1. Inuit are indigenous peoples who live in Arctic regions of Canada, Alaska, Greenland, and Russia. There are approximately 60,000 Inuit in Canada. 2. From the 4th century BCE to 1600 CE, Europeans viewed the Arctic and Inuit through myths and legends. Beginning in the 16th century, contact increased as Europeans sought trade routes and resources. Whaling brought further contact in the 18th-19th centuries. 3. In the 20th century, Inuit mobilized politically to gain self-governance and protect their land and culture. This included establishing territories like Nunavut in 1999 and organizations like the Inuit Circumpolar Council. Inuit now influence

1. Inuit—Who Are They? What Are They Doing?
STUDY CANADA Summer Institute for (the best ever!) K-12 Educators
30 June 2014, Montréal, Québec
presented by Nadine C. Fabbi, Canadian Studies Center
Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies, University of Washington, Seattle
part of the Pacific Northwest National Resource Center for the Study of Canada
Lost in the Storm, 2001
Napachie Pootoogook

2. Napachie Pootoogook (1938-2002)

3. 1. Who are Inuit? Where are Inuit?
2. Arctic/Inuit in the Imagination of the Qallunaat (400 BCE to 1600)
3. History of Contact (1600 to 20th century)
4. 20th Century Political Mobilization (1960s forward)
5. 21st Century Influence

5. Arctic Council Members, Nuuk, Greenland, May 2011

6. Silent Hunter, by Kananginak, 2002
1. Who are Inuit?
Where are Inuit?

7. Arctic Circle - parallel of latitude – approx. 66˚
1/6th of earth’s surface
4 million people / 400,000 indigenous

8. © 2005-08, Geology.com, produced by Brad Cole
Eight Arctic
nation-states.

9. Indigenous peoples
in the North.
Norwegian Polar Institute.

10. 12 language
families altogether.
North America:
1. Eskimo-Aleut
2. Athabaskan
3. Algonkian
Norwegian Polar Institute.

12. Inuit globally.

13. Chukchi
Inuit
© Bryan & Cherry Alexander

14. Arctic Council Members, Nuuk, Greenland, May 2011

16. 35 million Canadians
1.8 million indigenous
4.3% total population
First Nations (850,000)
Métis (450,000)
Inuit (60,000 – 4.2% indigenous
population
(census 2011)

17. First Nations
12,000-24,000 years ago

18. Inuit migration
4,000 years ago

21. Kananginak Pootoogook (1977)) Hunter's Camp
Land + Climate = Culture

22. Eskimo - “eaters of raw meat”

23. inuksuk ᐃᓄᒃᓱᒃ
inuksuit ᐃᓄᒃᓱᐃᑦ

24. Man Harnessing Dog
Saila, 1985, $350
25 x 32”
19/50

25. “Crossing the River by Kayak” (27/30) - stonecut
Leah Qumaluk, 1973
Povungnituk, Nunavik

26. Couple w/ Snow Goggles, Helen Kalvak - Holman Island, 1982

27. Woman Today (1989), Napachie Pootoogook
2. Arctic/Inuit in the
Imagination of the
Qallunaat (400 BCE to
1600)

28. Pytheas 4th century BCE
Thule / Ultima Thule

29. Carta Marina, 1539
Magnus, Swedish cartographer

30. Mercator 1569 world map

31. Mercator, 1569

32. narwhal

33. Nuuk, Greenland, 2005

34. Rome, early 1600s
Paris, Tapestry, 15th century

35. King Christian IV (1577-1648)
Rosenborg Castle, Copenhagen
Photo, Kristen Laidre, University of Washington

36. Colombo - 1492
Caboto - 1497
Amerigo Vespucci - 1500-04
Verrazzano - 1524/25
Cartier - 1534

37. “It is still the only thing left undone,” wrote Sir
Martin Frobisher, “whereby a notable mind might
be made famous.”

38. 1576
Frobisher “Strait” Bay
Iqaluit

40. Frankenstein, Mary Shelley, 1818

41. Franklin Expedition - 1845
Terror and Erebus

43. John Torrington, 20 (1981)
Owen Beattie, U of Alberta
“Franklinalia”

44. http://rock.rapgenius.com/Stan-rogers-northwest-passage-lyrics

45. Roald Amundsen
1903-06

46. children dancing to whaler's jig
ELISAPEE ISHULUTAQ (1983)
3. History of Contact (1600 to 20th century)

47. 1576
Frobisher “Strait” Bay
Iqaluit

48. up to 700, baleen
“hairs”
Baleen
700 hairs

49. 1850s – early 19th century

50. Whaling, by Abraham Storck (1654-1708)

51. 18th century engraving showing Dutch whalers hunting bowhead whales in the Arctic

52. “INUIT WHALERS,” Jeetaloo Akulukjuk (1998)

53. children dancing to whaler's jig
ELISAPEE ISHULUTAQ (1983)

54. Napachie Pootoogook WHALER'S EXCHANGE (1989)

55. Richard Harrington
White fox fur trade
Early 20th century to WWI

57. John Diefenbaker, 1957-63
“I see a new Canada -- a Canada of the North. This is the vision."

60. 4. 20th Century Political Mobilization (1960s forward) –
Domestic Level
Synchronized Sednas, Papiara Tukiki, 2005

61. Inuit Tapirisat of Canada
18 February 1971
Toronto

62. Inuit Land Use & Occupancy Project, 1976

63. 1993
2005
1975
1984

64. Nunavik - “big land”
Northern Québec
10,000 Nunavimmiut

66. 1975 – James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement
Makivik Corporation

67. Nunavik Creations Kuujjuak

68. Nunavut Eastern Arctic Shipping (three Inuit corp)

69. Nunavik Research Centre, Inukjuak

71. HySou

72. Inuvialuit - “the real people” – 150 individuals at turn of 20th century

73. Nunavut
“our land”
1 April 1999
20% land mass
85% Inuit

77. “The birth of Nunavut is a significant step in
Canada’s nation building. The territory’s
creation is anchored in the central idea that
Canada’s flexible federation supports diversity.
Nunavut is both an historic and extraordinary
achievement. At a time when borders are
often a source of strife, the map of Canada is
being redrawn in peace and partnership.”

