- A high fat diet disrupts endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium homeostasis in the liver, as evidenced by increased release of a Gaussia luciferase (GLuc)-based reporter protein (GLuc-SERCaMP) responsive to ER calcium depletion.
- Rats fed a high fat or cafeteria diet showed increased GLuc-SERCaMP release from the liver compared to controls, indicating decreased ER calcium levels. Access to high fat pellets also decreased microsomal calcium ATPase activity and increased markers of fatty liver disease.
- An endogenous liver esterase that responds similarly to ER calcium depletion was also elevated in rats fed a high fat diet, supporting the finding that dietary fat intake
BioSystems provides clinical chemistry and serology products and tests for laboratories. Their products include microcolumn chromatography kits, turbidimetry assays, standards, calibrators, and reagents for testing clinical chemistry analytes like electrolytes, lipids, liver enzymes, and thyroid hormones. They also offer serology tests kits for detecting antibodies associated with diseases like syphilis, rheumatoid arthritis, and typhoid fever using methods like latex agglutination, hemagglutination, and slide/tube agglutination. Ordering diagnostic panels of multiple tests together allows evaluation of body systems and disease states. BioSystems aims to improve healthcare by providing reliable, high quality products and reagents.
Ferrodyn 01 iron absorption and metabolismRoberto Conte
1) The liver regulates systemic iron homeostasis through the production of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin. Hepcidin binds to the iron exporter ferroportin and causes its degradation, reducing iron efflux from cells.
2) Mutations that reduce hepcidin expression cause hereditary hemochromatosis, an iron overload disorder, while mutations that impair hepcidin function directly cause juvenile hemochromatosis.
3) The hemojuvelin and transferrin receptor pathways in the liver sense iron levels and inflammatory signals to regulate hepcidin expression, thereby controlling iron absorption and recycling.
1) Statins decrease levels of the lipid droplet protein Perilipin-5 (PLIN5) in mouse liver and primary hepatocytes, reducing intracellular triglyceride levels and the number of lipid droplets.
2) Only PLIN5 expression is regulated by statins, through recruitment of the transcription factor SREBP2 to a sterol regulatory element in the PLIN5 promoter.
3) Knockdown of PLIN5 in primary hepatocytes mimics the effects of statins, decreasing triglyceride content and altering lipid droplet morphology, suggesting PLIN5 is a key regulator of triglyceride metabolism in the liver controlled by statins.
This study found that CIDEC/FSP27, a lipid droplet-associated protein, plays a critical role in fasting- and diet-induced fat accumulation (hepatosteatosis) in the liver. The key findings were:
1) Silencing CIDEC/FSP27 expression prevented fasting-induced fat accumulation in the liver and reduced ketone body levels, without changing other metabolic parameters.
2) CIDEC/FSP27 was identified as a direct transcriptional target of PPARα in mouse and human hepatocytes. PPARα agonists induced CIDEC/FSP27 expression, whereas PPARδ and PPARγ agonists did not.
3
This presentation focuses on calcium intake and calcium deficiencies. Calcium is essential for building strong bones and teeth and maintaining bone density. It is also important for nerve and muscle function. The recommended daily intake varies depending on age and physiological state. Dietary sources of calcium include dairy products, leafy greens, fish, and fortified foods. Calcium balance is regulated by hormones like parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. Deficiencies can increase the risk of osteoporosis and bone fractures.
Biological and pharmaceutical importance of proteinsAsad Bilal
This document discusses the biological and pharmaceutical importance of proteins. It describes the various cellular functions of proteins such as their structural, enzymatic, hormonal, transport, and messenger roles. The structural importance of fibrous proteins like collagen is also covered. The document then discusses the use of proteins as pharmaceuticals and describes some applications including antibodies, vaccines, hormones and enzymes. It provides examples of iron and zinc chelate proteins and tumor markers.
Plasma proteins include albumin and globulins. Denaturation involves the loss of a protein's tertiary and quaternary structure, exposing hydrophobic residues. This can be caused by heat, acids, salts, or other chemical or physical factors. Major plasma proteins include albumin, which maintains osmotic pressure, and transports hormones and bilirubin. Globulins include α1-antitrypsin, which inhibits proteases and whose deficiency can cause emphysema, orosomucoid which is an acute phase protein, and ceruloplasmin which transports over 90% of copper in the blood.
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and is primarily stored in bones and teeth. It performs many important biochemical functions including bone and teeth formation, muscle contraction, blood coagulation, and nerve transmission. Calcium levels are regulated by parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin. These hormones work to maintain calcium homeostasis by impacting absorption in the intestine and kidneys and mobilization from bones.
BioSystems provides clinical chemistry and serology products and tests for laboratories. Their products include microcolumn chromatography kits, turbidimetry assays, standards, calibrators, and reagents for testing clinical chemistry analytes like electrolytes, lipids, liver enzymes, and thyroid hormones. They also offer serology tests kits for detecting antibodies associated with diseases like syphilis, rheumatoid arthritis, and typhoid fever using methods like latex agglutination, hemagglutination, and slide/tube agglutination. Ordering diagnostic panels of multiple tests together allows evaluation of body systems and disease states. BioSystems aims to improve healthcare by providing reliable, high quality products and reagents.
Ferrodyn 01 iron absorption and metabolismRoberto Conte
1) The liver regulates systemic iron homeostasis through the production of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin. Hepcidin binds to the iron exporter ferroportin and causes its degradation, reducing iron efflux from cells.
2) Mutations that reduce hepcidin expression cause hereditary hemochromatosis, an iron overload disorder, while mutations that impair hepcidin function directly cause juvenile hemochromatosis.
3) The hemojuvelin and transferrin receptor pathways in the liver sense iron levels and inflammatory signals to regulate hepcidin expression, thereby controlling iron absorption and recycling.
1) Statins decrease levels of the lipid droplet protein Perilipin-5 (PLIN5) in mouse liver and primary hepatocytes, reducing intracellular triglyceride levels and the number of lipid droplets.
2) Only PLIN5 expression is regulated by statins, through recruitment of the transcription factor SREBP2 to a sterol regulatory element in the PLIN5 promoter.
3) Knockdown of PLIN5 in primary hepatocytes mimics the effects of statins, decreasing triglyceride content and altering lipid droplet morphology, suggesting PLIN5 is a key regulator of triglyceride metabolism in the liver controlled by statins.
This study found that CIDEC/FSP27, a lipid droplet-associated protein, plays a critical role in fasting- and diet-induced fat accumulation (hepatosteatosis) in the liver. The key findings were:
1) Silencing CIDEC/FSP27 expression prevented fasting-induced fat accumulation in the liver and reduced ketone body levels, without changing other metabolic parameters.
2) CIDEC/FSP27 was identified as a direct transcriptional target of PPARα in mouse and human hepatocytes. PPARα agonists induced CIDEC/FSP27 expression, whereas PPARδ and PPARγ agonists did not.
3
This presentation focuses on calcium intake and calcium deficiencies. Calcium is essential for building strong bones and teeth and maintaining bone density. It is also important for nerve and muscle function. The recommended daily intake varies depending on age and physiological state. Dietary sources of calcium include dairy products, leafy greens, fish, and fortified foods. Calcium balance is regulated by hormones like parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. Deficiencies can increase the risk of osteoporosis and bone fractures.
Biological and pharmaceutical importance of proteinsAsad Bilal
This document discusses the biological and pharmaceutical importance of proteins. It describes the various cellular functions of proteins such as their structural, enzymatic, hormonal, transport, and messenger roles. The structural importance of fibrous proteins like collagen is also covered. The document then discusses the use of proteins as pharmaceuticals and describes some applications including antibodies, vaccines, hormones and enzymes. It provides examples of iron and zinc chelate proteins and tumor markers.
Plasma proteins include albumin and globulins. Denaturation involves the loss of a protein's tertiary and quaternary structure, exposing hydrophobic residues. This can be caused by heat, acids, salts, or other chemical or physical factors. Major plasma proteins include albumin, which maintains osmotic pressure, and transports hormones and bilirubin. Globulins include α1-antitrypsin, which inhibits proteases and whose deficiency can cause emphysema, orosomucoid which is an acute phase protein, and ceruloplasmin which transports over 90% of copper in the blood.
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and is primarily stored in bones and teeth. It performs many important biochemical functions including bone and teeth formation, muscle contraction, blood coagulation, and nerve transmission. Calcium levels are regulated by parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, and calcitonin. These hormones work to maintain calcium homeostasis by impacting absorption in the intestine and kidneys and mobilization from bones.
Absorption, transport and metabolism of vitamin EDomina Petric
The document summarizes vitamin E absorption, transport, and metabolism. It states that vitamin E is absorbed via passive diffusion dependent on micelles formed from bile salts and pancreatic juices. It is transported through the lymphatic system associated with chylomicrons and VLDLs and distributed to tissues bound to lipoproteins. Metabolism of vitamin E is limited, with oxidation of the chromanol ring and phytyl side chain being the primary pathways.
