No or fewer side effects.

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Cancer

  • 1.
  • 3. What is cancer • Cancer is a group of diseases. • Abnormal cell growth. • Potential to invade or spread. • More than 100 types. • 14 million cancer diagnosed every year. • 8 million die every year.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6. Causes of cancer • 90-95% environmental. • 5% genetically inherited. • chemicals. • Drugs/ smoking. • Obesity. • Infections. • Radiations. • Stress. • Environmental pollutants. • Lack of physical activity.
  • 7. Alterations that cause cancer • Telomeric. • Epigenetic alterations. • DNA repair genes. • Tsg. • Oncogenes. • miRNA. • Cell adhesion. • Metabolic byproducts.
  • 8. Types of cancer therapies • Surgery. • Radiation therapy. • Chemotherapy. • Targeted therapy. • Hormone therapy. • Stem cell transplant. • Precision medicine.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11. Side effects of traditional cancer therapies • Less effective. • Reoccurrence of cancer. • Weight loss. • Hair fall. • Suppresses immune system. • At last death.
  • 12. What is immunotherapy • Biologic therapy. • It is a type of cancer treatment that boosts the body's natural defenses to fight against the cancer. • It uses substances made by the body or in a laboratory to improve or restore immune system function. • Revolutionary therapy.
  • 13. How immunotherapy works • Immunotherapy activates innate and adaptive immune system. • Stop and slows the growth. • Destroy cancer cells. • Stop spreading of cancer cell.
  • 14. Types of immunotherapies • Monoclonal antibodies therapy. • Oncolytic virus therapy. • Polysaccharide k therapy. • Cancer vaccines. • T cell therapy. • Dendritic cell therapy. • Cytokine therapy. • Immune check point therapy.
  • 15. Monoclonal antibodies • Immunoglobulins. • Designed in the laboratory. • Attack specifically to target antigen on the cancer cells. • Triggers the immune system • Attaches to the cancer cells. • Recruitment of cytotoxic t cells. • ADCC. • NK cells and macrophages also destroy cancer cells.
  • 16. • Block signals that telling cancer cells to divide. • Mab attach GFR cell division. • Carry cancer drugs or radiations. • Conjugated mab. • Destroy cancer cells. • Block specific molecules/ receptors. • So the immune system can detect cancer cells easily.
  • 17. Therapy direction • Subcutaneous injection. • Drip.
  • 18.
  • 19. • Overall it activates innate and adaptive immune system to eliminate cancer. • Complement system also activated.
  • 20. Oncolytic virus therapy • It uses genetically modified viruses to kill cancer cells. • Injects viruses into tumors. • Multiply. • Cell burst dies. • As the cell dies it release many antigens into blood. • Triggers patient immune system. • Attack all cancer cells.
  • 21. Polysaccharide k • Extract from mushroom effective against cancer. • Coriolus versicolor. • Stimulate immune system. • Used as dietary supplement in USA.
  • 22.
  • 23. Cancer vaccines • Vaccines that are made up of cancer cells/ part and pure tumor antigens. • Stimulate body immune system to fight against cancer cells. • Antigen is a substance that induces an immune response / and production of antibodies.
  • 24. Types of cancer vaccines • Altered proteins/ peptides. • DNA/ RNA. • Whole cell vaccines. • Dendritic cell vaccines. • Human papilloma virus vaccines. • Hepatitis B vaccines.
  • 25. How cancer vaccines work • Vaccine antigens goes into the blood. • APC phagocytose and present antigen on surface. • T helper cell recognize that antigen bind with it. • Release cytokines. • Trigger antibody production B cells • Trigger Cytotoxic t cells to recognize cancer cells. • Dstruction.
  • 26. T cell therapy • Lymphocytic cells. • T cell removed from patients. • Genetically engineered in the laboratory • T cell expresses antigen specific receptors. • Produce culture in the laboratory. • Reintroduced into patients. • Recognize cancer.
  • 27.
  • 28. Dendritic cell therapy • APC cells. • Removed from patients. • Cultured with antigen in laboratory. • Present antigen. • Re infused into patients.
  • 29.
  • 30. Cytokine therapy • Group of proteins released by immune cells. • Play an important role in activating immune response. • interferon's and interleukins. • It stimulate the production of antibodies. • Stimulate T cytotoxic cells.
  • 31. Immune check points • Cancer cells produce some excessive proteins. • Prevent them from recognition. • Immune check point inhibitors blocks that proteins so immune system detect cancer cells. • PD-1 inhibitors. • CTLA-4 inhibitors.
  • 32. Conclusion • Remove cancer from roots. • Decreases risk of reoccurrence. • No or fewer side effects.