The document discusses the causes, conflicts, and impacts of the Scramble for Africa in the late 19th century. The main causes were commercial and strategic interests in securing raw materials and trade routes, as well as enhancing international prestige. This led to tensions and conflicts between European powers over territory in Africa, such as the Treaty of Berlin and the Fashoda Incident. The impacts on Africa included some benefits from European rule like improved infrastructure, but also disadvantages like exploitation of resources and loss of traditional culture.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA. Paper 2, contains: partition for Africa, colonial imperialism, Berlin conference, the battle for Ethiopia, scramble for economic reasons, Africa the open market for trade, the need for raw materials, capital investment, imperialism vs. corporatism, scramble for geopolitical reasons, the rivalries, the strategic purpose, scramble for nationalistic reasons, scramble for liberal reasons, heart of darkness.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: DISPUTE OVER THE CHINESE EMPIREGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: DISPUTE OVER THE CHINESE EMPIRE. It contains: the first opium war, the second opium war, extraterritoriality, Dalai Lama in exile, China in late Qing, questioning China, Russia and China.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY REVISION - AGE OF DEVELOPMENT: 4.1 WARLORD ERA IN CHINAGeorge Dumitrache
This presentation is a Revision for AS Cambridge History 2015 and is the first one from this chapter: THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE WARLORD ERA IN CHINA: Reasons for China’s weakness; Yuan Shih-kai; The impact of the First World War; The May the Fourth Movement.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 3 - WHY HAD INTERNATIONAL PEACE COLLAPSED BY...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 3 - WHY HAD INTERNATIONAL PEACE COLLAPSED BY 1939? A presentation which includes: Hitler's aims, his steps to war, and the failure of the appeasement policy.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA. Paper 2, contains: partition for Africa, colonial imperialism, Berlin conference, the battle for Ethiopia, scramble for economic reasons, Africa the open market for trade, the need for raw materials, capital investment, imperialism vs. corporatism, scramble for geopolitical reasons, the rivalries, the strategic purpose, scramble for nationalistic reasons, scramble for liberal reasons, heart of darkness.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: DISPUTE OVER THE CHINESE EMPIREGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: DISPUTE OVER THE CHINESE EMPIRE. It contains: the first opium war, the second opium war, extraterritoriality, Dalai Lama in exile, China in late Qing, questioning China, Russia and China.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY REVISION - AGE OF DEVELOPMENT: 4.1 WARLORD ERA IN CHINAGeorge Dumitrache
This presentation is a Revision for AS Cambridge History 2015 and is the first one from this chapter: THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE WARLORD ERA IN CHINA: Reasons for China’s weakness; Yuan Shih-kai; The impact of the First World War; The May the Fourth Movement.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 3 - WHY HAD INTERNATIONAL PEACE COLLAPSED BY...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 3 - WHY HAD INTERNATIONAL PEACE COLLAPSED BY 1939? A presentation which includes: Hitler's aims, his steps to war, and the failure of the appeasement policy.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 9 - WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - DIFF...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 9 - WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES. A presentation containing: the European and Soviet perspectives, views of Molotov, the balance of power.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY: SUCCESSES OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONSGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY: SUCCESSES OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. Presentation suitable for Cambridge History Students in Year 11, containing: a general overview, Yugoslavia and Albania 1921, Aaland Islands 1921, Upper Silesia 1921, Memel 1923, Turkey 1923, Mosul, Greece and Bulgaria 1925, other successes..
The Treaty of Versailles was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end. The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919 in Versailles, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I signed separate treaties. Although the armistice, signed on 11 November 1918, ended the actual fighting, it took six months of Allied negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty. The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations on 21 October 1919.
HISTORY IGCSE CONTENT - 20TH CENTURY OPTION - USA CONTAINING COMMUNISM: THE K...George Dumitrache
HISTORY IGCSE CONTENT - 20TH CENTURY OPTION - USA CONTAINING COMMUNISM: THE KOREAN WAR.