Importance of trace minerals in dairy heifer importantWaseem Khan
Trace minerals or microminerals are needed for various biological functions in dairy cattle and are supplemented in their rations. A challenge is that deficiencies do not immediately impact milk yield or growth but can cause reduced reproductive performance or health issues months later. Recommended trace mineral levels are provided for heifers, dry cows and lactating cows. Forages often contain lower levels of trace minerals than listed in feed tables. Chelated minerals may provide benefits over inorganic sources but are more expensive.
A Review on Protein and Cancer ; Etiology, Metabolism and ManagementAbdulrahman Ragab
Altered metabolism is one of the hallmarks of cancer cells. Cell cycling and protein synthesis are both key
physiological tasks for cancer cells. In recent years, interest has been renewed as clear that many of the signaling
pathways that are affected by genetic mutations and the tumor microenvironment have a profound effect on core
metabolism of cancer cells. Metabolic alterations in cancer cells are numerous and include aerobic glycolysis,
reduced oxidative phosphorylation and the increased generation of biosynthetic intermediates needed for cell
growth and proliferation. Furthermore, accelerated protein turnover seen in many cancer patients and whole body
protein turnover is increased with advancing stage of disease. Cancer cells alter their consumption and the way
they process sugars, fats, amino acids and other energy sources to satisfy the demands of continuous proliferation.
The possible effects of specific amino acid, methionine, asparagine, arginine, tyrosine and glutamine, etc. on
protein cancer metabolism are discussed. Evidences confirm a contribution of proteins in all cancer stages and
describe metabolism of protein in cancer and how amino acids can be targeted to management or initially prevent
different types of cancer. Several studies suggest that people who eat more red meat have higher risk for
developing colorectal cancer than those who eat less red meat, but avoiding processed meats is even more
important for cancer prevention. In this review we summarize the role of proteins in cancer etiology, metabolism,
its complication, prevention and treatments.
The document summarizes two studies on the effects of fish protein supplementation. Study 1 investigated the effects of fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) supplementation on body composition, CCK, and GLP-1 secretion in overweight adults. It found that FPH increased levels of appetite-regulating hormones CCK and GLP-1 and decreased body weight, BMI, fat mass, and waist circumference. Study 2 examined the effects of low-dose fish protein supplementation on glucose tolerance, blood lipids, blood pressure, and body composition in overweight adults. It found that fish protein improved glucose tolerance and lowered LDL cholesterol while increasing muscle mass and decreasing body fat percentage. Both studies demonstrated beneficial effects of fish protein supplementation on weight regulation and metabolic
This document summarizes key aspects of potassium regulation in the body. It discusses how potassium balance is maintained through distribution between intracellular and extracellular fluids, primarily in skeletal muscle cells. Insulin and catecholamines help regulate intracellular potassium levels by stimulating sodium-potassium pumps. The kidneys play the main role in total body potassium regulation by excreting excess potassium to match intake. Skeletal muscle acts as an intracellular potassium reservoir to buffer changes in extracellular potassium concentration.
The document provides an overview of nutrition and metabolism, including macronutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins), micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), and energy balance. It discusses the roles and requirements of each nutrient class, sources of nutrients, and the digestion and use of nutrients by the body. Clinical applications related to obesity are also mentioned.
¹³C Isotope Tracing to Delineate Altered Choline Metabolism in Proliferating ...ShreyaMandal4
Choline is conditionally essential nutrient for humans and many other animals. Choline is needed to produce acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. Cancers usually exhibit a significantly altered choline phospholipid metabolite profile that is characterized by elevations of phosphatidylcholines and total choline containing compounds compared with those in normal tissues.
Proteins are organic compounds made up of amino acids that are linked together in chains. They play important structural and functional roles in the body. There are 20 common amino acids that combine to form proteins through a process called protein synthesis. Proteins have four levels of structure - primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure - which determine their shape and function. They serve many critical roles such as antibodies for immune function, contractile proteins for movement, enzymes for biochemical reactions, and transport proteins for moving molecules through the body. A balanced diet with sufficient protein from sources like meat, fish, eggs, and plants is important for human nutrition and health.
1. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the "energy currency" of the body and is essential for energy transfer within cells.
2. Glucose is broken down through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation to produce up to 38 molecules of ATP.
3. Hormones and enzyme levels regulate glucose and fat breakdown to meet energy demands while avoiding excess production.
Minerals are inorganic elements required by the body in small amounts. They are classified as macrominerals, trace elements, and ultratrace elements based on daily requirements. Minerals serve important structural and functional roles. They are components of bones, teeth, cell membranes, and enzymes. Minerals help regulate processes like acid-base balance, fluid balance, nerve impulse transmission, and muscle contraction. Deficiencies can cause conditions like anemia, while excessive intake of some minerals can be toxic. Minerals are absorbed in the small intestine and their levels in the body are tightly controlled by hormones and homeostatic mechanisms.
Fatty acids carry out many functions that are necessary for maintaining optimal health, and the fatty acid status of a client provides valuable information that relates to both risk and progression of a range of diseases. Determining fatty acid status assists the practitioner in identifying those individuals who would benefit from omega-3 supplementation. The Igennus Opti-O-3 biomarker test is a safe, cost effective and minimally invasive dried blood spot (DBS) method that can be carried out by the client at home. In addition, the Opti-O-3 offers a personalised approach to condition management by focusing on optimising validated biomarkers of disease risk through identification of the client’s unique fatty acid requirements.
In this refresher webinar, Dr Bailey will discuss:
- Fatty acid testing: who, why and when?
- Why choose the Igennus Opti-O-3: a comparison of laboratories
- How to interpret results, including:
- New fatty acid reference ranges
- Overview of fatty acid functions
- Intervention considerations
- Personalised intervention
This document discusses calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium metabolism and bone physiology. It covers:
- The roles of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in the body and hormones that regulate their metabolism.
- Distribution and balance of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in the body.
- Bone composition, structure, cells, growth, remodeling, and the roles of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
- Endochondral and intramembranous bone formation and the process of bone resorption.
The document discusses the effect of valproic acid (VPA) on rat long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (ACSL). It finds that VPA specifically inhibits the ACSL-4 isozyme in an uncompetitive manner, binding only to the enzyme-substrate complex, with a Ki of 25mM. ACSL-4 is involved in arachidonic acid metabolism. The inhibition of ACSL-4 by VPA and other drugs may contribute to their neurological effects and presents an opportunity for developing new drugs targeting this enzyme.
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an enzyme that acts as a cellular energy sensor. It is activated by increases in the AMP:ATP ratio caused by metabolic stresses that deplete ATP. When activated, AMPK works to switch on catabolic pathways that generate ATP while switching off ATP-consuming processes like biosynthesis. AMPK activation improves blood glucose and lipid levels, making it a promising target for treating diabetes and other metabolic disorders. AMPK regulates glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver, skeletal muscle, pancreas and hypothalamus.
This document summarizes calcium, phosphate, and magnesium metabolism. It discusses that these minerals have important intracellular and extracellular functions regulated by hormones like PTH and vitamin D. The majority of calcium is stored in bone, while phosphate and magnesium also have roles in cell structures and energy processes. Tight homeostasis maintains mineral levels in the blood and body through balances of absorption, excretion, and bone remodeling. Disorders can develop if these processes are disrupted.
This document discusses drugs that can affect calcium levels in the body. It begins by outlining the physiological roles of calcium, including structural support of bones, regulation of nerve and muscle function, and blood clotting. It then discusses calcium intake and requirements before detailing drugs that can cause either hypercalcemia (high calcium levels) or hypocalcemia (low calcium levels). Drugs listed as potentially causing hypercalcemia include vitamin D, thiazide diuretics, and antacids, while drugs listed as potentially causing hypocalcemia include loop diuretics, corticosteroids, tetracyclines, and laxative abuse. The document concludes by mentioning two additional drugs, teriparatide and cinac
This document provides an overview of nutrition and metabolism. It defines key terms like catabolism and anabolism and describes the metabolic roles of macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals. Specific topics covered include carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism, metabolic rates, metabolic and eating disorders, and physiological mechanisms that regulate body temperature.
This document provides an overview of calcium metabolism and its importance for dental and skeletal health. It discusses that 99% of calcium in the body is found in bones and teeth, with the remaining 1% playing a vital role in various physiological processes. It outlines calcium requirements at different life stages, food sources of calcium, supplements, factors affecting calcium absorption and homeostasis, and consequences of calcium imbalance like osteoporosis and excessive alveolar bone loss. The role of vitamins, hormones and other factors in calcium metabolism is also summarized.
BoneKare™ is the patent pending, bio-available form of vitamin K which is proven to increase bone density and assist with the maintenance and repair of bone related issues in horses.
A mild reduction of food intake slows disease progression in an orthologous m...Mina Rezaei
A mild 23% reduction in food intake (RFI) significantly slowed disease progression in a mouse model of polycystic kidney disease (PKD). RFI suppressed renal cyst growth, with kidney weight increasing 41% compared to 151% in controls. Proliferation of cyst-lining cells was also reduced from 15.9% in controls to 7.7% with RFI. RFI maintained kidney function and prevented progression to end-stage renal disease. RFI activated AMPK and inhibited both branches of mTOR signaling in cyst cells, more broadly than rapamycin which primarily inhibits one branch. These results suggest a mild decrease in caloric intake may slow disease progression in human ADPKD patients.
