Mussolini pursued an aggressive foreign policy in the 1920s and 1930s driven by his egotism and desire to distract Italians from fascism's failures domestically. He had some early successes like occupying Corfu and Fiume that boosted his popularity. However, his invasion of Abyssinia damaged Italy's reputation and his involvement in the Spanish Civil War and alliance with Hitler led to humiliation and defeat. Ultimately, Mussolini's overconfidence in Italy's power led his foreign policy to fail and breed animosity among Italians.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: MUSSOLINI AND ABYSSINIA. Contains: increasing militarism in Italy, Mussolini's Italy, economic problems, invading Abyssinia, failure of the League of Nation, the invasion, the League condemnation, the Hoare-Laval plan and its impact, the end of the League of Nations, Rome-Berlin Axis and Homework.
62 slides on causes of World War 2: the treaty of Versailles, the 29 Crash and Nazism. The presentation ended with the invasion of Poland. By Alex Liese and me.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 2 - LEAGUE OF NATIONSGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 2 - LEAGUE OF NATIONS. A presentation of the main aspects of the League of Nations: successes and failures, aims and membership.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: WHY WAS STALIN VICTORIOUS OVER TROTSKY?George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: WHY WAS STALIN VICTORIOUS OVER TROTSKY? Contains: Lenin's demise and thoughts, Stalin's propaganda, Stalin's political power, Trotsky's political power, Trotsky as a viable replacement for Lenin, New Opposition, exiled, Lenin's role in Stalin rise to power, downfall for Trotsky, differences between Stalin and Trotsky, Trotsky weak in playing politics.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: MUSSOLINI AND ABYSSINIA. Contains: increasing militarism in Italy, Mussolini's Italy, economic problems, invading Abyssinia, failure of the League of Nation, the invasion, the League condemnation, the Hoare-Laval plan and its impact, the end of the League of Nations, Rome-Berlin Axis and Homework.
62 slides on causes of World War 2: the treaty of Versailles, the 29 Crash and Nazism. The presentation ended with the invasion of Poland. By Alex Liese and me.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 2 - LEAGUE OF NATIONSGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 2 - LEAGUE OF NATIONS. A presentation of the main aspects of the League of Nations: successes and failures, aims and membership.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: WHY WAS STALIN VICTORIOUS OVER TROTSKY?George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: WHY WAS STALIN VICTORIOUS OVER TROTSKY? Contains: Lenin's demise and thoughts, Stalin's propaganda, Stalin's political power, Trotsky's political power, Trotsky as a viable replacement for Lenin, New Opposition, exiled, Lenin's role in Stalin rise to power, downfall for Trotsky, differences between Stalin and Trotsky, Trotsky weak in playing politics.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 6 - WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - TRAD...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 6 WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - TRADITIONALISTS VIEWS. A presentation containing: a view over traditionalism, hero vs. villain scenario, the policy of containment, the dominant vision, views of Arthur Schlesinger, Michael Hart, Paul Wolfowitz, Christopher Andrew, Eugene Rostow, et all.
REVISION IGCSE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY: DISARMAMENT CONFERENCE. The Conference for the Reduction and Limitation of Armaments of 1932–1934 (also known as the World Disarmament Conference or the Geneva Disarmament Conference) was a failed effort by member states of the League of Nations, together with the United States, to accomplish disarmament.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: STALIN ECONOMIC AIMS - COLLECTIVISATION AND INDUSTRIALI...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: STALIN ECONOMIC AIMS - COLLECTIVISATION AND INDUSTRIALISATION. Contains: collectivisation, industrialisation, against the kulaks, the kolkhoz, impact and results of collectivisation, targets for workers, Stakhanovism, the second plan, the third plan.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR AFTER 1917 AND BEFORE 1940George Dumitrache
The second presentation for Paper 3, "The origins of the Cold War after 1917 and before 1940". Suitable for Cambridge Examination starting May/June and November 2016. It contains: the start of the hostility in 1917; the Cossacks; Lenin and the Great War; USA, Wilson and Germany; a synthesis of the American perspective; World War 1, the Great Depression and the World War 2; from wartime allies to Cold War enemies.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: MUSSOLINI DIPLOMACY BETWEEN 1923 AND 1934George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: MUSSOLINI DIPLOMACY BETWEEN 1923 AND 1934. Contains: Mussolini main policy aims, methods and strategies 1920-1924, 1925-1935, 1936-1945, key successes and failures, judgement and effect of policies, homework.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE MAIN INTERPRETATIONS OF THE COLD WAR AND A LITERATU...George Dumitrache
The first presentation for Paper 3, "The main interpretations of the Cold War and a literature review". Suitable for Cambridge Examination starting May/June and November 2016. It contains: the origins of the Cold War; orthodox traditional interpretation and the historians (Thomas Bailey, Herbert Feis, George Kennan); revisionist interpretation and the historians (William Appleman, Walter LaFeber, Gal Alperovits, Gabriel Kolko); post-revisionist interpretations and the historians (Thomas Patterson, Lewis Gaddis, Ernest May).
