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The great depression 1929 1939
The document provides an overview of the rise of fascism in Europe in the early 20th century and the start of World War 2. It discusses how the economic turmoil of the Great Depression led to rising political instability across Europe. Fascist regimes took hold in Germany under Hitler and in Italy under Mussolini in the 1930s. Both leaders aggressively expanded their territories, with Germany invading Poland in 1939, marking the start of World War 2. Germany made swift initial gains across Europe using new mobile warfare tactics like blitzkrieg. By 1940 France had fallen and Britain was fighting off the German air force in the Battle of Britain. In 1941 Germany invaded the Soviet Union but was stopped by the Russian winter.
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The great depression 1929 1939
- 1. THE GREAT DEPRESSION1929-1939 • America’s economy dominates the world economy • Many countries affected by WW1 borrow large amounts of $$$ from the U.S. to rebuild • Many middle class Americans begin investing their $$$ in stocks • Buying a stock, means you buy a small part of a company (invest) to help it grow, then when the company starts to make profits they share the profits with the investors • Companies in the U.S. were doing so good in the 1920’s, many people would borrow $$$ to buy stocks • In this situation, the value of the stocks was artificially high • When the stock prices went down, all the people that borrowed $$$ to buy stock could not sell the stock, or pay back the banks that they borrowed the $$$ from
- 2. THE GREAT DEPRESSION1929-1939 • By 1930 American businesses were firing workers because consumers were not buying the products these companies made …… cause massive unemployment • U.S. banks & businesses stop loaning and investing $$$ all around the world making it a global depression • The countries that lost WW1 were especially in trouble • World trade drops sharply • Many people begin to believe in extreme new political ideas (rise of Fascism in Germany, Italy, Japan, East Europe, Latin America) • America slowly recovers, tries many government work programs that had mixed effects NEW DEAL • WW2 (1939-1945) eventually ends the depression
- 7. Rising political chaos,especially in Europe Many strikes & riots by unemployed & factory workers More poor & unemployed = more angry proletarians More angry proletarians = communist movement gets stronger Growing threat of communism, many people turn to fascism
- 8. Fascism • Extremely nationalistoften believes in superiority over others • Extremely anti-communist • Accepts different class roles should exist, but advocates some socialism • No privileges, must earn your place • Believes in unifying all classes of the nation for the purpose of focusing on making that nation stronger and better. Everything should be for this purpose. • Thus there is a need for propaganda, censorship, some government control of economics . Usually a strong leader • Basically fascism still follows capitalist economic ideas (profit, private property, different economic classes, etc….)
- 10. Italy and Fascism •Italy after WW1 1919 had a bad economy • Italians were nationalist, and angry they did not win anything after WW1 • Many Italians felt threatened by communism • Benito Mussolini promised to destroy communists, make Italy strong, and conquer new territory 1st real Fascist, he legaly takes power in 1922 • censorship, propaganda, secret police, persecutes communist • Eliminates mafia, promotes industry, militarism, modernization
- 11. Mare Nostrum ‘oursea’ • Promises to make Italy great like it once was during the Roman Empire new conquest • Sees France, England, and communism as enemies • Rome-Berlin Axis …. alliance with Nazi Germany 1936
- 12. Italian Expansion • Italyinvades Ethiopia in 1935, League of Nations protests, but does nothing • Helps the Fascist General Franco during the Spanish Civil War 1936-1939 • Invades Albania in 1939 • Declares war against France & England with Germany in 1940, attacks British in Egypt ……. Vey difficult, requires German assistance • Invades Greece 1940 …… very difficult, requires German assistance • Send many troops to help Germany fight Soviet Union 1941
- 17. Spanish Civil War1936-1939 • 1936 - Fascist (General Franco) aristocrats, army, Catholics, middle class • VS • Republican Alliance - communists, poor, artists, factory workers, navy • Fascist get help from Italy & Germany… Practicing with new weapons • Republican Alliance get help from Soviet Union, western European liberals • Fascist win, Franco stays in power from 1939-1975 • Franco refuses to officially join Germany & Italy in WW2, but does encourage Spanish volunteers to help Germany fight U.S.S.R.