The Korean War was a war between North Korea (with the support of China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (with the support of the United Nations, principally from the United States). The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following clashes along the border and insurrections in the south. The war unofficially ended on 27 July 1953 in an armistice.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE/AS HISTORY: THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS 1919-1939George Dumitrache
Presentation suitable for IGCSE and AS level Cambridge. Content: the birth of the LON, the covenant, the LON weaknesses, membership of the League, border disputes in the 1920, failure of disarmament, international agreements, economy recovers.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: ALL ABOUT THE BOER WARS. It contains: origins of the Boer Wars, the Great Trek, Transvaal and Orange Free State, the Confederation of South African States, the First Boer War, the Second Boer War.
This page examines the reforms made to Germany's currency after the hyperinflation crisis, and also the Dawes and Young Plans regarding World War One reparations.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 2 - LEAGUE OF NATIONSGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 2 - LEAGUE OF NATIONS. A presentation of the main aspects of the League of Nations: successes and failures, aims and membership.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 9 - WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - DIFF...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 9 - WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES. A presentation containing: the European and Soviet perspectives, views of Molotov, the balance of power.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY: SUCCESSES OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONSGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY: SUCCESSES OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. Presentation suitable for Cambridge History Students in Year 11, containing: a general overview, Yugoslavia and Albania 1921, Aaland Islands 1921, Upper Silesia 1921, Memel 1923, Turkey 1923, Mosul, Greece and Bulgaria 1925, other successes..
The Treaty of Versailles was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end. The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919 in Versailles, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I signed separate treaties. Although the armistice, signed on 11 November 1918, ended the actual fighting, it took six months of Allied negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty. The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations on 21 October 1919.
HISTORY IGCSE CONTENT - 20TH CENTURY OPTION - USA CONTAINING COMMUNISM: THE K...George Dumitrache
HISTORY IGCSE CONTENT - 20TH CENTURY OPTION - USA CONTAINING COMMUNISM: THE KOREAN WAR.
The Korean War was a war between North Korea (with the support of China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (with the support of the United Nations, principally from the United States). The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following clashes along the border and insurrections in the south. The war unofficially ended on 27 July 1953 in an armistice.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE/AS HISTORY: THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS 1919-1939George Dumitrache
Presentation suitable for IGCSE and AS level Cambridge. Content: the birth of the LON, the covenant, the LON weaknesses, membership of the League, border disputes in the 1920, failure of disarmament, international agreements, economy recovers.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: ALL ABOUT THE BOER WARS. It contains: origins of the Boer Wars, the Great Trek, Transvaal and Orange Free State, the Confederation of South African States, the First Boer War, the Second Boer War.
This page examines the reforms made to Germany's currency after the hyperinflation crisis, and also the Dawes and Young Plans regarding World War One reparations.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 2 - LEAGUE OF NATIONSGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 2 - LEAGUE OF NATIONS. A presentation of the main aspects of the League of Nations: successes and failures, aims and membership.
NEW ZEALAND HISTORY: EUROPEANS TO 1840. Abel Tasman 1642. JAMES COOK 1769. AUSTRALIAN OUTPOST. MAORI-EUROPEAN INTERACTION. MISSIONARIES. BOOKS AND BULLETS. INTER-TRIBAL WARS.