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 3 - WHY HAD INTERNATIONAL PEACE COLLAPSED BY...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 3 - WHY HAD INTERNATIONAL PEACE COLLAPSED BY 1939? A presentation which includes: Hitler's aims, his steps to war, and the failure of the appeasement policy.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: STALIN IMPACT ON CULTURE. It contains: the cultural system, the social role of the writers, the censorship, policy, repressed atmosphere, effects on theatre and film, painting and sculpture, socialist music.
Chapter 1: The Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations (Lesson 2 of 3)
In this lesson, we took a look at the League of Nations. We talked about why it was formed and whether the League of Nations was effective. Finally, we considered some key examples of the League's failure, such as Manchuria and Abyssinia.
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 6 - WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - TRAD...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 6 WHO WAS TO BLAME FOR THE COLD WAR - TRADITIONALISTS VIEWS. A presentation containing: a view over traditionalism, hero vs. villain scenario, the policy of containment, the dominant vision, views of Arthur Schlesinger, Michael Hart, Paul Wolfowitz, Christopher Andrew, Eugene Rostow, et all.
REVISION IGCSE CAMBRIDGE HISTORY: DISARMAMENT CONFERENCE. The Conference for the Reduction and Limitation of Armaments of 1932–1934 (also known as the World Disarmament Conference or the Geneva Disarmament Conference) was a failed effort by member states of the League of Nations, together with the United States, to accomplish disarmament.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: STALIN ECONOMIC AIMS - COLLECTIVISATION AND INDUSTRIALI...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: STALIN ECONOMIC AIMS - COLLECTIVISATION AND INDUSTRIALISATION. Contains: collectivisation, industrialisation, against the kulaks, the kolkhoz, impact and results of collectivisation, targets for workers, Stakhanovism, the second plan, the third plan.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR AFTER 1917 AND BEFORE 1940George Dumitrache
The second presentation for Paper 3, "The origins of the Cold War after 1917 and before 1940". Suitable for Cambridge Examination starting May/June and November 2016. It contains: the start of the hostility in 1917; the Cossacks; Lenin and the Great War; USA, Wilson and Germany; a synthesis of the American perspective; World War 1, the Great Depression and the World War 2; from wartime allies to Cold War enemies.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: MUSSOLINI DIPLOMACY BETWEEN 1923 AND 1934George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: MUSSOLINI DIPLOMACY BETWEEN 1923 AND 1934. Contains: Mussolini main policy aims, methods and strategies 1920-1924, 1925-1935, 1936-1945, key successes and failures, judgement and effect of policies, homework.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: THE MAIN INTERPRETATIONS OF THE COLD WAR AND A LITERATU...George Dumitrache
The first presentation for Paper 3, "The main interpretations of the Cold War and a literature review". Suitable for Cambridge Examination starting May/June and November 2016. It contains: the origins of the Cold War; orthodox traditional interpretation and the historians (Thomas Bailey, Herbert Feis, George Kennan); revisionist interpretation and the historians (William Appleman, Walter LaFeber, Gal Alperovits, Gabriel Kolko); post-revisionist interpretations and the historians (Thomas Patterson, Lewis Gaddis, Ernest May).