Absorption, transport and metabolism of vitamin EDomina Petric
The document summarizes vitamin E absorption, transport, and metabolism. It states that vitamin E is absorbed via passive diffusion dependent on micelles formed from bile salts and pancreatic juices. It is transported through the lymphatic system associated with chylomicrons and VLDLs and distributed to tissues bound to lipoproteins. Metabolism of vitamin E is limited, with oxidation of the chromanol ring and phytyl side chain being the primary pathways.
Importance of trace minerals in dairy heifer importantWaseem Khan
Trace minerals or microminerals are needed for various biological functions in dairy cattle and are supplemented in their rations. A challenge is that deficiencies do not immediately impact milk yield or growth but can cause reduced reproductive performance or health issues months later. Recommended trace mineral levels are provided for heifers, dry cows and lactating cows. Forages often contain lower levels of trace minerals than listed in feed tables. Chelated minerals may provide benefits over inorganic sources but are more expensive.
A Review on Protein and Cancer ; Etiology, Metabolism and ManagementAbdulrahman Ragab
Altered metabolism is one of the hallmarks of cancer cells. Cell cycling and protein synthesis are both key
physiological tasks for cancer cells. In recent years, interest has been renewed as clear that many of the signaling
pathways that are affected by genetic mutations and the tumor microenvironment have a profound effect on core
metabolism of cancer cells. Metabolic alterations in cancer cells are numerous and include aerobic glycolysis,
reduced oxidative phosphorylation and the increased generation of biosynthetic intermediates needed for cell
growth and proliferation. Furthermore, accelerated protein turnover seen in many cancer patients and whole body
protein turnover is increased with advancing stage of disease. Cancer cells alter their consumption and the way
they process sugars, fats, amino acids and other energy sources to satisfy the demands of continuous proliferation.
The possible effects of specific amino acid, methionine, asparagine, arginine, tyrosine and glutamine, etc. on
protein cancer metabolism are discussed. Evidences confirm a contribution of proteins in all cancer stages and
describe metabolism of protein in cancer and how amino acids can be targeted to management or initially prevent
different types of cancer. Several studies suggest that people who eat more red meat have higher risk for
developing colorectal cancer than those who eat less red meat, but avoiding processed meats is even more
important for cancer prevention. In this review we summarize the role of proteins in cancer etiology, metabolism,
its complication, prevention and treatments.
The document summarizes two studies on the effects of fish protein supplementation. Study 1 investigated the effects of fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) supplementation on body composition, CCK, and GLP-1 secretion in overweight adults. It found that FPH increased levels of appetite-regulating hormones CCK and GLP-1 and decreased body weight, BMI, fat mass, and waist circumference. Study 2 examined the effects of low-dose fish protein supplementation on glucose tolerance, blood lipids, blood pressure, and body composition in overweight adults. It found that fish protein improved glucose tolerance and lowered LDL cholesterol while increasing muscle mass and decreasing body fat percentage. Both studies demonstrated beneficial effects of fish protein supplementation on weight regulation and metabolic
This document summarizes key aspects of potassium regulation in the body. It discusses how potassium balance is maintained through distribution between intracellular and extracellular fluids, primarily in skeletal muscle cells. Insulin and catecholamines help regulate intracellular potassium levels by stimulating sodium-potassium pumps. The kidneys play the main role in total body potassium regulation by excreting excess potassium to match intake. Skeletal muscle acts as an intracellular potassium reservoir to buffer changes in extracellular potassium concentration.
The document provides an overview of nutrition and metabolism, including macronutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins), micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), and energy balance. It discusses the roles and requirements of each nutrient class, sources of nutrients, and the digestion and use of nutrients by the body. Clinical applications related to obesity are also mentioned.
¹³C Isotope Tracing to Delineate Altered Choline Metabolism in Proliferating ...ShreyaMandal4
Choline is conditionally essential nutrient for humans and many other animals. Choline is needed to produce acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. Cancers usually exhibit a significantly altered choline phospholipid metabolite profile that is characterized by elevations of phosphatidylcholines and total choline containing compounds compared with those in normal tissues.
Proteins are organic compounds made up of amino acids that are linked together in chains. They play important structural and functional roles in the body. There are 20 common amino acids that combine to form proteins through a process called protein synthesis. Proteins have four levels of structure - primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure - which determine their shape and function. They serve many critical roles such as antibodies for immune function, contractile proteins for movement, enzymes for biochemical reactions, and transport proteins for moving molecules through the body. A balanced diet with sufficient protein from sources like meat, fish, eggs, and plants is important for human nutrition and health.
1. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the "energy currency" of the body and is essential for energy transfer within cells.
2. Glucose is broken down through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation to produce up to 38 molecules of ATP.
3. Hormones and enzyme levels regulate glucose and fat breakdown to meet energy demands while avoiding excess production.
Minerals are inorganic elements required by the body in small amounts. They are classified as macrominerals, trace elements, and ultratrace elements based on daily requirements. Minerals serve important structural and functional roles. They are components of bones, teeth, cell membranes, and enzymes. Minerals help regulate processes like acid-base balance, fluid balance, nerve impulse transmission, and muscle contraction. Deficiencies can cause conditions like anemia, while excessive intake of some minerals can be toxic. Minerals are absorbed in the small intestine and their levels in the body are tightly controlled by hormones and homeostatic mechanisms.
Fatty acids carry out many functions that are necessary for maintaining optimal health, and the fatty acid status of a client provides valuable information that relates to both risk and progression of a range of diseases. Determining fatty acid status assists the practitioner in identifying those individuals who would benefit from omega-3 supplementation. The Igennus Opti-O-3 biomarker test is a safe, cost effective and minimally invasive dried blood spot (DBS) method that can be carried out by the client at home. In addition, the Opti-O-3 offers a personalised approach to condition management by focusing on optimising validated biomarkers of disease risk through identification of the client’s unique fatty acid requirements.
In this refresher webinar, Dr Bailey will discuss:
- Fatty acid testing: who, why and when?
- Why choose the Igennus Opti-O-3: a comparison of laboratories
- How to interpret results, including:
- New fatty acid reference ranges
- Overview of fatty acid functions
- Intervention considerations
- Personalised intervention
This document discusses calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium metabolism and bone physiology. It covers:
- The roles of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in the body and hormones that regulate their metabolism.
- Distribution and balance of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in the body.
- Bone composition, structure, cells, growth, remodeling, and the roles of osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
- Endochondral and intramembranous bone formation and the process of bone resorption.
The document discusses the effect of valproic acid (VPA) on rat long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (ACSL). It finds that VPA specifically inhibits the ACSL-4 isozyme in an uncompetitive manner, binding only to the enzyme-substrate complex, with a Ki of 25mM. ACSL-4 is involved in arachidonic acid metabolism. The inhibition of ACSL-4 by VPA and other drugs may contribute to their neurological effects and presents an opportunity for developing new drugs targeting this enzyme.
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an enzyme that acts as a cellular energy sensor. It is activated by increases in the AMP:ATP ratio caused by metabolic stresses that deplete ATP. When activated, AMPK works to switch on catabolic pathways that generate ATP while switching off ATP-consuming processes like biosynthesis. AMPK activation improves blood glucose and lipid levels, making it a promising target for treating diabetes and other metabolic disorders. AMPK regulates glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver, skeletal muscle, pancreas and hypothalamus.
This document summarizes calcium, phosphate, and magnesium metabolism. It discusses that these minerals have important intracellular and extracellular functions regulated by hormones like PTH and vitamin D. The majority of calcium is stored in bone, while phosphate and magnesium also have roles in cell structures and energy processes. Tight homeostasis maintains mineral levels in the blood and body through balances of absorption, excretion, and bone remodeling. Disorders can develop if these processes are disrupted.
This document discusses drugs that can affect calcium levels in the body. It begins by outlining the physiological roles of calcium, including structural support of bones, regulation of nerve and muscle function, and blood clotting. It then discusses calcium intake and requirements before detailing drugs that can cause either hypercalcemia (high calcium levels) or hypocalcemia (low calcium levels). Drugs listed as potentially causing hypercalcemia include vitamin D, thiazide diuretics, and antacids, while drugs listed as potentially causing hypocalcemia include loop diuretics, corticosteroids, tetracyclines, and laxative abuse. The document concludes by mentioning two additional drugs, teriparatide and cinac
This document provides an overview of nutrition and metabolism. It defines key terms like catabolism and anabolism and describes the metabolic roles of macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals. Specific topics covered include carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism, metabolic rates, metabolic and eating disorders, and physiological mechanisms that regulate body temperature.
