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- 1. Lecture 2. Brief History of Australia
- 2. Brief history of Australia 1. Period 1. Ancient time (150, 000 years ago-1606) 2. Period 2. European settlement and the road to Federation (1606-1900) 3. Period 3. New nation (1901-now) • 1901: Forming a new nation • 1914-1945: The WW I , Great depression, the WW II • 1945 –1960: Post war Prosperity • 1960s-now: Changing society
- 3. Period 1. Ancient time (150 000 years ago)
- 4. Religious beliefs are deprived from the sense of belonging- to the land, to the sea.
- 5. •The dreaming comes from the land. The dreaming means our identity as people. •It is a complex network of knowledge, faith and practices that derives from stories of creations.
- 6. Period 1. ancient time (150 000 years ago) Houses Indigenous people a nomadic life
- 7. Aboriginal Art: X-ray style on rock Period 1. Ancient time (150 000 years) Possum
- 8. The dreamtime The complex and interconnected value systems which bind individuals together from before birth to after death- was passed from generation to the next to secure the continuation of Aboriginal culture and society (p20, Australia, 1992)
- 9. Period 2. European settlement (1606-1900) 1606. Spanish navigator Luis Vaez de Torres sailed through the strait which now bears his name.
- 10. Period 2. European settlement (1606-1900) 1606. Dutchman Willem Janszoon sailed into the Gulf of Carpentaria
- 11. 17 years later: another Dutchman charted & named the main features of the western coast of Cape York. Period 2. European settlement (1606-1900)
- 12. Period 2. European settlement (1606-1900) 1688. William Dampier. The first British explorer to land on the Australian North West coast.
- 13. Period 2. European settlement (1606-1900)
- 14. 1770
- 15. Period 2. European settlement (1606-1900) 1787-1788: Captain Authur Philip
- 16. First fleet: The Rock- Sydney 1788 2012 Period 2. European settlement (1606-1900)
- 17. 1850s-1860s: gold rush in Ballarat Period 2. European settlement (1606-1900)
- 18. Population Period 2. European settlement (1606-1900) 1850s-1860s: gold rush in Ballarat
- 19. Chinese Period 2. European settlement (1606-1900)
- 20. Free settlers SS Great Britain leaving Prince’s Pier, Liverpool, for Australia, 1852. ANMM Collection Period 2. European settlement (1606-1900)
- 21. Population Period 2. European settlement (1606-1900) 1793-1850 200,000 free settlers agricultural workers or domestic servants 1788-1868 160 000 convicts 1850s-1860s thousands of Chinese By 1901, Chinese is the third largest immigration group
- 22. Building the nation The Overland Telegraph line (1870s). Period 2. European settlement (1606-1900)
- 23. Kalgoorlie Pipeline (1890s) Building the nation Period 2. European settlement (1606-1900)
- 24. Period 2. The road to Federation 1. REASONS Cooperation in trade and economy Development (tariff, transportation…) Cooperation to face threats from Germany, Russia, Japan and China National Unity (The mid-19th century-1901) The Federation Leagues & Australian Natives Association
- 25. Edmund Barton “we all lose something, we all gain something…but our gain is limitless, if we are to consider, as we must, what the outcome of Federation will be to all these colonies.” Period 2. The road to Federation 2. SEPERATION AND UNITY One flag, one hope and one destiny
- 26. Period 2. The road to Federation 1889 and 1890: Henry Parkes urged federation Members of the Australasian Federation Conference, 1890 The Federation Leagues & Australian Natives Association 2. SEPERATION AND UNITY
- 27. 1891: 1st Federal Convention a draft Australian constitution Period 2. The road to Federation March, 1897: The 2nd National Australasian Convention meets in 3 sessions in Adelaide, Sydney and Melbourne Agree to the constitution 2. SEPERATION AND UNITY
- 28. 1898 & 1899: The constitution was passed after two referendums in Victoria, SA, Tasmania, NSW and Queensland . The Federation Leagues & Australian Natives Association Period 2. The road to Federation 1900: It went to London. 3. SUCCESS 9 July, 1900: Queen Victoria signs the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act. 31 July ,1900: the Constitution was voted with a majority of YES in WA at a referendum.