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 3 - WHY HAD INTERNATIONAL PEACE COLLAPSED BY...George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE IGCSE HISTORY REVISION 3 - WHY HAD INTERNATIONAL PEACE COLLAPSED BY 1939? A presentation which includes: Hitler's aims, his steps to war, and the failure of the appeasement policy.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: STALIN IMPACT ON CULTURE. It contains: the cultural system, the social role of the writers, the censorship, policy, repressed atmosphere, effects on theatre and film, painting and sculpture, socialist music.
Chapter 1: The Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations (Lesson 2 of 3)
In this lesson, we took a look at the League of Nations. We talked about why it was formed and whether the League of Nations was effective. Finally, we considered some key examples of the League's failure, such as Manchuria and Abyssinia.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: CORFU INCIDENT. It contains: the disputants, the League and the disputants, the League and the results, the background, diplomatic setbacks, frictions, naval threats, national dignity of Italy, appeal to the League of Nations, Mussolini resented the League of Nations, Greece responsible, France and Greece, quick settlements.
Hitler's foreign policy, Nazi expansion, road to WWIIJoanie Yeung
Hitler's foreign policies since 1935, Nazi expansion from the Saar to Poland, Appeasement policy and the Munich Agreement of 1938, and causes of WW2 http://curriculumglobal.blogspot.com
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: THE ITALIAN INVASION OF ALBANIA 1939George Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: THE ITALIAN INVASION OF ALBANIA 1939. Contains: the invasion, strategically Albania, Mussolini interest for Albania, sabotage, advance, mixed data, leaving the League of Nations, Albanian military merging Italian army.
LEAGUE OF NATIONS: THE ABYSSINIAN CRISIS.
Some historians believe that the Abyssinian crisis destroyed the credibility of the League of Nations. It was the British and French foreign ministers, Hoare and Laval, who secretly planned to carve up Abyssinia and give a chunk of the country to Mussolini. Hoare and Laval lost their jobs because of this idea.
ABYSSINIAN CRISIS. The Abyssinian Crisis was over in 1936. Italy and Mussolini continually ignored the League of Nations and fully annexed Abyssinia on May 9th 1936. The League of Nations was shown to be ineffective. The League had not stood up against one of the strongest members and fulfilled the promise of collective security.
ULTRA REVISION: ABYSSINIA 1935.
The Abyssinia Crisis was an international crisis in 1935 that originated in what was called the Walwal incident during the ongoing conflict between the Kingdom of Italy and the Empire of Ethiopia. Both Ethiopia and Italy pursued a policy of provocation against each other.
07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE SOURCESGeorge Dumitrache
07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE
On February 27, 1933, the German parliament (Reichstag) building burned down. The Nazi leadership and its coalition partners used the fire to claim that Communists were planning a violent uprising. They claimed that emergency legislation was needed to prevent this. The resulting act, commonly known as the Reichstag Fire Decree, abolished a number of constitutional protections and paved the way for Nazi dictatorship.
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTXGeorge Dumitrache
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
Following Hitler’s appointment as chancellor the Nazis were finally in a position of power.
However, this power was limited, as the Nazis were just one party in a three party coalition government, under President Hindenburg.
This topic will explore how the Nazis managed to eliminate their opposition and consolidate ultimate power over Germany, whilst maintaining an illusion of democracy.
It will first explore this topic in chronological order, from the Reichstag Fire through to the death of President Hindenburg, and then explore it thematically in the last section. On the 31 January 1933, Hitler, conscious of his lack of a majority in the Reichstag, immediately called for new elections to try and strengthen his position. The Nazis aimed to increase their share of the vote so that they would have a majority in the Reichstag. This would allow them to rule unopposed and unhindered by coalition governments.
Over the next two months, they launched themselves into an intense election campaign.
On 27 February 1933, as the campaign moved into its final, frantic days, the Reichstag, the German Parliament building, was set on fire and burnt down. An atmosphere of panic and terror followed the event.
