This document gives an overview of the challenges and common pitfalls of calibration in trace and ultratrace gas analysis.
Special attention is directed to the principle of permeation and the technical solutions that are currently available for reliable preparation of gas standards.
Collagen and bone fat are important resources in the food industry. It is essential that these primary products are odor- and taste free. Extensive de-odourization processes are used during bone fat & collagen processing to eliminate any off-flavors that might be present. Regular sensory evaluation performed by specially trained panels in combination with GC-MS analysis ensures product quality is not compromised.
Looking for a reliable approach to screen recycled petIS-X
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family and is used in synthetic fibers, beverage, food and other liquid containers, thermoforming applications and engineering resins. Depending on its processing and thermal history, PET may exist both as an amorphous and as a semi-crystalline polymer. Polymerization is through a polycondensation reaction of the monomer ethylene terephthalate with water as the byproduct.The majority of the world's PET production is for synthetic fibers with bottle production accounting for around 30% of global demand. The polyester industry makes up about 18% of world polymer production and is third after polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP). Mechanical recycling of PET becomes more and more economically valuable due to the growing environmental awareness of the (Western) customer. The possibility of using recycled PET which will come into contact with food creates the need to develop efficient and sensitive analytical methods applicable to the identification and quantification of contaminants from recycled PET, which would also evidence that this recycled material complies with the terms of legislation. The recycling processes of PET for direct food contact have to evidence efficiency of contaminant removal and ensure consumer protection.
The document summarizes the results of testing to identify extractables and leachables from a nylon syringe filter. Multiple analytical techniques were used, identifying several oligomers of nylon 6 in leachables and additional compounds like methyl esters, glycerol esters, and alkanes in exhaustive extracts. The major polymer antioxidant Irgafos 168 was also detected.
Bottom-up workflows have been a staple of mass spectrometry based proteomic approaches. We present in this work a fully automated solution for MALDI-TOF MS based peptide mapping experiments.
Solid phase microextraction (SPME) was invented in 1990. It is a non-exhaustive microextraction technique that involves the extraction of analytes from a sample onto a coated fused silica fiber. There are three main extraction modes: direct extraction, headspace extraction, and membrane-protected extraction. The amount of analyte extracted reaches equilibrium based on the distribution constant between the sample matrix and fiber coating. Various parameters can affect extraction, including temperature, pH, salinity, and polarity. SPME devices have been developed using coated fibers mounted on syringes or thin films for higher surface area. A variety of coatings have also been developed for different analyte classes and applications such as in vivo sampling.
Determination of Elemental Impurities – Challenges of a Screening MethodSGS
The document discusses the challenges of developing a screening method for determining elemental impurities and validating such a method. It outlines potential interferences from different sample materials and strategies for addressing them, including sample preparation using closed vessel microwave digestion and determination by ICP-MS. Validation results are presented demonstrating the method meets acceptance criteria for selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, and limits of quantification as defined by USP and EP pharmacopeial standards.
Multi-residue pesticide analysis of food samples using acetonitrile extractio...Kate?ina Svobodov
This document describes a method for multi-residue pesticide analysis of food samples using two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (2D-LC-MS/MS). The method involves acetonitrile extraction of samples followed by separation using reverse phase and HILIC columns connected by a switching valve. The method showed improved peak shape and sensitivity for polar pesticides compared to single column methods. Recoveries of 79.67% of analytes were between 60-100% and reporting limits were 1 ppb or lower for most pesticides tested, demonstrating this 2D-LC-MS/MS method is effective for broad-scope pesticide residue testing in foods.
Collagen and bone fat are important resources in the food industry. It is essential that these primary products are odor- and taste free. Extensive de-odourization processes are used during bone fat & collagen processing to eliminate any off-flavors that might be present. Regular sensory evaluation performed by specially trained panels in combination with GC-MS analysis ensures product quality is not compromised.
Looking for a reliable approach to screen recycled petIS-X
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family and is used in synthetic fibers, beverage, food and other liquid containers, thermoforming applications and engineering resins. Depending on its processing and thermal history, PET may exist both as an amorphous and as a semi-crystalline polymer. Polymerization is through a polycondensation reaction of the monomer ethylene terephthalate with water as the byproduct.The majority of the world's PET production is for synthetic fibers with bottle production accounting for around 30% of global demand. The polyester industry makes up about 18% of world polymer production and is third after polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP). Mechanical recycling of PET becomes more and more economically valuable due to the growing environmental awareness of the (Western) customer. The possibility of using recycled PET which will come into contact with food creates the need to develop efficient and sensitive analytical methods applicable to the identification and quantification of contaminants from recycled PET, which would also evidence that this recycled material complies with the terms of legislation. The recycling processes of PET for direct food contact have to evidence efficiency of contaminant removal and ensure consumer protection.
The document summarizes the results of testing to identify extractables and leachables from a nylon syringe filter. Multiple analytical techniques were used, identifying several oligomers of nylon 6 in leachables and additional compounds like methyl esters, glycerol esters, and alkanes in exhaustive extracts. The major polymer antioxidant Irgafos 168 was also detected.
Bottom-up workflows have been a staple of mass spectrometry based proteomic approaches. We present in this work a fully automated solution for MALDI-TOF MS based peptide mapping experiments.
Solid phase microextraction (SPME) was invented in 1990. It is a non-exhaustive microextraction technique that involves the extraction of analytes from a sample onto a coated fused silica fiber. There are three main extraction modes: direct extraction, headspace extraction, and membrane-protected extraction. The amount of analyte extracted reaches equilibrium based on the distribution constant between the sample matrix and fiber coating. Various parameters can affect extraction, including temperature, pH, salinity, and polarity. SPME devices have been developed using coated fibers mounted on syringes or thin films for higher surface area. A variety of coatings have also been developed for different analyte classes and applications such as in vivo sampling.
Determination of Elemental Impurities – Challenges of a Screening MethodSGS
The document discusses the challenges of developing a screening method for determining elemental impurities and validating such a method. It outlines potential interferences from different sample materials and strategies for addressing them, including sample preparation using closed vessel microwave digestion and determination by ICP-MS. Validation results are presented demonstrating the method meets acceptance criteria for selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, and limits of quantification as defined by USP and EP pharmacopeial standards.
Multi-residue pesticide analysis of food samples using acetonitrile extractio...Kate?ina Svobodov
This document describes a method for multi-residue pesticide analysis of food samples using two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (2D-LC-MS/MS). The method involves acetonitrile extraction of samples followed by separation using reverse phase and HILIC columns connected by a switching valve. The method showed improved peak shape and sensitivity for polar pesticides compared to single column methods. Recoveries of 79.67% of analytes were between 60-100% and reporting limits were 1 ppb or lower for most pesticides tested, demonstrating this 2D-LC-MS/MS method is effective for broad-scope pesticide residue testing in foods.
This standard operating procedure outlines the digestion and analysis of metals in water and solid samples using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, based on EPA Methods 3015/3050B/6010B. Representative samples are digested using microwave heating with nitric acid (for water samples) or repeated additions of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide with hydrochloric acid added (for solid samples). The digestates are then analyzed using ICP to simultaneously determine multiple metal elements based on element-specific atomic line emissions. Quality control procedures are specified to ensure valid data and address potential interferences that can occur during the analysis.
Learn about Waters technologies for analyzing oligonucleotides with LC-MS. We offer solutions for both oligo characterization and QC monitoring. Learn more: http://www.waters.com/oligos
Pesticide residue detection methods by making use of the quantum related technologies are described, the motivation is to push the detection limit, to protect the environment we are to survive beyond what Stephen Hawking predicted!
Determining the rate of a chemical reaction(Stopped-flow techniques)Halavath Ramesh
The document discusses the stopped-flow technique, which is used to study fast chemical reactions. It involves rapidly mixing two reactants in a mixing chamber and then stopping the flow to monitor the reaction kinetics over time using spectroscopy. The stopped-flow technique allows reactions to be studied on millisecond timescales with small reagent volumes. It is commonly used to study biomolecular interactions and protein folding reactions.