- 18. Spanish Fascism CivilWar-WW2-1975
- 20. Rise of Fascismin Germany • Adolf Hitler, born in Austria (a German country) • Lives as a desperate starving artist in Vienna for several years • Immigrates to Germany just before WW1 in 1912
- 21. Rise of Fascismin Germany • Hitler volunteers to join the German army in 1914, wins many awards for bravery, is injured by poison gas when the war ends in 1918
- 22. Rise of Fascismin Germany 1920´s – 1930´s • Like most Germans, Hitler was nationalist, and angry about the Treaty of Versailles • Joins Nazi Party in 1919 and becomes its leader • Many extreme political parties in Germany during 1920´s • Attempted communist revolutions made Germans feel threatened, they began to turn to Nazism • Hitler in jail after failed attempts to take over government of Bavaria in 1924 BEER HALL PUTSCH , in jail he wrote MEIN KAMPF
- 23. Rise of Fascismin Germany 1920´s – 1930´s • Great Depression hurts Germany very bad in early 1930´s • Eventually Nazis win elections by promising to destroy communists, restore order, and make Germany great again • Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germay in 1933, WW2 begins 1939 • Nazification of Germany, remilitarization, economic comeback
- 24. Nazis Believe • AryanSuperiority – Aryans are 100% White Europeans, & are superior to other races, are the most advanced. Should not mix with other races • Lebensraum – ´living space´. Germany is too small & too crowded. Should conquer new territory in east europe and colonize it. Destroy the Slavs • Anti-Semitic – anti Jewish. Jews have their own racial agenda & want to make Aryans weak. Jews control communism, the media, the banks, etc….
- 28. Rise of NaziPower 1930´s • 1935 – Hitler stops following the Treaty of Versailles • 1936 – Germany re-occupies Rhineland with German army • 1936 – Rome-Berlin Axis alliance with Fascist Italy AXIS • 1936-1939 – Support for fascist General Franco in Spanish Civil War • 1938 – Germany and Austria are united Anschluss • 1939 – Germany takes over Czechoslovakia Munich Conference • 1939 – Germany & USSR sign a Non-Aggression Pact , they agree to divide Poland and eastern europe amoung themselves • The League of Nations does nothing, they believe Hitler only wants to unify all Germans and is not aggressive. appeasement • Everyone in Germany has a job during this time, the military is rebuilt & is the strongest in Europe. The autobohn is built, the Volkswagen
- 31. Rise of Fascismin Germany 1930´s • Hitler comes into power in 1933 By 1936 every German has a job • German military is rebuilt with modern weapons • Autobahn is built, later copied by many countries • Volkswagen ¨peoples car¨ is mass produced • Germany hosts the 1936 Olympics
- 32. Europe, Just Beforethe Start of WW2 September 1 1939
- 33. WW2 Begins, September1939 • USSR wants territory that belonged to Russia before Treaty of Versailles ………….. Finland, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia ´´eastern europe´´ • Germany also wants Polish territory it lost in the Treaty of Versailles • England & France promise to help Poland if Germany attacks • Germany does not expect F & GB to fight over Poland, but Germany cannot risk a two-front war either • USSR does not trust F & GB, thinks its military is not yet ready to fight Nazis because of the effects of the Great Purge • Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact – benefits Germany & USSR, agree to divide East Europe. USSR gives Germany raw materials for technology • Germany quickly conquers Poland in 2 weeks, Russia invades Poland too
- 35. Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact,Invasion of Poland, GB & F declare war on Germany Sept 1939 USSR invades Finland & Baltic Countries 1940
- 36. Germany takes Austria& Czchekoslovakia, Munich Conference, Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact & the Invasion of Poland • Absent students should watch from 22:00 – 40:00 • especially 32:00 – 34:45 • http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xmu0i5_why-we-fight-prelude-to- war-the-nazis-strike_shortfilms#.UXVEzFKVHiQ