This continued when a young Dutch communist, Van der Lubbe was arrested for the crime.
The Nazi Party used the atmosphere of panic to their advantage, encouraging anti-communism. Göring declared that the communists had planned a national uprising to overthrow the Weimar Republic. This hysteria helped to turn the public against the communists, one of the Nazis main opponents, and 4000 people were imprisoned.
The day after the fire, Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. On the 28 February 1933, President Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. This decree suspended the democratic aspects of the Weimar Republic and declared a state of emergency.
This decree gave the Nazis a legal basis for the persecution and oppression of any opponents, who were be framed as traitors to the republic. People could be imprisoned for any or no reason.
The decree also removed basic personal freedoms, such as the freedom of speech, the right to own property, and the right to trial before imprisonment.
Through these aspects the Nazis suppressed any opposition to their power, and were able to start the road from democracy to a dictatorship. The atmosphere of uncertainty following the Reichstag Fire secured many voters for the Nazi party.
The SA also ran a violent campaign of terror against any and all opponents of the Nazi regime. Many were terrified of voting of at all, and many turned to voting for the Nazi Party out of fear for their own safety. The elections were neither free or fair.
On the 5 March 1933, the elections took place, with an extremely high turnout of 89%.
The Nazis secured 43.9% of the vote.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 04. HITLER BECOMING CHANCELLOR 1933George Dumitrache
Hitler was not immediately appointed chancellor after the success of the July 1932 elections, despite being leader of the largest party in the Reichstag. It took the economic and political instability (with two more chancellors failing to stabilise the situation) to worsen, and the support of the conservative elite, to convince Hindenburg to appoint Hitler.
Hitler was sworn in as the chancellor of Germany on the 30 January 1933. The Nazis were now in power.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 08. NAZIS IN THE WILDERNESSGeorge Dumitrache
The “Lean Years” (also called the "wilderness" years) of Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany refer to the period between 1924 and 1928 when the Nazi party did not have high levels of support and still suffered from humiliation over the Munich Putsch. Why where these years “lean”?
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 07. STRESEMMAN ERA 1924-1929George Dumitrache
The period 1924-1929 was a time when the Weimar economy recovered and cultural life in Germany flourished. This dramatic turnabout happened in large part because of the role played by Gustav Stresemann who became Chancellor in August 1923 during the hyperinflation crisis.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 06. THE BEER HALL PUTSCH 1923George Dumitrache
The Beer Hall Putsch, also known as the Munich Putsch, was a failed coup d'état by Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) leader Adolf Hitler, Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff and other Kampfbund leaders in Munich, Bavaria, on 8–9 November 1923, during the Weimar Republic. Approximately two thousand Nazis marched on the Feldherrnhalle, in the city centre, but were confronted by a police cordon, which resulted in the deaths of 16 Nazi Party members and four police officers. Hitler escaped immediate arrest and was spirited off to safety in the countryside. After two days, he was arrested and charged with treason. The putsch brought Hitler to the attention of the German nation for the first time and generated front-page headlines in newspapers around the world. His arrest was followed by a 24-day trial, which was widely publicised and gave him a platform to express his nationalist sentiments to the nation. Hitler was found guilty of treason and sentenced to five years in Landsberg Prison, where he dictated Mein Kampf to fellow prisoners Emil Maurice and Rudolf Hess. On 20 December 1924, having served only nine months, Hitler was released. Once released, Hitler redirected his focus towards obtaining power through legal means rather than by revolution or force, and accordingly changed his tactics, further developing Nazi propaganda.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 05. HYPERINFLATIONGeorge Dumitrache
Hyperinflation affected the German Papiermark, the currency of the Weimar Republic, between 1921 and 1923, primarily in 1923. It caused considerable internal political instability in the country, the occupation of the Ruhr by France and Belgium, and misery for the general populace.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 03. THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES IMPACT ON...George Dumitrache
Thanks to the Treaty of Versailles, Germany's ability to produce revenue-generating coal and iron ore decreased. As war debts and reparations drained its coffers, the German government was unable to pay its debts. Some of the former World War I Allies didn't buy Germany's claim that it couldn't afford to pay.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 02. THE NOVEMBER REVOLUTION 1918George Dumitrache
The German Revolution or November Revolution was a civil conflict in the German Empire at the end of the First World War that resulted in the replacement of the German federal constitutional monarchy with a democratic parliamentary republic that later became known as the Weimar Republic. The revolutionary period lasted from November 1918 until the adoption of the Weimar Constitution in August 1919. Among the factors leading to the revolution were the extreme burdens suffered by the German population during the four years of war, the economic and psychological impacts of the German Empire's defeat by the Allies, and growing social tensions between the general population and the aristocratic and bourgeois elite.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 01. THE EFFECT OF WW1 ON GERMANYGeorge Dumitrache
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 01. THE EFFECT OF WW1 ON GERMANY. This presentation covers the social, economic and political impact of war along with a brief analysis of the physical cost of war.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The League of Nations was an international organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes.