78. 1993
1975
1984
2005

79. Newfoundland and Labrador
Nunatsiavut, “our beautiful land”
5,300 Inuit & Kablunângajuit
“ethnic government”

80. William Andersen III and Jose Kusugak - June 2005

81. Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, 1971
“Inuit are united in Canada”

82. Terry Audla

83. 4. 20th Century Political Mobilization (1960s forward) –
International Inuit
Synchronized Sednas, Papiara Tukiki, 2005

84. Copenhagen, Denmark
Arctic Peoples Conference, 1973
Inuit Tapirisat of Canada

85. Eben Hopson, Inupiat, Alaska
1977
“We Eskimo are an international community sharing common language, culture, and a
common land along the Arctic coast of Siberia, Alaska, Canada and Greenland. Although not
a nation-state, as a people, we do constitute a nation.”

87. Charter of the Inuit
Circumpolar Conference
Nuuk, Greenland, 1980

88. When I heard of Eben's death . . . I thought about the story of Moses. We all
know that Moses led his people out of Egypt to find the Holy Land, the land of
the Jewish people.
Bishop Jens Christian
Chemnitz
Church of Greenland

89. Artist: Moses Wassilie
Eben Hopson
1922-1980
7 November
International Inuit Day (2006)

91. 4. 20th Century Political Mobilization (1960s forward) –
International w/ Nation-States
Synchronized Sednas, Papiara Tukiki, 2005

92. © 2005-08, Geology.com, produced by Brad Cole
Eight Arctic nation-
states.
Arctic Council, 1996.

93. Murmansk Speech, 1987
1. Centralizes Arctic as new
region for international
cooperation
2. Singles out importance of
indigenous peoples in
international affairs
3. Marks first time the
environment serve as the
basis for global security.

94. International Indigenous
Organizations
1. Saami Council, 1956
2. Inuit Circumpolar Council,
1977
3. Russian Association of
Indigenous Peoples of the
North, 1990
1. Aleut International
Association, 1998
2. Gwich’in Council
International, 1999
3. Arctic Athabascan Council,
2000
Cartographer / Designer, Philippe Rekacewicz, 2005

95. Nuuk, Greenland, 2011 – policy-shaping to policy making
Agreement on Cooperation on Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue in the Arctic

98. Council Members
Permanent Observers
1. France
2. Germany
3. Netherlands
4. Poland
5. Spain
6. United Kingdom
2013 …
1. India
2. South Korea
3. Japan
4. China
5. Singapore
6. Italy

99. 5. 21st Century Influence – Climate Change & Human Rights
Owl Incognito, 2008, Ohotaq Mikkigak

100. Influence on politics of climate
change
Arctic Council &
International Arctic Science
Committee, 2004

101. Sheila Watt-Cloutier, President Inuit Circumpolar Council, 2002-06

102. Kuujjuak, Nunavik, Québec

104. - 7 December 2005, Inter-American Commission for Human Rights
- charges US for human rights abuses, ¼ greenhouse 5% population
- violation of the cultural and environmental rights of Inuit as guaranteed in Declaration (1948)
Sheila Watt-Cloutier

105. This was the first international legal action on climate change.
The Inuit effectively transformed the politics of climate change.
The Inuit put a human face on climate change.

106. 5. 21st Century Influence – Inuit Foreign Policy

107. © 2005-08, Geology.com, produced by Brad Cole
Canada 2000/2010
Finland 2010/2013
Norway 2006/2009
Russia 2008
U.S. 1994/2009/2013
Denmark 2008
Iceland 2011
Sweden 2011
Inuit Circumpolar
Council 2009 & 2011
Influence on foreign policy

108. “Sovereignty … used to refer to the absolute and independent authority of a community
or nation … Sovereignty is a contested concept, however … old ideas of sovereignty are
breaking down as different governance models, such as the European Union, evolve.”
Article 2.1

109. 5. 21st Century Influence – Challenges to Domestic Arctic
Policy

110. New Map
Inuit Nunaat, 2005
Inuit Nunangat, 2009

111. Canada’s Northern Strategy: Our North, Our Heritage, Our Future
26 July 2009

112. “Inuit find it unacceptable that a map
labeled 'Canada's North' on pages six and
seven leaves out all the Inuit communities
in Nunavik (Northern Quebec) - where I live
- as well as those in Nunatsiavut (Northern
Labrador).”
Mary Simon, President
Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami

113. New Map
Inuit Nunaat, 2005
Inuit Nunangat, 2009

114. Northwest Passage

115. Inuit Printmaking – James A.
Houston

116. Cape Dorset, Nunavut
James Houston

117. Un’ichi Hiratsuka
“Owl,” 1967
Sōsaku hanga movement

118. Kenojuak Ashevak, “The Enchanted Owl,” 1960
http://www.museevirtuel-virtualmuseum.ca/sgc-cms/expositions-exhibitions/tresors-treasures/?page_id=2605&lang=en
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qZ9cgA8VjIk

119. Stiletto (2010)Kavavaow Mannomee
Inuit – Who They Are,
What They are Doing?
Thank you!
Merci!
Nakurmiik!