Selected ion flow tube MS - Online quantitative VOC analysisIS-X
SIFT-MS accurately identifies and quantifies volatile compounds. The analysis occurs through a process of chemical ionization in a flow tube.
To analyze volatile compounds, a sample is introduced into the flow tube at a precisely controlled rate. Inside the flow tube reagent ions react with volatile compounds present in the sample. This reaction forms product ions, which are analyzed by a quadrupole mass spectrometer and particle multiplier. The result is spectra, which instantly identify and quantify volatile compounds.
Analysis is performed by a Voice Series instrument, which can be based in a laboratory, on a production line, or in a vehicle. Results can be automatically exported to other systems, such as production line controllers.
We provide turnkey solutions, or you can create your own analysis suites and protocols, including how results are processed and presented.
This document discusses recent advancements in impurity profiling. It defines impurity profiling and outlines the importance of identifying impurities. The history of instrumental analysis for impurity identification is reviewed. A systematic approach to impurity profiling is presented, including thresholds for identification, qualification, and reporting. Methods for isolation and identification of impurities are described, including case studies. Both classical and modern methodologies are covered, with examples of separation techniques like HPLC, TLC, and capillary electrophoresis.
Quality-by-design-based development and validation of a stability-indicating ...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
A systematic design-of-experiments was performed by applying quality-by-design concepts to determine
design space for rapid quantification of teriflunomide by the ultraperformance liquid chromatography
(UPLC) method in the presence of degradation products. Response surface and central composite
quadratic were used for statistical evaluation of experimental data using a Design-Expert software. The
response variables such as resolution, retention time, and peak tailing were analyzed statistically for the
screening of suitable chromatographic conditions. During this process, various plots such as perturbation,
contour, 3D, and design space were studied. The method was developed through UPLC BEH C18
2.1 � 100 mm, 1.7-μ column, mobile phase comprised of buffer (5 mM K2HPO4 containing 0.1%
triethylamine, pH 6.8), and acetonitrile (40:60 v/v), the flow rate of 0.5 mL min 1 and UV detection at
250 nm. The method was developed with a short run time of 1 min. Forced degradation studies revealed
that the method was stability-indicating, suitable for both assay and in-vitro dissolution of a drug product.
The method was found to be linear in the range of 28–84 μg mL 1, 2.8–22.7 μg mL 1 with a correlation
coefficient of 0.9999 and 1.000 for assay and dissolution, respectively. The recovery values were found in
the range of 100.1–101.7%. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines.
This poster describes analytical operating conditions for analysis of US EPA Method 8260C1, Revision 3, August 2006, and includes BFB tune parameters, calibration details, and a complete MDL and Precision and Accuracy study for almost 100 target compounds at multiple concentrations.
Made in Millersville: Determining the Concentration of Parabens in Personal C...Gloria Chung
This is my poster presentation for the 2017 Made in Millersville Conference at Millersville University. I had the opportunity to share my independent study on parabens in personal care products to the faculty, staff, administration, and students at Millersville, as well as get reviewed by professionals on my presentation.
Nilesh Dashrath Kamble presented a seminar on method development and validation in HPLC. The presentation discussed the steps involved in HPLC method development including column selection, mobile phase composition, pH range selection, and optimization of separation conditions. It also covered validation parameters such as accuracy, precision, specificity, limit of detection, and limit of quantification as per ICH guidelines. The presentation included an example method development for the simultaneous estimation of atorvastatin and telmisartan from a tablet formulation.
Degradation and Degradant CharacterizationGagan Deep
This document discusses degradation, degradants, and degradant characterization. It defines degradation as changes in a substance's properties due to environmental factors or formulation interactions. Degradants are products formed from degradation that can reduce potency or induce toxicity. Degradant characterization involves profiling degradants using analytical techniques like LC-MS, GC-MS, and LC-NMR to separate and identify degradants. Factors like temperature, moisture, light exposure, pH changes, and microbes can induce degradation.
The document discusses polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its use for detecting COVID-19 through RT-PCR testing. RT-PCR is considered the gold standard for detecting viruses like SARS-CoV-2 due to its rapid detection, high sensitivity, and specificity. The document outlines the RT-PCR testing process, which involves collecting a sample, extracting RNA from the sample, converting the RNA to cDNA, and amplifying the cDNA using fluorescent dyes to detect the presence of the virus. Real-time PCR allows visualization and quantification of PCR product accumulation in real-time by using fluorescent dyes that bind to DNA.
Practical Implementation of the New Elemental Impurities Guidelines May 2015SGS
The International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) released its Q3D Guideline for Elemental Impurities in December 2014, initiating reviews and changes in quality testing programs in bio/pharmaceutical companies around the world. In advance of the implementation dates, companies need to assess the risks of potential elemental impurities in their process and materials streams.
In this presentation, experts will review the requirements of elemental impurities guidelines from ICH, the European Pharmacopeia, and United States Pharmacopeia, outline practical recommendations to address implementation challenges, and discuss key considerations for analytical testing programs.
This document discusses the use of liquid chromatography (LC) and LC-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in the analysis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). LC techniques are required by regulatory agencies and are used for separation, identification, and quantification of APIs and impurities. LC is applied in API development, manufacturing, and analytical method development, including assay development, forced degradation studies, impurity profiling, and stability indicating methods. LC-MS provides advantages like isolation of impurities, spectral peak purity analysis, and analysis of drugs in biological fluids. An example case study on the LC-MS analysis of amlodipine is provided, showing mass fragmentation, degradation pathways, and chromatograms of degradation products.
The document provides information on the staff members and grant holders of the Analytical Chemistry department for 2008. It summarizes several projects conducted by the department including developing analytical methods to determine pesticides, PAHs, toxins and antibiotics in food and environmental samples. Methods included liquid and gas chromatography coupled with various detectors. Electroanalytical procedures were also considered to reduce sample preparation time and amounts of solvent used. Validation of developed methods revealed good performance. The document outlines goals for 2009 which include characterizing stone deterioration, developing new sensor technologies, and further analysis of contaminants in different matrices like fish and water.
Life Cycle Management of Chromatographic Methods for BiopharmaceuticalsWaters Corporation
The development and manufacture of biopharmaceuticals is a dynamic and rapidly growing industry. By the nature of their production, biopharmaceuticals are highly complex heterogeneous mixtures that require many analytical techniques for characterization and routine testing. As a result, many manufacturers incorporate life cycle management into their respective workflows to take advantage of newer technologies and methodologies to ensure efficacy and patient safety.
In this presentation, we will address the range of chromatographic categories – HPLC, UHPLC, and UPLC – and define the characteristics associated with each. The discussion will continue with several examples of methods transferred from legacy HPLC instrumentation to modern UHPLC and UPLC instruments. We will compare qualitative and quantitative data across each chromatographic class. Resolution, sensitivity, and overall run time will be used as metrics to assess the success of the method transfer to the respective LC platform, to ensure the transferred methods are in line with current acceptance criteria.
Learn:
- The importance of selecting the correct instrumentation to meet user needs.
- Which parameters influence method transfer from one LC platform to another.
- How workflows can benefit from features such as Multi-flow path technology and Gradient SmartStart when transitioning methods.
Interested in more detail? Watch the related on-demand webinar: http://view6.workcast.net/register?pak=3479247014905635
The document summarizes the use of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for pesticide detection and controlled delivery. It provides an overview of MIPs, including their history, components, imprinting techniques, applications, and limitations. It then discusses three case studies where MIPs were used: 1) fluorescent quantum dot MIPs for detection of the pesticide diazinon in water samples, 2) MIP-coated optical fibers for sensitive detection of herbicides/insecticides, and 3) controlled release of the herbicide simazine from MIP granules to prevent algal bloom in ponds.
A Comparison of Multimodal Chromatographic Resin: Protein Binding & SelectivityKBI Biopharma
A presentation from 2015 by KBI Biopharma on: Mixed Mode Chromatography, Mixed Mode Resin characterization, Comparison of Mixed Mode Resins, High throughput method for identifying optimal operating ranges for mixed mode resins, Chromatography experiments to characterize HCP & HMW removal.