- 37. Blitzkrieg ¨lightning war¨New Military Technology used by Germany • Mastering the use of modern technology the Germans suprise all their enemies with speed and surround them • Airplanes – bombing enemy railroads & bridges to disrupt enemy troop movements. Bombing cities to frighten the populations into surrender. Attacking enemy fortifications and ships from above where they do not expect it. Droping infantry behind the front-lines (paratroops) • Tanks – ¨the tip of the spear¨ instead of spreading out the tanks with the infantry, concentrate all tanks at the very front of the attack, followed by infantry carried in trucks to keep up with the speed of the tanks (motorized infantry) you can quickly surround larger enemy this way • Motorized Divisions – all supplies, soldiers, & artillery are carried by trucks in order to keep up with the tank spearheads rapid speed
- 39. Fall of France& Western Europe 1940 • Autumn 1939 - England & France mobilize armies and put them on the border with Germany but are afraid to attack (phony war) do not want to reapeat WW1 • Maginot Line – super trench built on the French-German border by France in 1920’s & 1930’s all steel & concrete & underground. French army waits for German attack, but it never comes in this location • April 1940 - Germany invades Denmark & Norway in order to build bases to surround and attack England with submarines & airplanes • May 1940 – Germany starts attacking Belgium & Holland • GB & F think the Germans are using the Schliefen Plan again and move their armies into Belgium. But they are moving into a trap • Main German attack thru the Ardennes Forest with motorized divisions surround and destroy the British & French. • June 1940 – France surrenders, majority of British army destroyed (it only took Germany 1 month) some British flee back to England by ships • Vichy France – the remainder of France submits to Germany for the rest of the war. French are forced to surrender in the same railroad car & location the Germans had surrendered in for WW1. France must now pay Germany $$$
- 40. Fall of WesternEurope & New German Military Strategy : Norway, Denmark, Holland, Belgium, France • Absent students: you should watch this video • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7i85dJViVzk • Watch from 42:30 – 46:55 especially 44:50 – 45:20 or just watch the entire video if you have the time
- 41. The useless MaginotLine on the border of France & Germany. France & Britain: defensive Germany: offensive with new weapons
- 44. Battle of Britain1940-1941 Luftwaffe VS Royal Air Force • 80% of British army is destroyed in France, Germany is about to invade England • Only the British Air Force can stop the invasion, navy is vulnerable to German airplanes & is also spread around the world protecting empire • Britain is attacked by the larger German Air Force & submarines from France & Norway • Great Britain has developed good radar technology that helps them shoot down attacking German airplanes • Many British factories, railroads, airports, sea ports, and cities damaged or destroyed by German Air attacks • British are able to shoot down so many German airplanes that the Germans give up the idea of invading England to focus in other places
- 47. Battle of Britain1940-1941 • Absent students should watch 1:55 – 4:55 and 11:20 – 15:25 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cSZnFo7JORo
- 48. War in NorthAfrica 1940 - 1943 • Sept 1940 - Italy attacks British Egypt from the Italian colony of Libya • The Italian invasion does not go very well even though the Italians have a bigger force • March 1941 – Hitler sends Erwin Rommel with a small tank force to help Italy. Against great numbers pushes into Egypt towards Suez Canal • British use large colonial army from Australia, New Zealand, India, & several African countries to stop Rommel. Much equipment comes from the U.S.A. Battle of El Alamein • Fighting in N. Africa continues until 1943
- 50. Invasion of theBalkans & Russia Phase 1 1941 • Italy invades Greece and soon requires German help • With their allies Hungary, Rumania, & Bulgaria, Italy & Germany invade Yugoslavia & Greece • This invasion of the Balkans delays Hitler’s planned invasion of USSR by 1 month & will have serious effects on the outcome of the invasion of USSR
- 51. Europe Just Beforethe German Invasion of USSR June 1941