Manchurian Crisis. On September 18, 1931, an explosion destroyed a section of railway track near the city of Mukden. The Japanese, who owned the railway, blamed Chinese nationalists for the incident and used the opportunity to retaliate and invade Manchuria.
05. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Great Depression and LON.pptxGeorge Dumitrache
GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The Great Depression of 1930-33 meant people turned to extremist dictators such as Hitler and Mussolini, who were keen to invade other countries. This made it hard for the League to maintain peace. The League had some very ambitious plans and ideals – to stop war and make the world a better place.
SOCIAL WORK OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The League of Nations Commissions tried to tackle a huge range of social issues including economic recovery (the Financial Committee), working conditions (International Labour Office), health (Health Office) and scientific research.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
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Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
2. • Benito Mussolini (1883–1945) Mussolini followed an inconsistent
political path in his early years. Initially more influenced by his
father (a blacksmith with revolutionary socialist views) than by his
mother (a school teacher and a devout Catholic), Mussolini
drifted into socialist politics and journalism.
• Between 1904 and 1910, he developed a reputation as a militant
as a result of articles in which he expressed traditional socialist
views. The First World War led him to make a dramatic switch to
extreme nationalism – which resulted in his expulsion from the
Socialist Party – and then to fascism. Mussolini became Italy’s first
dictator, ruling from 1922 until 1943.
3. • In October 1922, Benito Mussolini became prime minister of
Italy. In 1925, with the backing of his Fascist Party, he made
himself dictator and ruled Italy (or, from 1943 to 1945, just the
northern part of it) for the next 20 years.
• Yet just 75 years earlier, the newly unified state of Italy had
been created amidst hopes of building a modernised and
liberal nation. Ironically, it was arguably the liberals’ decisions
and methods of rule that – either unconsciously or consciously
– did much to make the rise of Mussolini’s Fascist Party
possible.
4. • Mussolini and his fascist state are important, historically and
politically, for a number of reasons. Mussolini claimed to have
invented fascism, and was the first ruler of a single-party fascist
state during the period between the two World Wars.
• In addition, his early ideas and political programmes, and his
party organisation and methods, were all influences on Adolf
Hitler who, in the early years of the formation of his Nazi Party
in Germany, was one of Mussolini’s strongest admirers.
5. • Acquire territory rich in resources: colonies (this gives
Mussolini more cash and power). Especially needed iron ore
and oil
• Prestige for Italy
• Dominate the Mediterranean – “Mare Nostrum” – our sea
• Acquire new lands for cultivation – grow grain, make bread
• Increase military spending – make Italy a strong global power
• Expand the Empire! Take Abyssinia – restore pride after Italy
was beaten in Adowa in 1886.
• Autarky – major point – make Italy self-sufficient: Mussolini
wanted Italy to be “free from the slavery of foreign bread”
6. • 1923 - Bombardment & Invasion of Corfu (Greece) after
assassination of Italian officials. LoN intervenes and Italy
withdraws – results in significant boost to Mussolini’s prestige
and Italy’s international reputation.