This document provides an overview of calcium metabolism and its importance for dental and skeletal health. It discusses that 99% of calcium in the body is found in bones and teeth, with the remaining 1% playing a vital role in various physiological processes. It outlines calcium requirements at different life stages, food sources of calcium, supplements, factors affecting calcium absorption and homeostasis, and consequences of calcium imbalance like osteoporosis and excessive alveolar bone loss. The role of vitamins, hormones and other factors in calcium metabolism is also summarized.
BoneKare™ is the patent pending, bio-available form of vitamin K which is proven to increase bone density and assist with the maintenance and repair of bone related issues in horses.
A mild reduction of food intake slows disease progression in an orthologous m...Mina Rezaei
A mild 23% reduction in food intake (RFI) significantly slowed disease progression in a mouse model of polycystic kidney disease (PKD). RFI suppressed renal cyst growth, with kidney weight increasing 41% compared to 151% in controls. Proliferation of cyst-lining cells was also reduced from 15.9% in controls to 7.7% with RFI. RFI maintained kidney function and prevented progression to end-stage renal disease. RFI activated AMPK and inhibited both branches of mTOR signaling in cyst cells, more broadly than rapamycin which primarily inhibits one branch. These results suggest a mild decrease in caloric intake may slow disease progression in human ADPKD patients.
The aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily consists of over150 protein members sharing
similar structure and enzymaticactivities. To date, 13 human AKRs have been identified,
andthey participate in xenobiotic detoxification, biosynthesis andmetabolism. Increasing
evidence suggests the involvement ofhuman AKR proteins in cancer development,
progressionand treatment. Some proteins demonstrate multiple function-al features in
addition to being a reductase for carbonylgroups. This review article discusses the most
recent progressmade in the study of humans AKRs.
This document discusses the role of vitamins and minerals in periodontal health. It begins by introducing the topic and explaining the interaction between nutritional status and the immune response to bacteria in periodontal disease. It then discusses how various nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals can impact periodontal health and the host response if deficient. Specific vitamins and minerals are explained in depth, covering their sources, functions, effects of deficiencies, and relevance to periodontal tissues and immune response. The document provides an overview of how nutrition and nutritional deficiencies can influence periodontal disease development and progression.
1) Oral iron supplementation is commonly used to treat iron deficiency anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, recent studies have shown that oral iron can adversely affect the gut microbiome and metabolome in ways that may impact CKD progression and morbidity.
2) CKD is associated with changes in the gut microbiome, including decreases in beneficial bacteria and increases in potentially pathogenic bacteria. This altered microbiome produces higher levels of uremic toxins through increased fermentation of undigested proteins.
3) The production of uremic toxins and changes in the gut microbiome in CKD may lead to increased gut permeability and systemic inflammation, accelerating CKD progression and cardiovascular
This document discusses epigenetic modifications of proteins. It begins by defining epigenetics and describing how epigenetic modifications can alter gene expression without changing DNA sequences. It then focuses on histone modifications like acetylation, methylation, ubiquitination, and phosphorylation. The document also examines epigenetic modifications of specific proteins - Sox2, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein a (C/EBPa), and caveolae associated proteins. It provides details on studies that analyzed the methylation of promoters for these genes in cancer cell lines and patient samples.
Effect of Nutritional Factors on Regulation of Gene Expressionsohinisc14
Nutritional factors from fish feed can modify the expression of specific genes in fish related to metabolic pathways. High levels of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins and minerals upregulate genes involved in digestion, growth, and metabolism of the corresponding macronutrients. For example, a high-carbohydrate diet increases expression of genes for starch-digesting enzymes, while essential amino acids increase growth factor genes. Nutrigenomics research uses techniques like microarray analysis and reverse transcription PCR to study how nutrients regulate whole networks of genes and cellular processes in fish. Understanding these gene expression changes can help design optimized fish feeds that improve production and welfare.
This document summarizes research on how the nematode C. elegans is affected by different bacterial diets, and the role of interspecies systems biology in understanding this. Studies found that a Comamonas bacterial diet caused different effects on C. elegans' development, fertility and lifespan compared to an E. coli diet. Further work identified vitamin B12 as a key metabolite produced at much higher levels by Comamonas that mimics the effects of this diet. Vitamin B12 was found to regulate C. elegans gene expression and accelerate development via the methionine/SAM cycle, while also mitigating toxicity from propionic acid, another metabolite affected by the bacterial diets. This research demonstrates how studying
Malnutrition , inflammation ,and atherosclerosis (MIA syndrome in heamodialy...dr_ekbalabohashem
This document discusses malnutrition, inflammation, and atherosclerosis (MIA) syndrome in hemodialysis patients. It covers several topics:
1. Malnutrition is highly prevalent in hemodialysis patients, affecting up to 75%, and is associated with multiple factors like metabolic acidosis and dialysis-induced catabolism.
2. Inflammation is also common in these patients, with C-reactive protein levels elevated in 30-50%. Inflammation contributes to accelerated atherosclerosis and is a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality.
3. Several markers can assess nutritional status and inflammation in hemodialysis patients, including serum albumin, prealbumin, cholesterol, and C-reactive
The document provides information on Wilson's disease, including:
1) Wilson's disease is an inherited disorder of copper metabolism caused by mutations in the ATP7B gene. This leads to copper accumulation in the liver, brain, kidney, and cornea.
2) Clinical presentations can include hepatic (e.g. cirrhosis), neurological (e.g. movement disorders), psychiatric, and ocular features like Kayser-Fleischer rings.
3) Diagnosis involves low serum ceruloplasmin, elevated urinary copper, genetic testing, and liver biopsy. Treatment involves chelation therapy and sometimes liver transplantation for severe cases.
Resveratrol, Caloric Restriction and Longevity in Human Mitochondrial Dysfunc...Ayetenew Abita Desa
Caloric restriction and the phytoalexin resveratrol found to increase longevity and decrease aging. This is the summary I have made after extensive review. everybody is invited to comment on it.
This document summarizes a study on iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in pregnant women in Iraq. The study evaluated serum levels of iron, copper, magnesium, manganese, calcium, sodium, and potassium in 3 groups: non-pregnant women (group 1), healthy pregnant women (group 2), and pregnant women with IDA (group 3). The results showed decreased serum iron and increased copper levels in group 2 compared to group 1. Groups 2 and 3 both had reductions in magnesium, manganese, calcium, and potassium compared to group 1. The findings indicate IDA affects levels of these elements in pregnant women, and they could serve as markers for assessing IDA during pregnancy.
1. The study analyzed metabolic and lipid profiles of transgenic mice overexpressing CYP7A1, the rate-limiting enzyme in bile acid synthesis.
2. Lipidomics identified 7 lipid markers like lysophosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins that were decreased in the transgenic mice when fed a high-fat diet.
3. Metabolomics identified 13 bile acid metabolites, including increased levels of tauro-β-muricholic acid, an antagonist of the farnesoid X receptor, in the intestine of transgenic mice.
4. The results suggest reducing 12α-hydroxylated bile acids and increasing intestinal tauro-β-muricholic acid may protect against
Ganoderm lucidum reduces obesity in mice by modulating the composition of gut...Nafisa Nawal Islam
I presented a slightly modified version of this paper published on 23 June, 2015 in the journal 'Nature Communications' in the final of my seminar presentation course of Masters (GEB-507).
Anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease that can cause fatigue. While the kidneys normally produce erythropoietin to stimulate red blood cell production, CKD patients have relative erythropoietin deficiency. This leads to anemia which, if left untreated, can negatively impact quality of life and cardiovascular health. Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and iron supplementation are used to treat anemia in CKD, though the appropriate hemoglobin target level remains an area of ongoing research and debate given risks identified with higher targets in some studies.
Role of Gut Microbiota in Lipid MetabolismSharafat Ali
It has become widely appreciated that our gut symbionts play integral roles in human health since perturbations of this bacterial community or the products they can produce have been associated with increased susceptibility to a variety of diseases.
This document describes a study that investigated the seminal plasma proteome of Holstein bulls with low and high sperm freezability. Label-free mass spectrometry identified 1,445 seminal plasma proteins. There were 338 proteins differentially expressed between bulls with low and high freezability. Specific proteins were identified as markers of each phenotype, with BSP5 and seminal ribonuclease associated with high freezability and spermadhesin-1, gelsolin, and peroxiredoxin-5 associated with low freezability. Regression models found sperm freezability scores were related to levels of peroxiredoxin-5, spermadhesin-1, and their interaction. This research provides insights
The document provides information about insulin resistance and related mechanisms. It discusses how insulin resistance is caused by factors like obesity, inflammation, oxidative stress, and microbial dysbiosis. It outlines key regulators of insulin sensitivity including PPARγ, mTOR, AMPK, sirtuins, and miRNAs. The document promotes QIAGEN products for analyzing gene expression and signaling pathways involved in insulin resistance and related conditions.
Organic acidurias are inherited metabolic disorders caused by defects in the breakdown of carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids. This results in the buildup of toxic organic acid metabolites in the body and their excretion in urine. Presentation can vary from nonspecific symptoms like poor feeding in infants to neurological damage, developmental delay, lethargy, vomiting, and death if left untreated. Treatment involves restricting precursors, providing precursor-free formulas, carnitine supplementation, and dialysis or ECMO in acute cases to manage metabolic acidosis and other complications. Long-term management is aimed at nutrition, growth promotion and genetic counseling.