MicroPRO, A Rapid Microbiology Method Based on Flow Cytometryguest32bcc5
This document provides information on disruptive technologies and rapid microbiology products represented by the company. It summarizes their product range including instruments for biological sample preparation, dissolution/formulation, physico-chemistry analysis, and rapid microbiology detection. It also discusses their markets in pharmaceutical, personal care, fermentation, and more. The MicroPRO instrument allows detection of bacteria, yeast and mold from various samples within 24 hours.
Method validation in HPLC of omeprazole enantiomerscoolprashant33
Nilesh Kamble presented a seminar on the development and validation of a method for the enantiomeric estimation of omeprazole enantiomers in enteric-coated formulations using high-performance liquid chromatography. Omeprazole exists as two enantiomers but the S-enantiomer is metabolized more slowly and at lower doses. The method was developed using a chiral column with normal phase chromatography. Validation showed the method was specific, stability-indicating, linear, accurate and suitable for quantifying the undesired enantiomer in formulations. The developed method can help ensure only the desired enantiomer is present in marketed formulations.
Field portable GC/MS - Technology and applicationsIS-X
The TRIDION-9 is the world's smallest person portable GC-MS, which is fast, reliable, and easy to use. The integrated system features a low thermal mass capillary gas chromatograph with high-speed temperature programming and a miniaturized toroidal ion trap mass spectrometer (TMS). Samples are injected using a novel CUSTODION solid phase microextraction (SPME) fiber syringe or a needle trap (CUSTODION-NT).
The entire TRIDION-9 GC-MS system is totally self-contained, weighs -32 pounds, and is rechargeable battery operated. It is easy to operate with a color touch screen user interface or a simple three button navigation.
The TRIDION-9 GC-MS is ideal for rapid screening of chemicals including environmental volatiles and semivolatiles (VOCs/SVOCs), explosives, chemical warfare agents, hazardous substances and for use in food safety and industrial applications.
Opportunities for external funding in Flanders and The NetherlandsIS-X
In this presentation we will focus on three calls that will be launched very soon with potential opportunities for everyone working in Flanders, The Netherlands and Wallonia.
1) BEL-SME: Flanders, Brussels & Wallonia (SME-only)
2) Interreg V: Flanders and South of The Netherlands (all)
3) Fast track to innovation: Belgium and The Netherlands (all)
This standard operating procedure outlines the digestion and analysis of metals in water and solid samples using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, based on EPA Methods 3015/3050B/6010B. Representative samples are digested using microwave heating with nitric acid (for water samples) or repeated additions of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide with hydrochloric acid added (for solid samples). The digestates are then analyzed using ICP to simultaneously determine multiple metal elements based on element-specific atomic line emissions. Quality control procedures are specified to ensure valid data and address potential interferences that can occur during the analysis.
Learn about Waters technologies for analyzing oligonucleotides with LC-MS. We offer solutions for both oligo characterization and QC monitoring. Learn more: http://www.waters.com/oligos
Pesticide residue detection methods by making use of the quantum related technologies are described, the motivation is to push the detection limit, to protect the environment we are to survive beyond what Stephen Hawking predicted!
Determining the rate of a chemical reaction(Stopped-flow techniques)Halavath Ramesh
The document discusses the stopped-flow technique, which is used to study fast chemical reactions. It involves rapidly mixing two reactants in a mixing chamber and then stopping the flow to monitor the reaction kinetics over time using spectroscopy. The stopped-flow technique allows reactions to be studied on millisecond timescales with small reagent volumes. It is commonly used to study biomolecular interactions and protein folding reactions.
Selected ion flow tube MS - Online quantitative VOC analysisIS-X
SIFT-MS accurately identifies and quantifies volatile compounds. The analysis occurs through a process of chemical ionization in a flow tube.
To analyze volatile compounds, a sample is introduced into the flow tube at a precisely controlled rate. Inside the flow tube reagent ions react with volatile compounds present in the sample. This reaction forms product ions, which are analyzed by a quadrupole mass spectrometer and particle multiplier. The result is spectra, which instantly identify and quantify volatile compounds.
Analysis is performed by a Voice Series instrument, which can be based in a laboratory, on a production line, or in a vehicle. Results can be automatically exported to other systems, such as production line controllers.
We provide turnkey solutions, or you can create your own analysis suites and protocols, including how results are processed and presented.
This document discusses recent advancements in impurity profiling. It defines impurity profiling and outlines the importance of identifying impurities. The history of instrumental analysis for impurity identification is reviewed. A systematic approach to impurity profiling is presented, including thresholds for identification, qualification, and reporting. Methods for isolation and identification of impurities are described, including case studies. Both classical and modern methodologies are covered, with examples of separation techniques like HPLC, TLC, and capillary electrophoresis.
Quality-by-design-based development and validation of a stability-indicating ...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
A systematic design-of-experiments was performed by applying quality-by-design concepts to determine
design space for rapid quantification of teriflunomide by the ultraperformance liquid chromatography
(UPLC) method in the presence of degradation products. Response surface and central composite
quadratic were used for statistical evaluation of experimental data using a Design-Expert software. The
response variables such as resolution, retention time, and peak tailing were analyzed statistically for the
screening of suitable chromatographic conditions. During this process, various plots such as perturbation,
contour, 3D, and design space were studied. The method was developed through UPLC BEH C18
2.1 � 100 mm, 1.7-μ column, mobile phase comprised of buffer (5 mM K2HPO4 containing 0.1%
triethylamine, pH 6.8), and acetonitrile (40:60 v/v), the flow rate of 0.5 mL min 1 and UV detection at
250 nm. The method was developed with a short run time of 1 min. Forced degradation studies revealed
that the method was stability-indicating, suitable for both assay and in-vitro dissolution of a drug product.
The method was found to be linear in the range of 28–84 μg mL 1, 2.8–22.7 μg mL 1 with a correlation
coefficient of 0.9999 and 1.000 for assay and dissolution, respectively. The recovery values were found in
the range of 100.1–101.7%. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines.
This poster describes analytical operating conditions for analysis of US EPA Method 8260C1, Revision 3, August 2006, and includes BFB tune parameters, calibration details, and a complete MDL and Precision and Accuracy study for almost 100 target compounds at multiple concentrations.
Made in Millersville: Determining the Concentration of Parabens in Personal C...Gloria Chung
This is my poster presentation for the 2017 Made in Millersville Conference at Millersville University. I had the opportunity to share my independent study on parabens in personal care products to the faculty, staff, administration, and students at Millersville, as well as get reviewed by professionals on my presentation.
Nilesh Dashrath Kamble presented a seminar on method development and validation in HPLC. The presentation discussed the steps involved in HPLC method development including column selection, mobile phase composition, pH range selection, and optimization of separation conditions. It also covered validation parameters such as accuracy, precision, specificity, limit of detection, and limit of quantification as per ICH guidelines. The presentation included an example method development for the simultaneous estimation of atorvastatin and telmisartan from a tablet formulation.
Degradation and Degradant CharacterizationGagan Deep
This document discusses degradation, degradants, and degradant characterization. It defines degradation as changes in a substance's properties due to environmental factors or formulation interactions. Degradants are products formed from degradation that can reduce potency or induce toxicity. Degradant characterization involves profiling degradants using analytical techniques like LC-MS, GC-MS, and LC-NMR to separate and identify degradants. Factors like temperature, moisture, light exposure, pH changes, and microbes can induce degradation.
The document discusses polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its use for detecting COVID-19 through RT-PCR testing. RT-PCR is considered the gold standard for detecting viruses like SARS-CoV-2 due to its rapid detection, high sensitivity, and specificity. The document outlines the RT-PCR testing process, which involves collecting a sample, extracting RNA from the sample, converting the RNA to cDNA, and amplifying the cDNA using fluorescent dyes to detect the presence of the virus. Real-time PCR allows visualization and quantification of PCR product accumulation in real-time by using fluorescent dyes that bind to DNA.