- 29. The Monarchy The Queen & the General – Governor Executive Prime – minister Legislative Two houses Judicial Period 2. The road to Federation 'Washminster‘ system: mix of Westminster system and American model
- 30. Period 2. The road to Federation Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia The constitution had to be democratic …..but also fair and protect the smaller States.
- 31. . 17th, September, 1900 Queen Victoria proclaimed the Commonwealth of Australia “an act to constitute the Commonwealth of Australia”. It shall declare by Proclamation, that…. The people of New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Queensland and Tasmania, and also …..the people of Western Australia have agreed thereto, of Western Australia, shall be united in a Federal Commonwealth
- 32. Period 3. Forming a new nation (1901-now) A self-governing colony within the nation of the British Empire 1901 cabinet 1901 Parliament
- 33. Royal Exhibition Building It housed the opening of the first Australian Parliament Melbourne, 1901. the ‘temporary’ capital for 27 years.
- 34. Sir Edmund Barton _the first Prime Minister (1901-1903)
- 35. Australian Coat of Arms Shield: badges of 6 states 2 animals: Kangaroo and Emu Background: wattle national floral emblem Below: name of the country Crest: 7-pointed gold star
- 36. 1927: Moving to new federal capital Canberra
- 37. The Question is “when did Australia gain independence from the UK.?” Statute of Westminster in 1931 Australia said “no” Oct, 1942: Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 3 March 1986, The Australia Acts declared that Australia had the status of a Sovereign, Independent and Federal Nation. Period 3. Forming a new nation (1901-now)
- 38. 1914-1945: The WW I , Great depression, the WW II 1915: involved in the war to force Turkey out of the war. The invasion failed. Gallipoli: a proof of the passed nationhood test
- 39. 1915 in Turkey
- 40. Ambitious National-building projects PM Stanley Bruce: “getting more men, money, and the markets” into the country. • Creating massive public debt and loans from Britain. • 1925-1935: the assisted Migration scheme between Australia and Britain. 450,000 migrants 1914-1945: The WW I , Great depression, the WW II
- 41. Project: Habour Bridge (1923-1932) 1914-1945: The WW I , Great depression, the WW II
- 42. • British asked the loans to Australia • Unemployment rate: 30 % • The employed men: lower than the basic minimum wage. 1914-1945: The WW I , Great depression, the WW II
- 43. 1914-1945: The WW I , Great depression, the WW II 19 February 1942: Japanese air raid on Darwin
- 44. • Women liberation movement. • Migration policy welcome all from post-war Europe. 1914-1945: The WW I , Great depression, the WW II
- 45. 1945 –1960: post-war Prosperity Abundant workforce A boom in babies and marriages A massive immigration program 2 million Female workers
- 46. Agricultural products Manufacturing sector Mining industry 1945 –1960: post-war Prosperity Economic boom
- 47. 1945 –1960: post-war Prosperity Economic boom 1947. 125 million sheep 90 thousand tons of lamb & 3 million tons of wool exported . Increasing export raw minerals & agricultural products (Coal to Japan, beef and veal to USA, UK, etc….) 1954 Royal Tour : Queen Elizabeth inspecting sheep
- 48. 1945 –1960: post-war Prosperity Nation-building projects Snowy mountain scheme (1949-1974) Opera House(1958-1973) Economic boom
- 49. 1945 –1960: post-war Prosperity
- 50. 1945 –1960: post-war Prosperity Slim Dusty Australian country music The first Australian to have an international record hit in 1958.
- 51. 1945 –1960: post-war Prosperity The rate of home ownership 1947: 40% 1960s: 70%
- 52. 1967: Indigenous people gain full constitutional rights as citizens just like any Australians. 1960s-now: Changing society
- 53. Total population: 670,000 (2011) 3% of Australia's population 1960s-now: Changing society David Unaipon (1872–1967), the first Aboriginal author. Noel Pearson is an Aboriginal lawyer, rights activist and essayist. Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu, a contemporary singer of the Yolngu language. Actor Ernie Dingo Aboriginal people
- 54. 2008 • Rudd makes a formal apology in Parliament to the stolen generation. • He concluded that “for the future we take heart, resolving that this new page in the history of our great continent can now be written”.