Vitamins and minerals play an important role in periodontal health. Certain nutritional deficiencies can impair the body's immune response and ability to fight off bacterial infection in the gums. Adequate intake of vitamins A, C, D, B-complex, protein, and minerals like calcium is important for periodontal health as they support collagen production, bone health, immune function, wound healing and other processes involved in maintaining a healthy periodontium. Nutritional deficiencies have been linked to increased risk of periodontal disease and its progression. Maintaining good nutrition supports the body's natural defenses against periodontal bacteria.
Cor pulmonale, also known as pulmonary heart disease, is a type of heart disease where the right side of the heart enlarges and fails over time due to high blood pressure in the lungs or pulmonary hypertension. It is usually caused by lung diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that result in low oxygen levels and resistance within the pulmonary arteries of the lungs. The enlarged right ventricle must work harder to pump blood into the lungs, causing it to thicken and eventually fail if left untreated.
Peptic ulcers develop in the lining of the stomach or small intestine. Common causes are infection by H. pylori bacteria and use of pain medications like ibuprofen. Symptoms include stomach pain that is worse when the stomach is empty. Diagnosis involves tests to detect H. pylori infection and endoscopy to view the digestive tract. Treatment eliminates the bacteria with antibiotics if present, reduces acid production, and promotes healing with proton pump inhibitors or acid blockers. Preventive measures include careful use of pain medications and protecting against infections.
Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas that can be acute or chronic. It occurs when digestive enzymes in the pancreas are activated and damage pancreatic cells. Common causes include alcoholism, gallstones, certain medications, abdominal injuries, and genetic factors. Symptoms vary but often include abdominal pain that worsens with eating as well as nausea and vomiting. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging scans, and endoscopy. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, treating underlying causes, and managing complications. To prevent pancreatitis, avoiding excessive alcohol consumption and following a low-fat diet can help reduce risk.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder defined by abdominal pain and changes in bowel habits. The causes are unclear but may involve stress, infection, or brain-gut interactions. Symptoms include abdominal pain, gas, bloating, and diarrhea or constipation. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, and tests rule out other conditions. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes like diet, exercise, and stress relief. Medications may help control symptoms but no single treatment works for everyone with this common disorder.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) describes disorders that involve chronic inflammation of the digestive tract, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The exact cause is unknown but is likely related to malfunctions of the immune system. Symptoms vary in severity from mild to severe and include diarrhea, abdominal pain, bleeding, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves blood tests, endoscopy, imaging, and ruling out other potential causes. Treatment aims to reduce inflammation and includes anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressants, antibiotics, and surgery in some cases.
Helicobacter pylori is a type of bacteria that infects the stomach and is the most common cause of gastritis and peptic ulcers worldwide. Infection is very common and increases with age. H. pylori bacteria can be transmitted through direct contact with infected feces or vomit, or through contaminated food or water. While most infected people never show symptoms, potential symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves tests of the blood, breath, or stool to detect H. pylori. Treatment consists of antibiotics along with medication to reduce stomach acid in order to kill the bacteria and allow the stomach lining to heal.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs when stomach acid returns up into the esophagus and causes irritation. It is common for people to experience acid reflux occasionally, but GERD is when it occurs at least twice a week or more severely once a week. Risk factors include obesity, pregnancy, smoking, and certain medications. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, coughing, and sore throat. Diagnosis is usually based on symptoms, but tests like endoscopy or pH monitoring can be done. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like losing weight, avoiding foods and drinks that trigger symptoms, and medications to reduce acid production. Surgery may be an option for severe cases that do not improve with other treatments.
Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the stomach and intestines that is usually caused by viruses, bacteria, or parasites. Common symptoms include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. While generally self-limiting, gastroenteritis can cause dehydration, which is more common and dangerous in infants and young children. Oral rehydration solutions are the recommended treatment for mild to moderate dehydration. Prevention involves proper food handling and drinking clean water, especially when traveling.
1. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are rare tumors that can develop in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract and can be cancerous (malignant) or non-cancerous (benign). Risk factors include inherited genetic mutations and rare genetic syndromes.
2. Symptoms of GIST tumors include blood in stool or vomit, abdominal pain, fatigue, difficulty swallowing, and feeling full after eating small amounts of food. Diagnosis involves physical exams, CT scans, MRI scans, endoscopic ultrasounds, and biopsies of suspicious tissue.
3. Treatment depends on the stage and location of the tumor and may involve surgical resection as the only potentially curative treatment
1. Gastritis is inflammation of the lining of the stomach that is usually caused by Helicobacter pylori infection or excessive alcohol or drug use. It can be acute or chronic.
2. Common causes include H. pylori infection, NSAIDs, alcohol, bile reflux, autoimmune disorders, and stress. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and black stools from bleeding.
3. Diagnosis involves blood tests, endoscopy, and stool tests. Treatment focuses on eliminating the cause, using antacids or other drugs to reduce stomach acid, and antibiotics to treat H. pylori infection. Preventing overuse of NSAIDs and limiting alcohol and sp
1. Esophageal motor disorders are alterations in the peristaltic activity of the esophageal body and/or functioning of the sphincters. There are primary motor disorders that affect the esophageal body and lower esophageal sphincter including achalasia, diffuse esophageal spasm, and hypercontractile disorders.
2. The etiology of spastic motor disorders is divided into primary and secondary causes. The primary causes include diffuse esophageal spasm, nutcracker esophagus, and hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter. The pathophysiology involves alterations in nitric oxide synthesis and degradation affecting normal peristalsis.
3. Symptoms include chest pain, dysphagia
Dyspepsia, also known as indigestion, refers to discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen that is often caused by eating. Common symptoms include pain, swelling, heartburn, and nausea. While the specific cause is unknown in most cases, potential causes include stress, medications like aspirin, Helicobacter pylori bacteria, smoking, alcohol, spicy or greasy foods, and large meal sizes. Diagnosis involves tests like abdominal ultrasounds and endoscopies of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. Treatment focuses on diet changes, antibiotics to eliminate H. pylori if present, and medications to reduce acid like omeprazole. Prevention includes relaxing after
This document discusses diseases of the rectum and anus. It begins with definitions and explains that these diseases are commonly seen in primary care. It describes some of the main diseases including their causes, symptoms, and risk factors. Some of the diseases covered include hemorrhoids, anal fissures, abscesses, and anal cancer. The document discusses how these diseases are diagnosed, often through examination with an anoscope or sigmoidoscope. It also outlines treatments for some conditions like surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy for anal cancer. Lastly, it discusses some ways to prevent diseases like avoiding risk factors, screening high risk patients, and vaccinations to prevent HPV infections.
The document discusses diseases of the mouth cavity. It defines the mouth and its functions, and describes common mouth problems like cold sores, canker sores, and infections. Diagnosis involves examination by a dentist, and treatment depends on the specific problem but may include cleaning, surgery, or maintenance visits. Prevention strategies include avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol, eating fruits and vegetables, protecting lips from sun, and regular dental exams.
The document discusses digestive hemorrhage, also known as gastrointestinal bleeding. It defines high and low hemorrhages based on their origin in the digestive tract. Some common causes of digestive hemorrhage include anal fissures, hemorrhoids, ulcers, and cancers of the digestive system. Symptoms include vomiting blood or black tarry stools. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, imaging tests, or surgery depending on the location of bleeding. Treatment focuses on stabilization, determining the cause through endoscopy, and addressing the specific condition causing the hemorrhage. Prevention strategies target those with risk factors like ulcers, cirrhosis, or who take anti-inflammatory drugs.
1. Diarrhea is defined as more frequent bowel movements with soft and liquid stools. It is usually caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, certain foods, medications, and other digestive disorders.
2. Symptoms of diarrhea include soft, watery stools, abdominal cramps, pain, fever, blood in stool, swelling, and urgency. It can cause dehydration, especially in children.
3. Doctors may perform blood tests, stool analysis, and imaging tests to diagnose the cause. Treatment depends on the cause but often involves replacing fluids and electrolytes, antibiotics if bacteria is involved, and managing any underlying conditions.
Constipation is defined as having less than three bowel movements per week or hard stools that are difficult to pass. Common causes include low-fiber diets, lack of physical activity, certain medications, and ignoring the urge to have a bowel movement. Diagnosis involves physical exams, blood tests, and imaging tests of the colon and rectum. Treatment begins with lifestyle changes like increasing fiber intake and exercise. If those don't help, doctors may prescribe laxatives, stool softeners, or suppositories to relieve constipation symptoms.
Sleep apnea is a potentially serious sleep disorder where breathing stops and starts repeatedly during sleep. There are three main types - obstructive, central, and complex. Risk factors include being overweight, having a narrow throat, and certain facial structures. Symptoms include loud snoring, waking with shortness of breath, and daytime sleepiness. Diagnosis involves a physical exam and polysomnogram sleep test. Treatment options include lifestyle changes, CPAP devices, dental devices, and sometimes surgery. Losing weight and avoiding alcohol can help prevent sleep apnea.