Practical Implementation of the New Elemental Impurities Guidelines May 2015SGS
The International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) released its Q3D Guideline for Elemental Impurities in December 2014, initiating reviews and changes in quality testing programs in bio/pharmaceutical companies around the world. In advance of the implementation dates, companies need to assess the risks of potential elemental impurities in their process and materials streams.
In this presentation, experts will review the requirements of elemental impurities guidelines from ICH, the European Pharmacopeia, and United States Pharmacopeia, outline practical recommendations to address implementation challenges, and discuss key considerations for analytical testing programs.
This document discusses the use of liquid chromatography (LC) and LC-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in the analysis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). LC techniques are required by regulatory agencies and are used for separation, identification, and quantification of APIs and impurities. LC is applied in API development, manufacturing, and analytical method development, including assay development, forced degradation studies, impurity profiling, and stability indicating methods. LC-MS provides advantages like isolation of impurities, spectral peak purity analysis, and analysis of drugs in biological fluids. An example case study on the LC-MS analysis of amlodipine is provided, showing mass fragmentation, degradation pathways, and chromatograms of degradation products.
The document provides information on the staff members and grant holders of the Analytical Chemistry department for 2008. It summarizes several projects conducted by the department including developing analytical methods to determine pesticides, PAHs, toxins and antibiotics in food and environmental samples. Methods included liquid and gas chromatography coupled with various detectors. Electroanalytical procedures were also considered to reduce sample preparation time and amounts of solvent used. Validation of developed methods revealed good performance. The document outlines goals for 2009 which include characterizing stone deterioration, developing new sensor technologies, and further analysis of contaminants in different matrices like fish and water.
Life Cycle Management of Chromatographic Methods for BiopharmaceuticalsWaters Corporation
The development and manufacture of biopharmaceuticals is a dynamic and rapidly growing industry. By the nature of their production, biopharmaceuticals are highly complex heterogeneous mixtures that require many analytical techniques for characterization and routine testing. As a result, many manufacturers incorporate life cycle management into their respective workflows to take advantage of newer technologies and methodologies to ensure efficacy and patient safety.
In this presentation, we will address the range of chromatographic categories – HPLC, UHPLC, and UPLC – and define the characteristics associated with each. The discussion will continue with several examples of methods transferred from legacy HPLC instrumentation to modern UHPLC and UPLC instruments. We will compare qualitative and quantitative data across each chromatographic class. Resolution, sensitivity, and overall run time will be used as metrics to assess the success of the method transfer to the respective LC platform, to ensure the transferred methods are in line with current acceptance criteria.
Learn:
- The importance of selecting the correct instrumentation to meet user needs.
- Which parameters influence method transfer from one LC platform to another.
- How workflows can benefit from features such as Multi-flow path technology and Gradient SmartStart when transitioning methods.
Interested in more detail? Watch the related on-demand webinar: http://view6.workcast.net/register?pak=3479247014905635
The document summarizes the use of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for pesticide detection and controlled delivery. It provides an overview of MIPs, including their history, components, imprinting techniques, applications, and limitations. It then discusses three case studies where MIPs were used: 1) fluorescent quantum dot MIPs for detection of the pesticide diazinon in water samples, 2) MIP-coated optical fibers for sensitive detection of herbicides/insecticides, and 3) controlled release of the herbicide simazine from MIP granules to prevent algal bloom in ponds.
A Comparison of Multimodal Chromatographic Resin: Protein Binding & SelectivityKBI Biopharma
A presentation from 2015 by KBI Biopharma on: Mixed Mode Chromatography, Mixed Mode Resin characterization, Comparison of Mixed Mode Resins, High throughput method for identifying optimal operating ranges for mixed mode resins, Chromatography experiments to characterize HCP & HMW removal.
MicroPRO, A Rapid Microbiology Method Based on Flow Cytometryguest32bcc5
This document provides information on disruptive technologies and rapid microbiology products represented by the company. It summarizes their product range including instruments for biological sample preparation, dissolution/formulation, physico-chemistry analysis, and rapid microbiology detection. It also discusses their markets in pharmaceutical, personal care, fermentation, and more. The MicroPRO instrument allows detection of bacteria, yeast and mold from various samples within 24 hours.
Method validation in HPLC of omeprazole enantiomerscoolprashant33
Nilesh Kamble presented a seminar on the development and validation of a method for the enantiomeric estimation of omeprazole enantiomers in enteric-coated formulations using high-performance liquid chromatography. Omeprazole exists as two enantiomers but the S-enantiomer is metabolized more slowly and at lower doses. The method was developed using a chiral column with normal phase chromatography. Validation showed the method was specific, stability-indicating, linear, accurate and suitable for quantifying the undesired enantiomer in formulations. The developed method can help ensure only the desired enantiomer is present in marketed formulations.
Field portable GC/MS - Technology and applicationsIS-X
The TRIDION-9 is the world's smallest person portable GC-MS, which is fast, reliable, and easy to use. The integrated system features a low thermal mass capillary gas chromatograph with high-speed temperature programming and a miniaturized toroidal ion trap mass spectrometer (TMS). Samples are injected using a novel CUSTODION solid phase microextraction (SPME) fiber syringe or a needle trap (CUSTODION-NT).
The entire TRIDION-9 GC-MS system is totally self-contained, weighs -32 pounds, and is rechargeable battery operated. It is easy to operate with a color touch screen user interface or a simple three button navigation.
The TRIDION-9 GC-MS is ideal for rapid screening of chemicals including environmental volatiles and semivolatiles (VOCs/SVOCs), explosives, chemical warfare agents, hazardous substances and for use in food safety and industrial applications.
Opportunities for external funding in Flanders and The NetherlandsIS-X
In this presentation we will focus on three calls that will be launched very soon with potential opportunities for everyone working in Flanders, The Netherlands and Wallonia.
1) BEL-SME: Flanders, Brussels & Wallonia (SME-only)
2) Interreg V: Flanders and South of The Netherlands (all)
3) Fast track to innovation: Belgium and The Netherlands (all)
A dedicated GC/MS analyzer was developed to address the increasing need for more sensitive catalyst poisoner analysis. The system combines the separation power and robustness of a classic backflush configuration with Lowox column with the selectivity and sensitivity of mass spectrometry.
Metabolomics is the newest hype in the 'omics' family. Although defined as highly important to recent biological research, the analytical science applied is far from acceptable for the majority of publications that appear nowadays. Take a look at our approach to tackle the metabolomics issue, which remains a new name for an old science.
GC-MS is a technique that combines gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify different substances within a test sample. It works by using gas chromatography to separate chemical mixtures and mass spectrometry to determine the mass of each component. The document discusses the instrumentation of GC-MS including the gas chromatograph, interface, mass spectrometer, and data systems. It also covers applications such as petrochemical analysis, environmental testing, and pharmaceutical analysis.
Gc ms techniques SEM4 PAPER2 MITHIBAI COLLEGEPradeep Jaiswal
GC-MS is an analytical technique that combines gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify different substances within a sample. It works by first using gas chromatography to separate chemicals in a sample and then running them into a mass spectrometer to measure the mass-to-charge ratios to determine the identity of substances in the sample. This allows for both physical separation of chemicals and identification of individual molecules, providing powerful separation and identification capabilities. Common applications of GC-MS include analysis of drugs, pollutants, foods, and other complex chemical mixtures.
GC-MS is a technique that combines gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify unknown substances within a sample. Gas chromatography separates the components of a sample, while mass spectrometry then ionizes and identifies each component based on its mass-to-charge ratio. Common applications of GC-MS include analyzing petrochemicals, drugs, pesticides, and other organic compounds. The document provides details on how GC and MS work individually and combined, their applications in fields like forensics and environmental analysis, and limitations of the technique.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY AND MASS SPECTROMETRY (GC-MS) BY P.RAVISANKAR.Dr. Ravi Sankar
The document discusses the principles and components of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). GC-MS combines gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify unknown chemical compounds in a sample. In GC-MS, the sample is vaporized and injected into a GC where components are separated by volatility. The separated components enter the mass spectrometer where they are ionized and fragmented, producing mass spectra that can identify each component. The combined GC-MS technique provides both separation and identification of compounds in a single analysis.
Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is a technique used to study compounds with unpaired electrons. In ESR, a sample is placed in a static magnetic field and irradiated with microwaves. This causes transitions between the electron spin energy levels. The absorption of microwave energy is detected to obtain an ESR spectrum. ESR spectra provide information about electron environments through parameters like g-values and hyperfine splitting patterns. ESR finds applications in studying transition metal complexes and unstable free radicals.
Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is a versatile analytical technique that can separate, quantify, and identify unknown organic compounds and gases in complex mixtures. It works by separating components via gas chromatography and then using mass spectrometry for detection. GC-MS has applications in fields like semiconductor manufacturing, contamination control, and forensic analysis of samples like urine.
The document provides information on charged aerosol detection (CAD) technology. It discusses the evolution of CAD products, how CAD works, comparisons to other detection methods like ELSD, and example applications. Key points covered include how CAD provides a uniform response for analytes independent of chemical structure, its wide dynamic range of up to four orders of magnitude, and how it can detect both non-volatile and semi-volatile compounds on HPLC and UHPLC systems without the need for reference standards.
Basics of Preparing an Air Emissions InventoryMarcKarell
This document discusses various techniques that a manufacturing plant can use to estimate air emissions in order to comply with environmental regulations and perform a thorough emissions inventory. It describes emission factor lookup tables, material balancing, direct stack testing, and engineering equations. Engineering equations are presented as a valid and cost-effective method to estimate emissions from many industrial processes by using actual operating parameters and process conditions. The document provides guidance on forming a task force, assessing all emission sources, determining the appropriate estimation technique for each source category, developing a written emissions inventory plan, and gathering the necessary process data.
Analytical purity method development and validation by gas chromatography of ...Alexander Decker
This document describes the development and validation of a gas chromatography method for analyzing the purity of L-valine methyl ester hydrochloride, which is used to produce anti-hypertensive drugs. The method was validated for precision, recovery, linearity, robustness, and solution stability according to ICH guidelines. Gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector was used to separate and detect L-valine methyl ester hydrochloride peaks from potential impurity peaks such as isoleucine methyl ester hydrochloride. The method demonstrated high recovery and low variability, confirming its suitability for analyzing the purity of L-valine methyl ester hydrochloride in pharmaceutical applications.
Graphical Representation of Liquid-Liquid Phase EquilibriaGerard B. Hawkins
Graphical Representation of
Liquid-Liquid Phase Equilibria
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS OF PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
4.1 Use of Composition Diagrams
4.2 Ternary Systems with Immiscible Liquids
4.3 Graphical Design Using Ternary Diagrams
APPENDICES
A INTERPOLATION AND CORRELATION OF THE LINES
FIGURES
1 TRIANGULAR CO-ORDINATES
2 TYPE 1 SYSTEM: ONE PAIR OF PARTIALLY MISCIBLE LIQUIDS
3 TYPE 2 SYSTEM: TWO PAIR OF PARTIALLYMISCIBLE LIQUIDS
4 DESIGN OF COUNTERCURRENT EXTRACTION SYSTEM WITHOUT REFLUX – TYPE 1 SYSTEM
5 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF REFLUXED LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION
6 DESIGN OF COUNTERCURRENT SYSTEM WITH REFLUX
7 CONSTRUCTION OF THE CONJUGATE LINE
Gas - Liquid Reactors
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS
4.1 Preliminary Equipment Selection
4.2 Equipment for Low Viscosity Liquids
4.3 Equipment for High Viscosity Liquids
5 REACTOR DESIGN
6 ESSENTIAL THEORY
6.1 Rate and Yield Determining Steps
6.2 Chemical and Physical Rates
6.3 Modification for Exothermic and Complex Reactions
6.4 Preliminary Selection of Reactor Type
7 EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF REGIME
7.1 Direct Measurement of Reaction Kinetics
7.2 Laboratory Gas-Liquid Reactor Experiments
8 EQUILIBRIUM AND DIFFUSIVITY DATA SOURCES
9 OVERALL EFFECTS
9.1 Liquid Flow Patterns
9.2 Scale of Mixing
9.3 Gas Flow Pattern : Mean Driving Force for Mass Transfer
9.4 Gas-Liquid Reactor Modeling
9.5 Heat Transfer
9.6 Materials of Construction
9.7 Foaming
10 FINAL CHOICE OF REACTOR TYPE
11 SCALE-UP AND SPECIFICATION OF GAS-LIQUID
REACTORS
11.1 Bubble Columns
11.2 Packed Columns
11.3 Trickle Beds
11.4 Plate or Tray Columns
11.5 Spray Columns
11.6 Wiped Film
11.7 Spinning Film Reactors
11.8 Stirred Vessels
11.9 Plunging Jet
11.10 Surface Aerator
11.11 Static Mixers
11.12 Ejectors, Venturis and Orifice Plates
11.13 3-Phase Fluidized Bed
12 BIBLIOGRAPHY
TABLES
1 REGIMES OF GAS-LIQUID MASS TRANSFER WITH ISOTHERMAL CHEMICAL REACTION
2 REGIMES OF GAS-LIQUID MASS TRANSFER IGNORING LARGE EXOTHERMS OR OTHER COMPLICATIONS
3 COMPARATIVE MASS TRANSFER PERFORMANCE OF CONTACTING DEVICES
4 COMPARATIVE MASS TRANSFER DATA
5 CHOICE OF GAS-LIQUID REACTOR TYPE
FIGURES
1 RATE AND YIELD DETERMINING STEPS
2 ENHANCEMENT FACTOR vs HATTA NUMBER
3 ENHANCEMENT FACTOR vs HATTA NUMBER : EFFECT OF THERMAL & OTHER FACTORS
4 REACTORS FOR LIQUID-PHASE KINETICS
MEASUREMENT
5 EXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE THE OPERATING
REGIME
6 EXPERIMENTS DETERMINE THE OPERATING REGIME WHERE A SOLID CATALYST IS INVOLVED
7 THE MIXED ZONES IN LOOPS' MODEL FOR STIRRED REACTORS
This document provides an overview and summary of key concepts related to analytical method validation for liquid chromatography. It discusses topics such as specificity, linearity and range, precision, accuracy, detection limit, quantitation limit, robustness, and system suitability. Examples and definitions are provided for each concept. Chromatograms, plots, and tables are also included to help illustrate key points.
This document discusses the implementation of kinetic models into process simulators to simulate heterogeneous catalytic processes. It provides examples of kinetic modelling for methanol synthesis and bioethanol conversion reactions. Kinetic models like the Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson model are preferred over simple power law models as they account for adsorption/desorption steps. The document outlines how to implement kinetic parameters from literature into simulators like Aspen Plus, including converting units and specifying temperature dependence and rate expressions. It emphasizes that accurate thermodynamic and transport property models are also needed for reliable process simulation.
The document describes STANJAN, an interactive program for chemical equilibrium analysis using the element potential method. STANJAN can solve problems involving multiple phases and complex species. It assumes ideal gas and ideal solution models. Examples shown include a carbon-rich CO system, a fiber optics manufacturing system with two phases, and calculating adiabatic flame temperature and nozzle exit conditions for a gas turbine combustor reaction. STANJAN provides a robust, user-friendly way to analyze chemical equilibria in various applications.
Movie Review GuidelinesI. Introduction· Genre · Movie Titl.docxroushhsiu
Movie Review Guidelines
I. Introduction
· Genre
· Movie Title
· Director
· Principal location
· Mention your opinion –use a description
· Include the top actor
II. Brief Summary of the Plot
III. Your analysis of the movie’s component’s
· The theme
· The directing
· The acting
· Visual elements
IV. Conclusion
· return to your opinion of the movie
· do you recommend the movie or skip this movie
ChE 460 Literature Review Due: Dec 03, 2019, 11 AM
Paper Review (50 pts.)