• 1924 - ‘Pact of Rome’ – Italy retakes control of disputed town of
Fiume from Yugoslavia – significant boost to Mussolini’s
internal prestige.
• 1925 - Locarno Pacts – dismantling some of the negative
outcomes of the ToV – portrayed inside Italy as another
significant international achievement.
• 1926-27- Albania – Mussolini installs a puppet regime in
Albania across the Adriatic.
7. • 1934 - Mussolini stands up to Hitler’s attempted invasion of
Austria to protect Italian Territory. Hitler back’s down.
• 1935 - Italy invades Abyssinia – Britain & LoN fail to intervene.
Italy takes control of country, but at considerable cost and not
much economic gain.
• 1936 - Spanish Civil War – Mussolini supports Franco with
troops and equipment, as does Hitler. The two dictators come
closer together.
8. • 1937 - Anti-Comintern Pact – Allies Germany, Italy & Japan
against Communist threats
• 1938 - Anschluss – Germany & Austria are joined. Mussolini does
not object
• 1939 - Pact of Steel – Formal military and strategic alliance
between Italy & Germany
• 1940 - Italy enters the war and suffers heavy defeats in North
Africa
9.
10. • Mussolini's foreign policy from when he came into power after
the March on Rome 1922 until the beginning of World War Two
in September 1939 was motivated by three main aspects.
• The first was his egotistical attitude and unattainable aims for
foreign expansion after easy victories in 1934 and 1936. He
refused to accept that Italy did not have the power for excessive
foreign expansion and refused to believe that Italy was a third
rate European power.
11. • The second was his obsessive need to surpass Nazi Germany as
he could not allow himself to be overshadowed by a new fascist
power lest it reflect badly on him.
• The third was that Mussolini needed to distract the Italian people
from the failures of fascism. A 'short, sharp war' was needed to
convince the Italian people that Fascism was a success.
Throughout the 1920s and 30s until the start of World War Two,
this is what motivated the achievements and failures in his
foreign policy.
12. • In August 1923, four Italian diplomats were killed in Greece.
Mussolini demanded a public apology from the Greek
government and fifty million lire in compensation for the deaths.
• The Greek government refused to give in to his demands and
Mussolini sent troops to occupy the Greek island of Corfu in
retaliation.
• The League of Nations stepped in and demanded that the
Italians vacate Corfu immediately but also insisted that Greece
had to pay the money to the Italians.
13. • The actual occupation of Corfu cost the Italian economy thirty
million lire more than the compensation they were owed but the
Italian people were satisfied that Mussolini had stood his ground.
• They saw it as a great achievement for Italy internationally as
they believed Italy was always seen as a pushover nation.
• Mussolini promoted the event as a step towards Italy gaining the
respect he believed it deserved again.
• He gained immense popularity among his own people due to
this which encouraged him to expand his foreign policy further.
14. • Italy had also been promised the city of Fiume, which bordered
Yugoslavia, after World War One in the Treaty of London if they
agreed to switch sides during the war. Even though they did this, Italy
did not gain the territories it was promised and instead Fiume became
a League of Nations city instead. Many Italians were bitter about this
as it felt like they had been double crossed by the other Allied Forces.
• However, in 1923, Mussolini sent military officials to occupy Fiume
and claimed he was restoring order in the city and could not allow a
city so close to Italy to be chaotic as he claimed Fiume was. Yugoslavia
objected to this but could do little about it since France, Yugoslavia's
ally, was occupying the Ruhr Valley at the time. Nothing was done to
stop Mussolini. Fiume became an Italian city in 1924. After this victory,
he gained even more confidence in his handling of Italy's foreign
policy.
15. • Mussolini felt that, to be a strong European power, Italy must be
involved in as many multinational conferences and allegiances as
possible.
• He became a signatory to the Locarno Pact of 1925 and the
Kellog-Briand pact of 1928 which encouraged European powers
to discuss ways to solve future disputes peacefully without
resorting to violence.
• However, Mussolini was more concerned about the rapid growth
of Nazi Germany in the early 1930s when Hitler gained power.