1. Pulmonary tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which usually affects the lungs. It spreads through the air when people who are sick with TB cough, sneeze or speak.
2. Symptoms include a persistent cough lasting more than two weeks, coughing up blood, weight loss, fever, night sweats and fatigue. Diagnosis involves physical exams, chest x-rays, sputum tests and tuberculosis skin tests.
3. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen administered by a tuberculosis specialist to prevent drug resistance. Patients are advised to rest at home and cover their mouth when coughing to prevent spreading the disease until treatment has reduced their contagious
1. Pulmonary embolism is caused by a blood clot in the lung, usually formed in the deep veins of the lower limbs. It is a leading cause of preventable death in hospitalized patients.
2. Symptoms include shortness of breath, chest pain, increased heart rate, coughing up blood, and fainting. Diagnosis involves assessing risk factors and test like D-dimer and CT scan.
3. Treatment involves anticoagulant drugs to dissolve clots initially by injection and then orally for 3-6 months. Prevention focuses on continuing anticoagulants, lifestyle changes like exercise and diet, wearing compression stockings, and early movement after surgery.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
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5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Mercurius is named after the roman god mercurius, the god of trade and science. The planet mercurius is named after the same god. Mercurius is sometimes called hydrargyrum, means ‘watery silver’. Its shine and colour are very similar to silver, but mercury is a fluid at room temperatures. The name quick silver is a translation of hydrargyrum, where the word quick describes its tendency to scatter away in all directions.
The droplets have a tendency to conglomerate to one big mass, but on being shaken they fall apart into countless little droplets again. It is used to ignite explosives, like mercury fulminate, the explosive character is one of its general themes.
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The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
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Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
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8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
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Calcium
1. High fat diet disrupts endoplasmic reticulum calcium
homeostasis in the rat liver
Emily S. Wires1,*, Kathleen A. Trychta1,*, Susanne Bäck1, Agnieszka Sulima2, Kenner C.
Rice2, and Brandon K. Harvey1
1Molecular Mechanisms of Cellular Stress and Inflammation Unit, Intramural Research Program,
National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224 2Drug Design and Synthesis
Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland,
21224
Abstract
Background & Aims—Disruption to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium homeostasis has
been implicated in obesity, however, the ability to longitudinally monitor ER calcium fluctuations
has been challenging with prior methodologies. We recently described the development of a
Gaussia luciferase (GLuc)- based reporter protein responsive to ER calcium depletion (GLuc-
SERCaMP) and investigated the effect of a high fat diet on ER calcium homeostasis.
Methods—A GLuc-based reporter cell line was treated with palmitate, a free fatty acid (FFA).
Rats intrahepatically injected with GLuc-SERCaMP reporter were fed a cafeteria diet or high fat
diet. The liver and plasma were examined for established markers of steatosis and compared to
plasma levels of SERCaMP activity.
Results—Palmitate induced GLuc-SERCaMP release in vitro, indicating ER calcium depletion.
Consumption of a cafeteria diet or high fat pellets correlated with alterations to hepatic ER
calcium homeostasis in rats, as evidenced by increased GLuc-SERCaMP release. Access to ad lib
high fat pellets also led to a corresponding decrease in microsomal calcium ATPase activity and
increase in markers of hepatic steatosis. In addition to GLuc-SERCaMP, we have also identified
endogenous proteins (endogenous SERCaMPs) with a similar response to ER calcium depletion.
Corresponding author: Brandon K. Harvey, Ph.D., Chief, Molecular Mechanisms of Cellular Stress and Inflammation Unit, National
Institute on Drug Abuse, Biomedical Research Building, Suite 200, Room 06A729, 251 Bayview Blvd Baltimore, MD 21224,
443-740-2590 (office), bharvey@mail.nih.gov.
*These authors contributed equally to this work.
Authors’ contributions:
Concept and design: ESW, BKH
Experiments and Procedures: ESW, KAT, SB, AS, KCR
Writing: ESW, SB, KAT, BKH
Authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Author manuscript
J Hepatol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2018 November 01.
Published in final edited form as:
J Hepatol. 2017 November ; 67(5): 1009–1017. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2017.05.023.
AuthorManuscriptAuthorManuscriptAuthorManuscriptAuthorManuscript
2. We demonstrated the release of an endogenous SERCaMP, thought to be a liver esterase, during
access to a high fat diet. Attenuation of both GLuc-SERCaMP and endogenous SERCaMP was
observed during dantrolene administration.
Conclusions—Here we describe the use of a reporter for in vitro and in vivo models of high fat
diet. Our results support that dietary fat intake correlates with a decrease in ER calcium levels in
the liver and suggest a high fat diet alters the ER proteome.
Keywords
SERCaMP; endoplasmic reticulum; endoplasmic reticulum calcium; high fat diet; cafeteria diet;
dantrolene; palmitate; Gaussia luciferase; endogenous SERCaMP; SERCA2b
Introduction
Metabolic disorders have plagued developing countries in the past century. Excessive
nutrient intake, sedentary lifestyles, and increased food availability have all contributed to
disease progression. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2014
approximately 1.9 billion adults were overweight, with 600 million estimated to be obese
[1]. Aside from comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes often
associated with obesity, its effects are also appreciated on a cellular level. Hepatocytes in
particular, are among those most affected by obesity [2]. Within the past decade, much
research has focused on the role of hepatocyte endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in obesity
pathogenesis [3–6]. The ER is an intracellular organelle responsible for many intrinsic
cellular functions and hepatocyte ER have four main functions: protein maturation, lipid
synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage [2]. Perturbations to these functions during
pathological states, such as obesity, can lead to chronic ER stress and cell death if not
ameliorated. To deal with stress and reestablish homeostasis, the ER employs an adaptive
mechanism called the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR is a signal transduction
cascade, comprised of 3 distinct arms responsive to, but not limited to, the accumulation of
unfolded proteins and calcium imbalance. ER stress has been shown to contribute to the
development of glucose intolerance and insulin resistance during obesity. Support for this is
evidenced by decreased ER stress markers in obese livers upon the addition of chemical
chaperones [5] and restoration of euglycemia upon UPR attenuation [7]. Given the presence
of ER stress in the pathophysiology of obesity, it is imperative to delineate contributing
mechanisms.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the main reservoir for intracellular calcium, with
concentrations estimated to be 1,000–10,000-fold greater than cytosolic levels [8].
Regulation of this gradient is important for the proper function of many ER-resident
chaperones and enzymes. Perturbations to ER calcium levels are associated with a variety of
pathologies and has been implicated as a contributing factor to the development and
progression of obesity-associated disorders [9, 10]. One of the key proteins for maintaining
this crucial gradient is the sacro/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) which
pumps calcium into the ER. Three mammalian genes (ATP1-3) code for three SERCA
isoforms (SERCA1-3), which can further be divided into two sub isoforms due to post-
translational processing [4]. SERCA2b is highly expressed in the liver [4, 11, 12]. Recently,
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3. the relationship between obesity and ER calcium, particularly SERCA2b expression and
function, has been recently identified. Fu et al., 2011 reported genes associated with de novo
lipogenesis were upregulated in the livers of obese mice, which had downstream
consequences on membrane composition and SERCA function [3]. Others have shown
decreased mRNA and protein expression of SERCA2b in liver tissue harvested from
genetically and diet-induced obese mice [4]. Restoration of SERCA2b levels by viral
transgene delivery reduced pharmacologically-induced ER stress, as well as increased
glucose tolerance in obese mice [4]. Additionally, in vitro models using fluorescent calcium
indicators [13, 14] and genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECI) FRET-based D1ER
[6] in hepatic and kidney cell lines report alterations to ER calcium in response to free fatty
acids (FFA). Elevated levels of circulating FFA is a hallmark of obesity and often observed
as a result of insufficient lipid storage by adipocytes, thus leading to the accumulation of
lipids in non-adipose tissue, such as the liver [15]. Collectively, these data indirectly
implicate ER calcium dysregulation because of impaired SERCA function and expression.
Furthermore, the relationship between cellular injury and chronic ER stress remains elusive,
therefore the ability to longitudinally monitor ER calcium in disease models, such as obesity,
is essential for further insight into ER calcium dysregulation in disease pathology.
Our lab has previously developed a reporter protein, GLuc-SERCaMP that is responsive to
ER calcium depletion [16]. Briefly, this construct consists of the final seven amino acids
(ASARTDL) of mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) appended to
Gaussia luciferase (GLuc) to create a secreted, ER calcium modulated protein (SERCaMP).
This C-terminal appendage is similar to the canonical ER-retention sequence, KDEL, thus
allowing for ER localization under homeostatic conditions. Importantly, it also confers
sensitivity to ER calcium depletion by causing the release of GLuc via the secretory pathway
when ER calcium is depleted. Here we highlight the use of GLuc-SERCaMP to investigate
in vitro responses to FFA as well as how dietary intake influences ER calcium homeostasis
in the rat liver. We also describe the measurement of an endogenous SERCaMP esterase
activity which parallels the activity of our exogenous luciferase reporter.