- 52. Invasion of theUSSR June 22, 1941 • WHY? Great Britain was not yet completely defeated & was starting to get material help from the U.S.A. • Fighting still happening in North Africa • Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact meant that Germany was getting many raw materials & food from USSR • REASON: USSR military still appeared weak from the Great Purge of 1937-1938. USSR had many problems attacking Finland such a small country in 1940 • USSR was beginning to protest German aggression in the Balkans & also demanding more territory in East Europe • Hitler still obsessed with lebensraum Hitler/Fascism goal is to destroy communism, rule the Slavs, colonize East Europe • Thought that defeating USSR would make Great Britain finally quit because it would finally take away the possibility of a 2 front war that Britain was still hoping for
- 53. Operation “Barbarossa” Hitlerinvades USSR June 1941 • German Army surprises the USSR, Stalin has a nervous breakdown • Huge Soviet armies are surrounded, destroyed, or surrender • Majority of USSR industry & good farmland in West Russia is captured • German army advances so fast it is hard to keep enough supplies at the front of the German attack • Racial Holy War Einsatzgruppen ‘special squads’ follow behind the German army & start killing communists, Jews, Gypsies, Asiatics, taking food from civilians, moving slaves to Germany to work in the factories killing all inferiors …. Start of holocaust millions of Russians dead • By October 70% of USSR army is destroyed, USSR starts scorched earth policy • By December Moscow & Leningrad almost captured ………. Winter arrives and stops the Germans just in time • U.S.A. will start sending USSR supplies, now Hitler has a two front war
- 58. Operation Barbarossa, GermanInvasion of USSR 1941 • http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=why+we+fight+russia&view=detail &mid=32A0A29265D5D2BBEE4132A0A29265D5D2BBEE41&first=0&FORM =NVPFVR why we fight russia very long • Better , barbarossa in color Absent students watch this one • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lhlDMYAGoMo
- 59. • The poisonousmushroom book http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/thumb.htm • Why we fight 10min sudetenland – czech …. Nazi-soviet pact …. Part 1 poland • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGiSMSYFa • OR http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xmu0i5_why-we-fight-prelude-to-war-the-nazis- strike_shortfilms#.UXVEzFKVHiQ • Part 2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wq0yxcAQNao • Norway 4:30 surround england 14:00 france 20:45 - 22:10 Holland 25:00 – 27:45 • France 42:55 - 46:55 Best one france finished off 49:20 - 53:20 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7i85dJViVzk • OR http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=why+we+fight&view=detail&mid=5BFE8843D76AEB 0AD82A5BFE8843D76AEB0AD82A&first=0&FORM=NVPFVR&qpvt=why+we+fight • Battle of Britain 1:55 – 4:55 11:20 – 15:25 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cSZnFo7JORo OR • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eaeHnMn3Mig
- 60. United States JustBefore WW2
- 61. United States 1930´s •Suffering from Great Depression • Majority of Americans Isolationist • Many Fascist sympathizers • Congress passes neutrality laws • suspicious of Japan
- 63. Great Britain &Empire WW2 1939-1945
- 64. Great Britain &Empire WW2 1939-1945 Strength • Strong Navy & airforce • Large colonial Empire • Modern industry – technology • Material support from U.S.A. LEND- LEASE AID Weakness • Many Nazi sympathizers at first • Suffering from Great Depression • Vulnerable to German Submarines & Airplanes • Small army • Empire is spread thin • Some colonial rebellion (Gahndi in India)
- 67. France, 1930’s –1940’s Strengths • Colonial Empire • Modern Industry • Help of Allies (British) • Free French (Charles De Gaulle) fight on after France is conquered Weaknesses • Defeatist attitude • Great Depression • Faith in Maginot Line • Many French collaborate with Germans (Vichy France)
- 70. U.S.S.R. 1930’s –1940’s Strengths • Largest military in the world • Becoming major industrial power • Lots of space • Lend – Lease Aid from U.S.A. • Does not fight Japan • Determination to win Weaknesses • Looses most industry to Germans • Major shortages of materials • Military suffers from Great Purge • Heavy military & civilian losses
- 73. Germany 1939 –1945 ww2 Strengths • Greatest military in the world • Efficiency, order, productivity • Great industry – high technology • Invents new tactics Blitzkreig • Cooperation of allies • Submarine warfare again Weaknesses • Outnumbered • Eventual loss of resources • Hitler interferes too much with military decisions at the end • Allies sometimes weak & stupid