Read the paper: “Dissolved oxygen control of the activated sludge wastewater treat-
ment process using model predictive control,” Computers and Chemical Engineering, vol
32, 1270-1278, 2008, and write a note about that paper. Please submit the printed hard
copy. Handwriting version is not accepted.
You need to show and discuss the following contents. Please do not copy and paste
any sentences from that paper.
� Motivations (10 pts.): why is this work important from the industrial or academic
perspective?
� Methodologies (10 pts.): including the modeling and controller design methods.
� Your questions about the method in this paper (10 pts.): Model predictive control
is the state-of-the-art technique for industrial automation. It is very normal that
students cannot easily understand its concept. List all your questions on this
method.
� Comments with critical thinking (10 pts.): List advantages & drawbacks of the
proposed method. Provide your suggestions or possible improvement.
Format Requirement (10 pts.): Print your review on A4 paper, at least two full
pages (not including references), single space, Times New Roman 12, margins 1 inch
on all sides, no figure. Please list references in the end of this review (You can follow
the reference format of Computers and Chemical Engineering). If your report does not
meet above requirements, then you can obtain at most 1 point in this part.
1
Ashraf Al Shekaili
Chemical Engineering 460
Dr. Yu Yang
Literature Review
Dissolved Oxygen Control of The Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Process Using Model Predictive Control
The process of waste water treatment is very complex and hard to control due to non-linear behavior system. This happens because of the variation in composition of the incoming wastewater along with disturbances in flow and load. Many control strategies were proposed to control the process; however, their evaluation is difficult due to shortage in the standard evaluation criteria.
The dissolved oxygen in the aerobic reactors play a role in the activity of microorganisms that live in activated sludge. High concentration of dissolved oxygen is required to feed enough oxygen to microorganisms in the sludge so the organic matters will be decomposed. However, excessive dissolved oxygen may lead to increase the operational cost because of high energy consumption.
Building a model to control a process is extremely important for any industry because industries have to meet the effluent requirements of ...
This document provides a final report for the process design and technoeconomic analysis of two downstream recovery and purification processes for diethyl malonate (DEM) from a fermentation reactor. Experimental results found that decreasing pH decreases DEM solubility in water in a nonlinear fashion, and the partition coefficient of DEM in a water-pentane system was determined to be 2.4 ± 0.2. A sensitivity analysis of process parameters found that liquid-liquid extraction with n-pentane could achieve 99.96% DEM recovery at a unit cost of $0.016/kg, while a series process using decantation followed by extraction could achieve 99.95% recovery at $0.011/kg. The extraction only process
New calculation of thetray numbers for Debutanizer Tower in BIPCinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
New calculation of thetray numbers for Debutanizer Tower in BIPCinventionjournals
The document describes methods for calculating the number of trays in a debutanizer tower. It presents data on the feed, overhead, and bottoms compositions. It then calculates the relative volatilities of components using vapor pressure data. The Montross and Underwood methods are used to calculate the minimum reflux ratio and number of theoretical trays. For the debutanizer tower, the Montross method estimates the number of trays is 18.5% higher than the minimum, while the Underwood method estimates 48.5% higher, indicating overdesign.
This document discusses sampling procedures and considerations for reservoir fluids. It begins with an overview of why fluid sampling is important for analysis and production design. It then provides guidelines for establishing a sampling program, including selecting sampling sites, determining required measurements, and setting up the sampling plan. Special topics are covered such as sampling crude oil emulsions, waxy/asphaltenic fluids, and on-site measurements. Throughout, it emphasizes the need for representative samples and outlines best practices for fluid sampling.
This document discusses control of polymerization reactors. It outlines several key control problems including controlling reaction rates and temperature, monomer conversion and production rates, molecular weight and distribution, copolymer composition, and particle size and distribution. It then discusses various measurement techniques used for monitoring these properties, including viscosity, composition, surface tension, molecular weight distribution, and particle size distribution. Control is achieved through manipulation of parameters like temperature, feed rates, catalysts, and chain transfer agents.
3 Tips on How to Simplify VOC Monitoring and Set Up a Successful Network.
What will you learn from the Webinar?
1. Mistakes when setting up a calibration system.
2. Using communications with the GC monitors.
3. GC pre-concentrator management maintenance and functions.
Whether your monitoring requirements to meet VOC emissions standards from the EPA are simply for BTEX, a C6 - C12 range, or even a full range, discover how American Ecotech can provide a complete solution that will give you consistent, precise, and reliable results to meet any specific VOC requirements.
The document summarizes the results of a within-laboratory analytical quality control exercise conducted with 30 laboratories analyzing standard solutions of nutrients from February 1997 to 1998. It found that while 70% of laboratories participated, the response time was slow and only around 50% of requested analyses were completed. Reasons for incomplete participation included unfamiliarity with quality control procedures, lack of necessary equipment and chemicals, and workload. The document evaluates the precision of results using coefficient of variation, finding some results less precise than quality control goals from published sources. It emphasizes the importance of quality control for obtaining reliable data.
1. It is one of the type of Hyphenated technique.
2. It is a combination of gas chromatographic technique and spectroscopic technique.
3. It is having a high resolution capacity.
4. It is used has volatile and Non-volatile compounds.
5. It is used for qualitative and quantitative analysis.
Suspensions Processing Guide - Basic Principles & Test MethodsGerard B. Hawkins
This document provides an overview of methods for assessing the compressive strength of sediments and cakes formed during solid-liquid separation processes. It discusses defining and measuring the compressive yield stress of the solid phase, which characterizes its resistance to compression. A key method involves centrifuging samples at varying speeds and measuring sediment heights to obtain the yield stress as a function of solids concentration. Alternative approaches involve directly measuring pressure vs concentration during filtration or indirectly estimating the yield stress from measurements of shear modulus. Understanding the compressive strength enables better design, selection and scale-up of separation processes.
The document discusses factors that can affect the accuracy and precision of analytical results from gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It identifies key parameters that influence sample introduction, separation, detection, and quantification for each technique. These include carrier gas flow rate, column temperature, mobile phase composition and flow rate, detector settings, and sample injection volume. The document provides examples of how variations in these parameters can impact peak area, retention time, resolution and other analytical measurements. It aims to help analysts understand major sources of uncertainty in GC and HPLC methods.
Application of a Reaction Kinetic Model for OnlLine Model Dynamic Control & O...James Bixby
1) The document describes how a reaction kinetic model was developed and applied for online dynamic control and optimization of batch and continuous reactor systems.
2) The model was used to optimize temperature profiles, increase reactor capacity, and improve product consistency for both batch and continuous processes.
3) For the continuous process, the model also helped improve transient response to disturbances by evaluating control strategies to tightly control intermediate species concentrations like B.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
20 Comprehensive Checklist of Designing and Developing a WebsitePixlogix Infotech
Dive into the world of Website Designing and Developing with Pixlogix! Looking to create a stunning online presence? Look no further! Our comprehensive checklist covers everything you need to know to craft a website that stands out. From user-friendly design to seamless functionality, we've got you covered. Don't miss out on this invaluable resource! Check out our checklist now at Pixlogix and start your journey towards a captivating online presence today.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
2. 2
SUMMARY
This document gives an overview of
the challenges and common pitfalls
of calibration in trace and ultratrace
gas analysis.
Special attention is directed to the
principle of permeation and the
technical solutions that are currently
available for reliable preparation of
gas standards.
Accurate and reproducible
analysis of permanent gases
and volatiles is challenging.
“
3. 3
+ Sampling Bags
+ Dynamic
Blending
+ Permeation
+ Schematics
+ Details
+ Specifications
+ Dilution Strategy
+ Standard
Addition
+ Tube
Configurations
+ Choosing the
Right Tube
02 03 04
Preparation of
Gas Standards
Pages 11-15
Hardware
Solution
Pages 16-20
Permeation
in Practice
Pages 21-28
+ Definition
+ Case Study
+ Key Performance
Denominators
Performance
Validation
Pages 5-10
01
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRO
Performance
Validation
Page 4
4. 4
THE MISPERCEPTION OF ANALYTICAL SIMPLICITY
The misperception of
analytical simplicity, which is
conveyed by popular TV
shows, such as CSI: and CSI:
Miami, is considered reality
by a majority of users.