Materials and Methods
Cell Culture
SH-SY5Y-SERCaMP/No-Tag generation and maintenance have been previously described
[16, 17]. Cells were authenticated by expression of GLuc-reporter and RT-PCR for human
ER stress genes. Cells were tested for mycoplasma after a thawing. Palmitate (Sigma-
Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) was prepared as previously described [14, 18]. Briefly, palmitic acid
was dissolved in ethanol to a final concentration of 195 mM, coupled to BSA (Sigma-
Aldrich) and diluted to final treatment concentration (complete media exchange).
Intrahepatic Injections of AAV-GLuc-SERCaMP
Animal studies were approved by the NIDA IACUC and comply with NIH guidelines for
animal research. AAV1-GLuc-SERCaMP intrahepatic injections and blood collection
techniques have been previously described [16, 19]. For this study, the right medial lobe of
male, Sprague-Dawley rats (6 rats per experimental group unless otherwise noted) was
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4. injected with AAV1-GLuc-SERCaMP diluted to a final concentration of 7.6 x 109 vg/mL.
Injection volume did not exceed 105 μL (injected at 3 sites using approximately 33 μL per
site). Animals were singly housed, on a reverse light/dark cycle (12 h off/ 12 h on) for
experiment duration following surgery.
Diet
Commercially available cafeteria diet items were purchased from Peapod. Rodent high fat
soft pellets and control pellets, 36% and 7.2% fat, respectively, were purchased from
BioServ. NIH standard chow (Teclan) contained 5% fat. Animals had restricted access up to
1 week prior to cohort separation (standard NIH chow prior to cafeteria and BioServ control
pellets for all other experiments). Restriction values were based on average ad lib intake, and
reduced by 35%. Cohort assignment was based on similar percent weight gain among all
animals (approximately 21–22% in each group). Food was weighed and replenished daily.
For cafeteria experiments, animals had access to 1 savory item and 1 sweet item, along with
NIH standard chow. Menu items changed every 2–3 days. Nutritional information found on
food packaging was used for caloric calculations. For pellet experiments, animals were
allowed ad lib or restricted access to either high fat pellets or control pellets. High fat pellet
restriction was calorically similar to accessible control pellets.
Dantrolene Injections
Dantrolene (Cayman Chemicals, Ann Arbor, MI) was administered by i.p. injections,
15mg/kg daily for 7 days. Dantrolene powder was dissolved to a final concentration of
5mg/mL in a 10% DMSO (Sigma-Aldrich) PBS solution. Following resuspension,
dantrolene was warmed in a 37°C water bath for 15 mins to ensure powder was fully
dissolved. Solutions were prepared daily. Injections occurred daily, immediately following
blood collection and prior to food replenishment.
Liver Function and Histopathology
For liver panel analyses, blood was collected via cardiac stick from rats deeply anesthetized
with isoflurane at 3 weeks post- ad lib or restricted high fat pellet access (n=6 rats/group).
Collection tubes were provided by IDEXX laboratories (Westbrook, ME). Following
collection, blood samples were centrifuged at 2000 x g for 5 mins at 4°C. Serum was
transferred to a separate tube and stored at −80°C until time of shipment. Comprehensive
liver panel for markers of inflammation and damage was performed by IDEXX laboratories.
For histopathological examination of livers, animals fed either ad lib high fat pellets or
restricted high fat pellets were anesthetized with isoflurane at 3 weeks post-high fat pellet
start and perfused with saline. The right lateral lobe was removed and flash frozen in
isopentane. The samples were cut into 10 μm sections on a cryostat, mounted on glass slides,
and fixed in ice-cold 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 min. The sections were stained in parallel
using hematoxylin (Modified Mayer’s) for 45 secs or Oil Red O lipid stain for 15 min
(Abcam, Cambridge, MA). Images were acquired with a 20x objective lens using Zeiss
Axioskop 2 Plus microscope (Carl Zeiss Microscopy, Oberkochen, Germany) attached to a
Exi Aqua camera (QImaging, Surrey, BC, Canada) under identical acquisition settings for all
sections (iVision-Mac software, BioVision Technologies, Exton, PA).
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5. Western Blot
For western blot of microsomal preparations, resuspended microsomes (isolation methods
below) were diluted in RIPA buffer and incubated on ice for 20 min. Total protein
concentration was determined using DC assay according to manufacturer’s instructions
(BioRad, Hercules, CA). Fifteen micrograms of protein were separated on 4–12% NuPAGE
gels using MOPS running buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA), transferred to
0.45 μm PVDF membrane (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and immunoblotted with primary
antibody diluted in blocking agent (Rockland Immunochemicals, Gilbertsville, PA); rabbit
anti-SERCA2b (1:1000) (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA). Secondary antibodies
were DyeLight680 and DyeLight800 (1:10000) (Rockland Immunochemicals). Blots were
scanned using Odyssey scanner (LI-COR). Image analysis was performed using Image J
software.
GLuc Secretion Assay
Blood collection, plasma preparation, and GLuc secretion assay (in vitro and in vivo) have
been previously described [16, 19]. Briefly, 10 μL of plasma or 5 μL of culture medium was
transferred to a white 96-well plate. Prepared substrate, coelenterazine (CTZ; Regis
Technologies, Morton Grove, IL) was diluted to a final concentration of 100μM or 10μM in
1X PBS for in vivo or in vitro assays, respectively, and injected into individual wells using
an automated plate reader (BioTek Synergy II Winooski, VT). Luminescence was read on a
per well basis and reading parameters included an integration time of 5 secs and a sensitivity
of 150 or 0.5 secs and a sensitivity of 100 for in vivo or in vitro assays, respectively.
Endogenous SERCaMP Assay
The endogenous esterase SERCaMP assay for rat plasma is described elsewhere (Trychta, et
al, under review). Blood collection and plasma preparation have been previously described
[16, 19]. Twenty microliters of plasma were transferred to black-walled, clear-bottomed
plates (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Fluorescein diester substrate was previously described
[20] and generously synthesized by Dr. Kenner Rice, Drug Design and Synthesis Section,
NIDA IRP. Substrate was diluted to a final concentration of 100 mM in DMSO (Sigma-
Aldrich) and stored under dark conditions at −80°C for single use. Prepared substrate was
diluted to 100 μM in esterase assay media (150 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 1 mM MgCl2, 20
mM HEPES, 1 mM CaCl2, pH 5.0). Equal volume of prepared substrate (20 μL) was added
per well of plasma prior to fluorescence read. Immediately following substrate addition,
fluorescence was read every minute for 60 mins at 45°C using a plate reader (BioTek
Synergy H2). Fluorescence was normalized to total protein, quantified by DC assay,
according to manufacturer’s instructions (BioRad). Plasma sample were diluted 1:5 in RIPA
buffer prior to DC assay.
Ca2+ ATPase activity assay
Ca2+ ATPase activity in the microsomal fraction was measured using a standard NADH
enzyme-linked assay. Briefly, after a short perfusion with heparinized saline the left lateral
lobe from rat liver was removed and homogenized in a buffer consisting of 10 mM HEPES
(pH 7.8), 250 mM sucrose, 25 mM KCl, 1 mM EGTA and protease inhibitors (Sigma-
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6. Aldrich). After centrifugation at 1,000 x g for 10 min and 12,000 x g for 15 min at 4°C, the
supernatant was further transferred to ultracentrifugation tubes and centrifuged at 100,000g
for 1 h (protocol adapted from Sigma-Aldrich Endoplasmic Reticulum Isolation Kit). The
pellet was resuspended in the homogenization buffer, and samples stored at −80°C until
further analysis.
Microsomal protein concentration was determined with a DC assay (BioRad, Hercules, CA),
and 50 μg protein was loaded onto UV-transparent 96-well plates (Corning, Corning, NY) in
technical triplicates. Samples were incubated in a modified reaction buffer [21] (20 mM
HEPES, 100 mM KCl, 5 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM EGTA, 1mM CaCl2, 4 μM ionophore
A23187, 0.6 mM phospho(enol)pyruvate, 0.27 mM NADH, 2.4 U/ml pyruvate kinase, 10
U/mL lactate dehydrogenase) at 37°C for 10 min, after which the baseline absorption at 340
nm was measured using Biotek Synergy II plate reader (Winooski, VT). Following addition
of 1 mM ATP to the samples, absorbance was again read every 5 min. Serial dilutions of
ADP served as a standard curve.
Results
GLuc-SERCaMP can be used to monitor ER calcium over time
To determine the temporal extent to which our sensor could monitor ER calcium in vivo, rats
expressing GLuc-SERCaMP (Figure 1A) were monitored over an extended period compared
to previous in vivo experiments [16]. Luminescence in the plasma was consistently detected
in the plasma for at least 9.5 weeks post- intrahepatic injections with transient increases due
to thapsigargin-induced ER calcium depletion (Figure 1B). This data supports the use of
GLuc-SERCaMP for monitoring ER calcium depletion in models of chronic diseases.