- 55. Challenge: Asylum policy Boat people
- 56. 1. What does the Dreaming mean? 2. Who was the first person to discover Australia? 3. What is the name of the ship on which James Cook discovered the East part of Australia? 4. Where did the first fleet of Great Britain settle in Australia? 5. What are two main reasons for the desire for a federation? 6. What is the ‘Washminster’ system? Quiz
- 57. 6. Who are the first two Prime Ministers of Australia? 7. Why was there no “independence declaration” ? 8. What is the meaning of Gallipoli failure? 9. Name different events, nation projects which marked the strong development and the position of Australia in the international stage? 10.Name important economic fields in the postwar period of Australia? 11.Who are the so-called stolen generation? Quiz
- 59. Thanks for your attendance
Editor's Notes
- Brief History of Australia
- Ss watch a video clip introduce briefly Aussie history.
- people often slept in the open, warmth and comfort provided by the campfire, and often people kept warm by sleeping between two small fires. The dingo, as a camp dog, also slept beside people providing warmth.
- Thousands of dots are used to depict traditional iconology using predominantly earthy colours that reflect country especially browns reds, blacks and yellows They live in harmony with the nature.
- 1606. Spanish navigator Luis Vaez de Torres sailed through the strait which now bears his name. 1606. Dutchman Willem Janszoon sailed into the Gulf of Carpentaria and 17 years later, another Dutchman charted and named the main features of the western coast of Cape York. 1688. William Dampier. The first British explorer to land on the Australian North West coast.
- Captain James Cook: charted the east coast of Australia and claim it for the British Crown.
- captain James Cook, in his ship Endeavour, charted the east coast of Australia and claim it for the British Crown. 1. SS watch the video clip abt Captain Cook.
- The journey took nearly 1 year. 11 ships commanded by Captain author Philip left England in May 1787 and settled in Port Jackson in January, 1788. The settlement became Sydney. There were 1400 people and half of them were convicts.
- 1788: convicts Now: center/ historic sites of Sydney Ss watch video clip introduce the Rock( optional) may not be necessary.
- Ballarat
- Mark its place in the world. Finish ???
- Finish ???? Bring water to the gold- mining area
- Period 2. The road to Federation
- Challenges and separation
- Edmund Barton and Afred Deakin were determined to reach agreement on a draft Australian Constitution.
- The system: mix of Westminster system and American model. 2 houses_ prime minister_ representative from the British Crown. The phrase 'Washminster' has been used to describe our system of government, as it blends features of the British Parliament and US federal model.
- These two men had great contribution to the constitution writing and be the first 2 PM of Australia.
- Although the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia came into effect at Federation, this did not mean that Australia was now independent of Britain it simply meant that the six self-governing states of Australia allocated some functions to a federal authority. Australia gained the status of a Dominion, which meant it remained a self-governing colony within the British Empire, with the Head of State being the British monarch. The British government appointed Australia's Governor-General and State Governors, who answered to the British government. 2. Video clip: continent for a nation.
- It was a self-governing colony within the nation of the British Empire. Great Britain still retained a veto over any legislation passed by the Australian Parliament.
- Canberra
- Why was there no “independence declaration” ? Since it was not independent yet? Only a self-governing colony? The Question is “when did Australia gain independence from the UK.?” it’s hard to answer this question. Independence for the executive arm of the Commonwealth Government was confirmed by the Statute of Westminster in 1931, Although Australia resisted the Statute, and had clauses inserted that said it did not apply to Australia until ratified by the Australian Parliament, the fact that Great Britain passed the legislation meant they were saying to Australia 'be gone, you are independent look after yourself', Australian Independence, Colony to Reluctant Kingdom, this was the day that Australia became an independent nation. The defeat of the large British garrison at Singapore in January 1942 came as a very unwelcome shock to the Australian government. It exposed the weakness of Britain and led Australia to seek much closer ties with the US and it was felt that for this the country needed full independence; hence the date for activating the 1931 Statute of Westminster. Australian Parliament formally adopted the Statute of Westminster 1931 under the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942, on 9 October 1942. (gain legislative independence) Australia reached the next stage of independence on 3 March 1986, when the Australia Acts came into effect. The Australia Acts declared that Australia had the status of a Sovereign, Independent and Federal Nation. The nation still retains Elizabeth II as head of state, but her position as Australia's head of state is a completely separate position from her position as the head of state of any other country
- During 1915 Australia’s main involvement in the war was at Gallipoli, in Turkey, where Australian troops were part of an Allied invasion designed to force Turkey out of the war. The invasion failed, but many people in Australia saw Gallipoli as proof that Australians had passed the 'test’ of nationhood.