Due to the introduction of ever
faster, more sensitive and more
selective gas analyzers, such as
specific sensors, standalone MS
devices and high performance
GC/MS systems, the analysis of
gaseous and/or volatile
components has become
commonplace in a wide variety of
application domains.
Most of these systems are black
boxes, which can be implemented
almost immediately and require no
specific analytical knowledge at all.
In order to guarantee reliable
measurement results and correct
conclusions in function of time, any
analytical technique, albeit one that
uses a basic sensor or a complex
analyzer, demands that these
requirements have been met:
Method development by an
experienced user
Comprehensive method
validation
Traceable quality control
according international
standards
Extensive training and support
If one of these requirements cannot be met or has been granted less importance,
method reliability is greatly compromised.
“
6. 66
Validation results are measured against the minimal
requirements imposed by the reference method.
Several international guidelines are available that describe the minimum set of tests and procedures that
need to be carried out during the performance validation of a trace gas analyzer. Generally speaking, at
least the following parameters need to be determined:
Response linearity Construction and statistical evaluation of calibration curves
Sensitivity Limits-of-detection for individual contaminants
Reproducibility At various concentration levels
Recovery Spiking experiments using real matrix
+ LINK: ANALYTICAL VALIDATION
“
7. 7
CASE STUDY: CATALYST CONTAMINANTS
Catalysts are ubiquitous in the
petrochemical industry. They are
applied to control and accelerate
various chemical reactions, such as for
example the polymerization of
ethylene and propylene to
polyethylene and polypropylene,
respectively. New generation of
catalysts are highly effective, but at
the same time extremely prone to
contamination by traces of
contaminants that are present in the
feedstock.
In order to determine these impurities
at the ultratrace levels at which they
occur (viz. Table 1), substantial
measures need to be taken,
particularly with respect to the
calibration performance of the
instrument applied to measure them.
All of these chemicals are reactive and/or polar, and do not
store reliably as static mixtures in cylinders.
Name Structure Specification
Arsine AsH3 < 20 ppb
Phosphine PH3 < 20 ppb
Ammonia NH3 < 100 ppb
Hydrogen sulfide H2S < 20 ppb
Carbonyl sulfide COS < 20 ppb
Nitrogen dioxide NO2 < 50 ppb
Hydrogen cyanide HCN < 100 ppb
Hydrogen fluoride HF < 200 ppb
Hydrogen chloride HCl < 200 ppb
Phosgene COCl2 < 50 ppb
Sulfur dioxide SO2 < 50 ppb
“
8. 8
Several factors need to be addressed during the performance validation of a
trace gas analyzer. Generally speaking, these factors are either related to the
nature of target contaminant (compound-specific factors) or the relative
composition and complexity of the sample matrix (matrix-specific factors).
Compound-specific factors:
Compound polarity
Compound reactivity
Matrix-specific factors:
Relative humidity
Matrix contains the target component (unknown concentration)
Matrix is highly reactive and unstable
Components react with each other
KEY PERFORMANCE DENOMINATORS
Immediate impact on instrument
performance characteristics. De facto
determined by applied compound
delivery and dilution technique(s).
Recovery experiments with real matrix
are required to evaluate the true impact
of matrix composition on system
performance. Be ware of experimental
design and data interpretation.
9. 9
Next to the factors described in the previous section,
there’s one other important factor to take into account
during the validation of a trace gas analyzer. This factor,
which exhibits an exponential effect on the factors, largely
determines the outcome of the validation scheme. This
factor is the concentration level at which the target
contaminants need to be determined.
It’s quite clear that percentage levels need an entirely
different strategy compared to ppm’s, but do you really
understand the difference between ppm, ppb and ppt?
Ppm’s are still quite tangible for most analysts but ppb’s
and ppt’s that’s an entirely different ballgame. Did you
know, for example, that 1 ppb corresponds to 1 second in
32 years? And 1 ppt to 1 second in 32,000 years?!
The concentration level of the target contaminant largely
determines the outcome of the validation scheme.
“
10. 10
One ppt = one secondin 32,000 years
The requirements imposed by
legislation are often extremely strict.
Just try to imagine that you are
responsible to find that single grain
of sand on a sandy beach and that
you can’t make any mistakes.
Quite demanding isn’t it?
Let’s give it a try:
Can you find the orange dot?
11. 1111
Preparation of Gas Standards
Inaccuracies due to miscalibration are prime sources
for errors in quantitative gas analysis.
PART 2
“
12. 12
SAMPLING BAGS
Stepwise dilution by means of
inflatable plastic bags, such as Tedlar
or ALTEF, is a very popular approach
to prepare gas standards for
quantitative analysis.
Unfortunately, this procedure is
highly unsuitable for accurate analysis
of components at trace and ultratrace
levels. Moreover, more reactive
components, such as aldehydes,
amines and sulfur-containing
components might be entirely lost.
A detailed study with respect to
the difficulties related to the use
of sample bas was carried out by
Restek scientists in 2011.
+ LINK: GAS SAMPLING BAGS
13. 13
DYNAMIC BLENDING
Unfortunately, dynamic blending is characterized by its own
set of particular problems.
Calibration mixtures with a complexity as required for the analysis of catalyst
contaminants, are typically dynamically blended and used immediately.
Unfortunately, dynamic blending is characterized by its own set of particular
problems.
To create a 1 ppm-by-volume (ppmv) mixture by direct blending in a single
stage, for example, it is required to measure and control 1 mL/min of
component vapour and blend it into 1,000 L/min of matrix gas. Obviously,
this is not a practical solution. Generally, multiple dilution stages are required
and each stage adds additional error. But even then the problem remains of
accurately controlling a small flow of component vapour.
“
14. 14
Permeation tubes are devices that act as a flow control mechanism for
dispensing a very small flow of permeate vapour through a polymeric
membrane, usually Teflon.
The component is held in contact with one side of the polymeric membrane.
Component vapour passes through the membrane at a rate determined by the
permeability of the membrane and the vapour pressure of the component.
The membrane permeability is function of membrane temperature, so when
the component is a liquid sealed inside a permeation tube, the component
vapour flow, i.e. emission rate, is set by the operating temperature of the tube.
PERMEATION
Seal
Seal
Gas Phase
Permeable
Liquid Phase
Component vapour passes through the membrane at a rate
determined by the permeability of the membrane and the
vapour pressure of the component.
“
15. 15
Matrix gas flowing over the outer side of the membrane, i.e. around the
permeation tube, mixes with the emitted vapour to form a trace concentration
mixture. For a stable component, the emission rate is extremely steady as long
as there is visible liquid in the tube.
To measure the emission rate, the tube is held at operating temperature in a
steady flow of carrier gas and weighed periodically over carefully timed
intervals. The rate of weight loss is the emission rate of the tube. Since
temperature and weight loss measurements are traceable to NIST, the
emission rate is traceable, too.
PERMEATION
The emission rate is extremely steady as long as there is visble
liquid in the tube.
“
Dilution Flow
17. 17
SCHEMATICS
Careful attention to a few instrumental features will greatly
improve its overall applicability and user-friendliness.
Permeation tubes are extremely
straightforward devices, and are very
easy to use in practice. Essentially one
needs only to accurately control tube
temperature and matrix gas flow to
create a known, reproducible mixture.
Careful attention to a few
instrumental features will,
however, greatly improve its
overall applicability and user-
friendliness.
A state-of-the-art gas calibration
system is micro-processor controlled,
modular and can be used in a variety
of applications. The system shown
here can be equipped with up to four
separate flow modules, all software-
controlled, as well as seven gas inlets.
MFCDilution
flow
Standby flow
MFC
MFC
MFCGas inlet (0 to 5)
Mixing chamber
To waste
To analyzer
Permeation
oven
“
18. 18
The flow path provides a continuous, uninterruptible,
fixed carrier flow over the permeation tube. With fixed
carrier flow, the component concentration is steady and
surfaces in the system equilibrate assuring rapid response
while minimizing system bias system.