De-colonization in the Middle EastDe-colonization in Palestine.docxtheodorelove43763
De-colonization in the Middle East
De-colonization in Palestine
De-colonization in Egypt
De-colonization in Algeria
Terms: Balfour Declaration, Gamal Nasser, Suez Crisis, Pied Noir
1
Mandates
Colonies under a new name in the Middle East:
Syria, Lebanon to France
Lebanon, Independent 1943
Syria, Independent 1945
Palestine, Iraq to Great Britain
Iraq Independent in 1932 but British troops continued to support non-Iraqui monarch
Leftist coup 1958—ended British rule
2
I. De-colonization in Palestine
Palestine before Israel
Massive Jewish migration between wars
British tried to halt migration-failed with Holocaust
Britain turned it over to the United Nations in 1947
3
Creation of State of Israel
U.N. Declared Partition of Palestine
David Ben-Gurion declares statehood, 1948
War ended hostilities
Israel a state in area it occupied
600,000 Palestinians fled or were driven out, creating new population of stateless refugees
4
De-colonization in Egypt
European imperialism in Egypt
The Rise of Gamal Nasser – Army overthrows King Farouk and asserts independence
The Suez Crisis
1956- Britain withdraws troops
Egypt nationalizes waters/canal
Provoked - Israel attacks Egypt
France and England send ships to protect canal
U.S. forces French/British withdrawal
Begin of the end for Br. And Fr. Colonial Empires
U.S. moving in as interventionist power in Middle East
5
Algeria under the French
Algeria under the French from 19th Century
Many French migrated to Algeria – largest European settler pop. In N. Africa—the pieds noirs (black boots) – held 1/3 of all land
By 1950—80% pieds noirs born in Algeria
Algeria not a colony but an integral part of France
Algerian elite saw selves as more French than Algerian
6
Algerian War
FLN (National Liberation Front) launches movement for independence from French – 1954
French dug in, sending 400,000 troops to Algeria
Algerian women hiding behind headscarfs planted bombs in European cafes
French soldiers savagely tortured Algerian Arabs
Brutality of French soldiers led to massive anti-war protests in France
Led army to use torture against French citizens in France
7
Algerian War Continued
Pieds Noirs – determined to keep Algerian French, threatened coups, set off bombs in France and Algeria, and assassinated politicians
1958 army coup brings Charles de Gaulle to power – hope strong leader would keep Algeria
De Gaulle negotiates emergency powers and creates strong presidency to deal with crisis
Terrorism in France and Algeria escalated
De Gaulle negotiates settlement with Algerian leaders in 1962, making Algeria Independent after 300,000 Algerians and 20,000 Frenchmen killed
Millions of pieds noirs and Algerian supporters flee to France
8
Where Is the World’s Wealth?
The World’s GDPWORLD65,950,000,000,000U.S.13,130,000,000,000EU13,060,000,000,000CHINA10,170,000,000,000JAPAN 4,218,000,000,000INDIA 4,156,000,000,000RUSSIA 1,746,000,000,000BRAZIL 1,655,000,000,000SOUTH KOR.
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07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE SOURCESGeorge Dumitrache
07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE
On February 27, 1933, the German parliament (Reichstag) building burned down. The Nazi leadership and its coalition partners used the fire to claim that Communists were planning a violent uprising. They claimed that emergency legislation was needed to prevent this. The resulting act, commonly known as the Reichstag Fire Decree, abolished a number of constitutional protections and paved the way for Nazi dictatorship.
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Following Hitler’s appointment as chancellor the Nazis were finally in a position of power.
However, this power was limited, as the Nazis were just one party in a three party coalition government, under President Hindenburg.
This topic will explore how the Nazis managed to eliminate their opposition and consolidate ultimate power over Germany, whilst maintaining an illusion of democracy.
It will first explore this topic in chronological order, from the Reichstag Fire through to the death of President Hindenburg, and then explore it thematically in the last section. On the 31 January 1933, Hitler, conscious of his lack of a majority in the Reichstag, immediately called for new elections to try and strengthen his position. The Nazis aimed to increase their share of the vote so that they would have a majority in the Reichstag. This would allow them to rule unopposed and unhindered by coalition governments.
Over the next two months, they launched themselves into an intense election campaign.
On 27 February 1933, as the campaign moved into its final, frantic days, the Reichstag, the German Parliament building, was set on fire and burnt down. An atmosphere of panic and terror followed the event.
This continued when a young Dutch communist, Van der Lubbe was arrested for the crime.
The Nazi Party used the atmosphere of panic to their advantage, encouraging anti-communism. Göring declared that the communists had planned a national uprising to overthrow the Weimar Republic. This hysteria helped to turn the public against the communists, one of the Nazis main opponents, and 4000 people were imprisoned.
The day after the fire, Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. On the 28 February 1933, President Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. This decree suspended the democratic aspects of the Weimar Republic and declared a state of emergency.
This decree gave the Nazis a legal basis for the persecution and oppression of any opponents, who were be framed as traitors to the republic. People could be imprisoned for any or no reason.