16. • He strongly opposed any attempt by Hitler to unify with their
mutual neighbour, Austria as he felt threatened by the idea of
Germany sharing a much larger border with Italy in case of future
aggression.
• When the Austrian chancellor, Dollfuss, was assassinated by
Nazis in 1934, he sent troops up to the border with Austria as a
warning to Hitler not to use it as an opportunity to invade.
• After this, Mussolini set up the Stresa Front with Britain and
France to oppose German rearmament and expansion.
17. • In 1935, Mussolini decided to invade the African country of
Abyssinia. He was eager for a colonial conquest because Italians
were becoming more disillusioned with fascism’s corporate state.
• Abyssinia was primely located between two other Italian
colonies, Somaliland and Eritrea. It was also seen as revenge for
the humiliating Italian defeat against Abyssinia in 1896.
• Even though the Abyssinian army was primitive, the weak Italian
army still struggled to defeat them and eventually resorted to
brutality. The army infamously used poison gas on the civilian
population as well as the army.
18. • The League of Nations imposed sanctions on Italy because of
this but they were not severe enough to make much of an impact
and many countries simply didn't enforce them anyway.
• 400,000 troops with tanks and airplanes eventually succeeded in
conquering Abyssinia but it was at a great cost. Hitler supported
Mussolini with this as it distracted the League from his military
occupation of the Rhineland.
• As a result of this war however, Italy's international reputation
was severely damaged and the Stresa Front fell apart. Mussolini
withdrew Italy from the League of Nations in 1937.
19. • Mussolini also decided to involve Italy in the Spanish Civil War,
which lasted from 1936 to 1939.
• He wanted to both support the fascist dictator, Franco, and use
Spain as a testing ground for the Italian army.
• He met with the Spanish generals prior to the war to offer his aid
and it was accepted.
• Hitler and Stalin has similar ideas and all major communist and
fascist powers used Spain as a testing ground to test out their
own
20. • Mussolini sent 800,000 troops into the war. He hoped a fascist
victory would improve his prestige at home and internationally
and that it would increase domestic morale.
• However, the opposite was true. Italian troops were poorly
equipped and Franco held them in contempt and ultimately
blamed them for some of the major losses of fascism during the
war.
• Hitler too began to see serious problems with Mussolini's
bravado and came to view him as a second class fascist dictator,
holding him in disdain. Ultimately, Italy faced international
humiliation.
21. • After 1936, Mussolini became more dependent on Nazi Germany
for support. In October 1936, Count Ciano, Italian foreign
minister, signed the Rome-Berlin Axis.
• This was a statement of common German and Italian interests,
around which was presumed Europe would soon heed to. It was
presumed that all power in Europe would revolve around an axis
connecting Italy and Germany.
• Mussolini also signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan and
Germany in 1937 to vouch to fight against the spread of
communism.
22. • In 1939, the German-Italian alliance was strengthened to one of
military allegiance also.
• It was called the Pact of Steel and meant if one country went to
war, the other would also declare war on the opposing country.
• However when Hitler invaded Poland on the 1st of September,
1939, Mussolini did not honour this alliance.
• He refused to aid Germany in the war until German victory
seemed inevitable which made him look like a coward.
23. • Mussolini's foreign policy continued to breed humiliation for
Italy well into the war. Italy's involvement in World War Two was a
series of failures and defeats which caused not only Hitler's
contempt for him to increase but it also bred animosity among
his own people.
• In 1943, the Italian population overthrew him but he managed to
escape retribution until his execution in 1945.
• Ultimately, although Mussolini had some minor successes with
his foreign policy, his overconfident management of Italy
internationally was overall a large failure in his regime.
24. • Mussolini's foreign policy continued to breed humiliation for
Italy well into the war. Italy's involvement in World War Two was a
series of failures and defeats which caused not only Hitler's
contempt for him to increase but it also bred animosity among
his own people.
• In 1943, the Italian population overthrew him but he managed to
escape retribution until his execution in 1945.
• Ultimately, although Mussolini had some minor successes with
his foreign policy, his overconfident management of Italy
internationally was overall a large failure in his regime.