- Steel was necessary for guns and ships. n the early 1920s, EJ Brady, a journalist, publicist and author, captured public imagination when he published a glossy book called Australia Unlimited. He argued that Australia should develop its natural resources and population as quickly as possible. The potential for expansion and growth was evident and Australia was expected to rival the USA in size and power. In this expansive spirit, the states and federal governments created massive public debt as they embarked on ambitious nation-building projects. The prime minister, Stanley Bruce, supported this optimism and won successive elections with slogans about getting more 'men, money and markets' into the country. In 1925, the Assisted Migration Scheme between Australia and Britain was established to provide approximately 450,000 migrants over a ten-year period.
- Australia lookS to America.
- THE POST-WAR baby boomers : music, tastes, fashions and philosophies have a profound impact on Australian Culture. Find more information abt this change in aussie culture. A boom in babies and marriages. Female workers ‘Populate or perish!’ It negotiated agreements to accept more than two million migrants and displaced people from Europe, Strong economy development: Increase in GDP. Export. Unemployment rate. GDP/capita. The diversity in fields. Outstanding Achievements Find statistics abt how strongly the economy developed.
- Strong economy development: Increase in GDP. Export. Unemployment rate. GDP/capita. The diversity in fields. Outstanding Achievements Export: sheep and beef to the world, Coal to Japan. 1947. 125 million sheep are spread across Australia. 90 thousand tons of lamb and 3 million tons of wool are exported annually. Australia truly rode to prosperity on the sheep's back. A mining industry continued the high level of economic growth in the post-war period. The strong development of manufacturing: motor vehicles, metal processing, TCF (textiles, clothing and footwear) and chemical
- 1954: Queen Elizabeth inspecting sheeps
- Snowy mountain scheme: sixteen major dams and seven power stations constructed between 1949 and 1974. It remains the largest engineering project undertaken in Australia. Necessitating the employment of 100,000 people from over 30 countries, to many it denotes the birth of multicultural Australia.
- Hold international events.
- In 1958, Australian country music singer Slim Dusty: musical embodiment of rural Australia, /Slim Dusty was the first Australian to receive a Gold Record, the first Australian to have an international record hit, and the first singer in the world to have his voice beamed to earth from space. an Australian icon, writing and singing about the land he loved.
- The rate of home ownership 1947:40% 1960s: 70%
- More than 90% vote yes in the referendum, the largest vote in the history. The 1967 referendum made two changes to the constitution. First, it removed Section 127 which provided: ''In reckoning the numbers of the people of the Commonwealth, or of a State or other part of the Commonwealth, aboriginal natives shall not be counted.'' Read more: http://www.canberratimes.com.au/federal-politics/changing-the-constitution-law-by-law-20121012-27iq5.html#ixzz2fxnaCi2b The second element of the 1967 referendum was to change Section 51 (xxvi). Before 1967 it provided that the Commonwealth Parliament could make laws ''with respect to'': ''The people of any race, OTHER THAN THE ABORIGINAL RACE IN ANY STATE, for whom it is deemed necessary to make special laws.'' In 1967 the words in capitals were removed. It meant that the Commonwealth could make laws with respect to Aboriginal people. Read more: http://www.canberratimes.com.au/federal-politics/changing-the-constitution-law-by-law-20121012-27iq5.html#ixzz2fxnu5LRo
- They join the modern society, contribute to the diversity of aus culture. (success in academic road, others live a normal life in cities, some in preservation, Aboriginal
- The gov. conducted the so-called “assimilation” policy which was designed to ‘assimilate’ or ‘breed out’ Indigenous people. The half-cast were removed from their family from 1909[1] and 1969 Under the White Australia and assimilation policies Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people who were ‘not of full blood’ were encouraged to become assimilated into the broader society so that eventually there would be no more Indigenous people left. At the time Indigenous people were seen as an inferior race.
- Displaced people from many parts of the world . The country face social issues: education, healthcare, employment. Ss watch a videoclip about life of Vietnamese immigrants.
- http://www.thecheers.org/Opinion/article_2061_Australias-Secret-Independence.html