Carrier flow is continuous, in order to avoid quick
contamination of the permeation chamber and its
surrounding elements with high concentrations of
components. Moreover, the carrier flow can be switched
to vent hence isolating the permeation oven from the rest
of the system. In this case, matrix flow is “zero gas”,
allowing evaluation of system blank levels. This feature is
particularly suitable when working with non-zero matrix
gas to prepare standards.
The temperature of the permeation oven is carefully
controlled. The emission rate from a liquid fed
permeation tube typically varies about 10% per degree
Celsius, so a stable operating temperature is essential for
mixture accuracy and stability. Control to 0.1°C assures
emission accuracy within 1%. Higher accuracy
temperature control has limited value because other error
sources then dominate overall accuracy of the final
mixture.
DETAILS
19. 19
Measurement and control of matrix gas flow is often the
most significant error source, especially when the matrix is
some gas other than nitrogen.
Common practice is that flow meters are actually
calibrated for nitrogen (or air), and accuracy is specified as
a percent-of-full-scale reading. For example, a 5 L/min
flow meter may show 5 L/min (1% = 50 mL/min) at full
scale, but at 0.25 L/min the accuracy stays at 50 mL/min,
which results in a substantially larger error of 20%.
Even more troublesome is using the flow meter for a non-
nitrogen matrix. Common practice then is to apply a
“flow factor,” i.e. a correction factor to compensate for
the physical characteristics of the matrix gas on the flow
meter. The flow factor correction is based on the ratio of
physical factors to those of nitrogen. The result is that the
error band is no longer well defined.
Flow meters used for permeation systems are calibrated at
5 or more points to assure 1% flow measurement
accuracy of the full meter range. When used with a non-
nitrogen matrix, the meter should be calibrated with the
actual matrix gas.
The great strength of the permeation tube
method is that the permeation tube itself
solves the most difficult flow control
problem, i.e. controlling the miniscule flow of
a wide range of vapours used as component
gases.
“
DETAILS
20. 20
SPECIFICATIONS
Accuracy MFC 1% full scale
Repeatability 0.25%
Operating temperatures 0 – 40°C
Power consumption Typ. 15W / 50W max
Dimensions 19”; LCD display, keyboard on front panel
Weight 12 to 18 kg
Permeation temperature Standard 30 to 110°C
Accuracy 0.05%
Positions 6 tubes
Standby flow 200 mL/min
Dilution flow Max 5 L/min
Data transmission RS232 (8 outputs, 24 inputs)
Gas inlets/outlets Up to 7 gas inlets via solenoid valves
Typical specifications of a state-of-the-art digital dilution unit with permeation capabilities
are presented in the table below.
Please contact us at info@is-x.com if further details are required.
22. 22
DILUTION STRATEGY
Permeation tubes can be used to
prepare concentrations that are quite
low with a single step dilution. For
example, a tube emitting 50 nL/min
mixed into a 1 L/min flow creates a
50 ppbv mixture. Diluted into 5
L/min, the same emission gives a
concentration of 10 ppbv.
Theoretically, one could choose a 1
nL/min tube and dilute it in 10
L/min to get a 100 pptv mixture
(101:1 dilution) in a single dilution
step. But, as with all great schemes,
there are practical limits. With
permeation tubes, the basic limit is
the minimum emission rate that can
be actually measured. As mentioned
above, emission rate is usually
determined by measuring the rate of
weight loss.
A typical disposable permeation tube
weighs 10 – 15 mg, so the static
weight is well within the range of a
semi-micro balance. The minimum
readable weight change is 0.01 mg,
and a weight change of 1 mg is
needed to assure the possibility of
measuring weight loss at 1%
accuracy. For a 100 ng/min emission
rate, the minimum interval between
weightings is 7 days. At 10 ng/min
the minimum interval is over 2
months! The minimum time for
emission rate certification is then
about 8 months.
Emission rate is usually
determined by measuring the
rate of weight loss.
“
23. 23
Measuring extremely low weight loss
rates is difficult even using a micro-
balance. The problem then shifts to
cleanliness and gas purity. During the
certification process the Teflon
membrane develops a static charge,
which attracts any particles in the
sweep gas flowing over the tube
during the emission measurement
process. This introduces additional
error. The practical limit for single
stage dilution using permeation tubes
is about 10:1. Best practice is to use a
secondary dilution step for lower
concentrations.
As concentrations go ever downward,
the ultimate problem is often the
purity of the matrix gas. Unknown
background contaminations can
introduce large random errors.
DILUTION STRATEGY
24. 24
During the course of performance validation, recovery experiments need to be carried out that use real sample matrix.
In order to avoid problems related to non-zero matrix gas, the method of standard addition has to be used. To use this
method, first observe the detection system response to the matrix gas alone, i.e., the “zero addition response.” Then
add the permeation tube output to the matrix gas and observe the response due to the added component. Since the
concentration in the matrix is constant, several “standard addition responses” can be obtained by varying the matrix gas
flow.
STANDARD ADDITION
25. 25
TUBE CONFIGURATIONS
Permeation tubes are available for approximately 500
chemicals with concentrations ranging from the sub-ppb
range to over 1000 ppm. Tubes can be provided in
different configurations wide variable lengths, depending
on compound chemistry and application.
The basic configuration uses disposable PTFE tubes,
filled with the appropriate chemical. Standard rate
disposable permeation tubes (SRT) generate moderate
concentrations of high vapour pressure compounds.
These compounds include SO2, H2S, NH3, Cl2, etc.
Additionally, SRT permeation tubes can generate very low
concentrations of low vapour pressure compounds such
as carbon disulfide, methylene chloride and nitric acid.
Typical emission rates yield concentrations of 1 to 10
ppm depending on the compound, operating temperature
and dilution flow rate.
Other disposable configurations include high rate
disposable permeation tubes (HRT) and extra life
disposable permeation tubes (ELF). The latter are fitted
with a 3 inch stainless steel reservoir for storing extra
component. Due to this impermeable reservoir, tube
lifetime is more than doubled.
26. 26
TUBE CONFIGURATIONS
Emission rate Accuracy
> 500 ng/min 2%
100 – 500 ng/min 2% or 5 ng/min
20 – 100 ng/min 5% or 2 ng/min
In addition, it is also possible to use refillable permeation
tubes (either gas-filled or liquid-filled).
Irrespective of the type applied, each tube is numbered
and laboratory certified at the temperatures specified. A
certificate listing a description of the tube and its
emission rate is supplied with each certified tube.
Emission rate data for each tube is kept on file at the
factory for future reference.
The accuracy of certification depends on the type of
tube, the component and the emission rate level. For most
components, the accuracy of disposable tubes is as
follows:
27. 27
CHOOSING THE RIGHT TUBE
Choosing the right tube or set of tubes depends on the concentration levels one wants to achieve. This is determined
by compound chemistry and reactivity, permeation rate in function of temperature, maximal tube length and maximal
dilution flow. Since a typical permeation oven can accommodate up to six tubes, careful calculations have to be carried
in order to determine optimum conditions for each of the tubes.
We have a compiled a dedicated spreadsheet that contains all the factors to take into when deciding on the most
suitable permeation tube conditions.
Sent an e-mail to info@is-x.com for a free copy of our permeation spreadsheet.
28. 28
COMPOUND LIST
Nowadays, a wide range of chemicals are applied in the permeation format.
Next to these standard tubes, it is also possible to fill your own tubes.
Please visit www.kin-tek.com/chemlist.html for the
most recent list of available permeation tubes.
30. 30
It is worthless evaluating the performance of a trace gas analyzer without proper control of the applied calibration
procedure. In this document we have described and illustrated the use of permeation tubes as a simple and
straightforward means to prepare standards with great accuracy and precision.
Permeation tubes are available that contain a large variety of chemicals and different concentration ranges.
Please do not hesitate to contact us for further reference.
This document was prepared by Joeri Vercammen.
ISX