The decree also removed basic personal freedoms, such as the freedom of speech, the right to own property, and the right to trial before imprisonment.
Through these aspects the Nazis suppressed any opposition to their power, and were able to start the road from democracy to a dictatorship. The atmosphere of uncertainty following the Reichstag Fire secured many voters for the Nazi party.
The SA also ran a violent campaign of terror against any and all opponents of the Nazi regime. Many were terrified of voting of at all, and many turned to voting for the Nazi Party out of fear for their own safety. The elections were neither free or fair.
On the 5 March 1933, the elections took place, with an extremely high turnout of 89%.
The Nazis secured 43.9% of the vote.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 04. HITLER BECOMING CHANCELLOR 1933George Dumitrache
Hitler was not immediately appointed chancellor after the success of the July 1932 elections, despite being leader of the largest party in the Reichstag. It took the economic and political instability (with two more chancellors failing to stabilise the situation) to worsen, and the support of the conservative elite, to convince Hindenburg to appoint Hitler.
Hitler was sworn in as the chancellor of Germany on the 30 January 1933. The Nazis were now in power.
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The “Lean Years” (also called the "wilderness" years) of Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany refer to the period between 1924 and 1928 when the Nazi party did not have high levels of support and still suffered from humiliation over the Munich Putsch. Why where these years “lean”?
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The period 1924-1929 was a time when the Weimar economy recovered and cultural life in Germany flourished. This dramatic turnabout happened in large part because of the role played by Gustav Stresemann who became Chancellor in August 1923 during the hyperinflation crisis.
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The Beer Hall Putsch, also known as the Munich Putsch, was a failed coup d'état by Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) leader Adolf Hitler, Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff and other Kampfbund leaders in Munich, Bavaria, on 8–9 November 1923, during the Weimar Republic. Approximately two thousand Nazis marched on the Feldherrnhalle, in the city centre, but were confronted by a police cordon, which resulted in the deaths of 16 Nazi Party members and four police officers. Hitler escaped immediate arrest and was spirited off to safety in the countryside. After two days, he was arrested and charged with treason. The putsch brought Hitler to the attention of the German nation for the first time and generated front-page headlines in newspapers around the world. His arrest was followed by a 24-day trial, which was widely publicised and gave him a platform to express his nationalist sentiments to the nation. Hitler was found guilty of treason and sentenced to five years in Landsberg Prison, where he dictated Mein Kampf to fellow prisoners Emil Maurice and Rudolf Hess. On 20 December 1924, having served only nine months, Hitler was released. Once released, Hitler redirected his focus towards obtaining power through legal means rather than by revolution or force, and accordingly changed his tactics, further developing Nazi propaganda.
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ABYSSINIAN CRISIS. The Abyssinian Crisis was over in 1936. Italy and Mussolini continually ignored the League of Nations and fully annexed Abyssinia on May 9th 1936. The League of Nations was shown to be ineffective. The League had not stood up against one of the strongest members and fulfilled the promise of collective security.
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Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. CAUSES
Commerce and trade: industrial revolutions requiring new sources of raw
materials and markets.
Strategic: e.g. importance of securing Britain’s trade routes to India.
Political: enhancing a country’s prestige and international standing.
Medical: new treatments for malaria etc., enabling exploration of African
interior.
Transport: railways and steamships enabling more effective transportation of
people and goods.
Exploration: opening up the African interior.
Moral: bringing civilisation to the African people.
3. CONFLICT
Treaty of Berlin 1885: to prevent conflict between European nations in
Africa.
Fashoda Incident: rivalry between Britain and France over Sudan.
Boer Wars: disputes over ownership of the Transvaal and Orange Free
State; problems faced by Britain in defeating the Boers; international
reaction.
Increased tension between European rivals: especially when Germany
entered the scramble after 1890.
4. IMPACTONAFRICA
Benefits: efficient government and administration; improved
education; improved transport and communication; improved health
(e.g. water and sanitation); improved farming methods.
Disadvantages: Africans ruled by Europeans; loss of traditional African
culture; exploitation of African resources; Africa prevented from
developing its own industries; new boundaries, taking no account of
local and tribal groupings.