Free fatty acid induces GLuc-SERCaMP response
Previous studies found that FFA cause a decrease in ER calcium [6, 13]. Using our GLuc-
SERCaMP reporter cell line (SH-SY5Y-GLuc-SERCaMP) or a control cell line that
constitutively secretes GLuc (SH-SY5Y-GLuc-No Tag) we tested the effect increasing
concentrations of palmitate has on GLuc activity in cell culture media. Palmitate is the most
prevalent circulating FFA in obese individuals and has been used in previous in vitro reports
[22]. For the SH-SY5Y-GLuc-SERCaMP cells, we observed a dose-dependent increase in
GLuc activity in the media after 24 hrs of treatment (Figure 1C). There was no change in
GLuc activity in the media of the SH-SY5Y-GLuc-No Tag control cells suggesting the
increase is not due to changes in overall secretion.
High fat diet induces GLuc-SERCaMP and endogenous SERCaMP response
ER stress in the liver has been linked to excessive nutrient intake [22, 23], but little is known
about the state of ER calcium during various feeding conditions. To determine if dietary
intake influences ER calcium homeostasis in liver, rats were injected intrahepatically with an
AAV vector expressing the GLuc-SERCaMP reporter (Figure 1A) as described previously
[19] and allowed ad lib or restricted access to a cafeteria diet plus standard chow or standard
chow only. The cafeteria diet is an established experimental paradigm for feeding animals a
variety of energy-dense, palatable human food items [24]. Following AAV injections, a food
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7. restriction paradigm that entailed a 35% reduction in available food for 7 days was applied
to ensure equivalent weights between test groups. Rats were sorted into feeding cohorts
based on similar percent weight gain after 1 week of restriction, and blood samples were
collected throughout the study to monitor plasma levels of GLuc-SERCaMP. Rats allowed
ad lib access to cafeteria diet had significantly elevated plasma levels of GLuc-SERCaMP
activity when compared to restricted chow (Figure 2A), indicating dietary intake can alter
ER calcium homeostasis. As expected, those on the cafeteria diet consumed more calories
than restricted chow (Figure 2B) and gained more weight (Supplemental Figure 1A). The
cafeteria diet was composed of different menu groups with varying macronutrient
composition, and, interestingly, the number of calories from fat paralleled GLuc-SERCaMP
plasma levels in animals on cafeteria diet (Figure 2D). Similarly, GLuc-SERCaMP remained
constant for animals on restricted diet where fat levels were kept constant (Figure 2C).
Figure 2E shows a significant correlation (r= 0.3217, p= 0.0101, n= 6) between average fat
calories from each menu group on the cafeteria diet and the level of GLuc-SERCaMP in
plasma relative to start of diet. No significant correlation was observed for restricted chow
rats (r= 0.1598, p= 0.3517, n= 4 rats) where the calories from fat remained relatively
constant (92–94 calories per day). Collectively, these data suggest that high fat diet with
increased caloric intake alter ER calcium homeostasis in liver.
Although the cafeteria diet is a tangible model of human obesity [24], the nutritional
variability among diet items makes it challenging to control fat intake. We switched to high
fat pellets to address the effects of dietary fat intake on ER calcium homeostasis. Rats
expressing GLuc-SERCaMP in liver were allowed ad lib or restricted access to high fat
pellets or control pellets (nutritionally matched aside from fat content). Access to ad lib high
fat pellets increased plasma levels of GLuc-SERCaMP and the endogenous esterase
SERCaMP, an effect which could be reversed by switching rats to restricted access (Figure
3B, D). However, it should be noted that plasma levels of GLuc-No Tag also increased
slightly in response to an ad lib high fat pellet diet, albeit not the extent of GLuc-SERCaMP
(Supplemental Figure 3D). Access to control pellets appeared to have no effect on GLuc-
SERCaMP, as shown by similar fluctuations among ad lib and restricted groups (Figure 3C).
Endogenous SERCaMP levels in control pellet groups had the same trend as GLuc-
SERCaMP levels, however, a transient but significant increase in endogenous SERCaMP
activity was observed following the switch to ad lib access (Figure 3E). Caloric intake was
significantly higher in ad lib high fat pellets when compared to ad lib control pellets (Figure
3F, G), despite the rats consuming less food mass (Figure 3H). Together, these data suggest
that food content plays a larger role in ER calcium homeostasis than the amount of food.
Liver function and SERCA activity is altered in high fat diet
To investigate a potential mechanism contributing to ER calcium dysregulation, rats were
allowed ad lib access or restricted access to high fat pellets for 3 weeks. Ad lib intake of
high fat pellets increased the volume and mass of livers, caused liver discoloration and
altered surface texture of the liver compared to restricted intake of high fat pellets (Figure
4A, B). Histopathological evidence from hematoxylin and Oil Red O staining suggests mild
hepatic steatosis caused by the ad lib high fat pellets compared to restricted high fat pellets
(Figure 4A). Additionally, liver panel analyses indicated elevated levels of triglycerides,
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8. ALP and the AST/ALT ratio in plasma of rats on ad lib high fat pellets versus restricted high
fat pellets (Figure 4C). These indicators of hepatic steatosis corresponded to the increased
SERCaMP levels in plasma of rats fed ad lib high fat pellets compared to their restricted
counterparts (Figure 3B, D). In light of previous studies that have linked obesity to
alterations in SERCA2b expression [4] and function [3], we hypothesized decreased
SERCA2b expression contributes to SERCaMP release. On the contrary, expression
remained relatively unchanged (Figure 4D, E). However, calcium ATPase activity, which is
reflective of SERCA function was significantly decreased in liver microsomes isolated from
rats with an ad lib high fat pellet diet compared to those on a restricted high fat pellet diet
(Figure 4F).
Dantrolene attenuates GLuc-SERCaMP response in high fat diet
Dantrolene is a FDA-approved drug that stabilizes intracellular calcium by selectively
antagonizing ryanodine receptors (RyRs). It has been vastly successful for the treatment of
malignant hyperthermia, as evident by decreased mortality rates [25, 26]. Ryanodine
receptors are located within the membrane of the ER and serve as one of the main release
mechanisms for intracellular calcium [27]. We hypothesized that dantrolene administration
during a high fat diet could stabilize ER calcium levels and reduce SERCaMP release.
Following a food restriction period, rats were allowed ad lib access to high fat pellets and
administered either vehicle or 15mg/kg (i.p.) dantrolene daily for 7 days. Dantrolene
administration decreased plasma GLuc-SERCaMP activity and endogenous SERCaMP
activity when compared to vehicle during ad lib high fat diet (Figure 5A, B). Interestingly,
rats administered dantrolene gained less weight compared to vehicle treated rats
(Supplemental Figure 1B), and had decreased caloric intake (Figure 5C). Excessive nutrient
intake and ER stress have been extensively linked [3, 5, 28–32], with a high fat diet leading
to increased expression levels of ER stress response genes, such as BiP [29]. Indeed, BiP
mRNA was significantly decreased with the addition of dantrolene (Figure 5D), supporting
the results from our SERCaMP assays indicating stabilization of ER calcium.
Discussion
Our results demonstrate that dietary intake, particularly of high fat content can alter ER
calcium homeostasis in rat liver. This was observed in two models of diet-induced obesity;
cafeteria diet and high fat pellets. Animals with ad lib access to these diets rapidly gained
weight and consumed more fat calories when compared to their control counterparts.
Likewise, the significantly elevated plasma levels of GLuc-SERCaMP activity and
endogenous SERCaMP activity and the compromised calcium ATPase activity suggest ER
calcium homeostasis during these periods of high fat intake. Dantrolene attenuated GLuc-
SERCaMP and endogenous SERCaMP in response to high fat diet, however, we cannot fully
attribute this to its activity on the RyR, as evident by decreased food intake. While this is not
the initial use of SERCaMP technology in vivo [16, 19], it is the first to demonstrate its use
in an animal model of disease.
The seven C-terminal amino acids (ASARTDL) of mesencephalic astrocyte-derived
neurotrophic factor (MANF) confer secretion in response to ER calcium depletion when
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9. appended to reporter proteins [16, 17]. MANF is an ER-localized protein that is secreted
upon ER stress [33] and implicated as a marker and therapeutic of neurodegeneration [34–
36]. Recently MANF’s potential as a disease biomarker has been investigated in both type I
diabetes and kidney disease [37, 38]. Both found increased levels of MANF in serum and
urine in disease-associated samples, respectively. We have recently identified other C-
terminal tails of endogenous proteins (~80 proteins) within the human proteome with similar
C-terminal sequences to MANF that also act as SERCaMPs in that they are localized to the
ER and secreted in response to ER calcium depletion (Trychta et al, under review). One of
the proteins identified with a SERCaMP tail is carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) which has a
specific enzymatic activity for a previously described fluorescent substrate [20]. Using this
substrate, we find an ER calcium dependent change in extracellular activity (Trychta et al,
under review). Here, we show that the endogenous esterase SERCaMP activity in plasma
tracks with the activity of our exogenously expressed GLuc-SERCaMP. Both are
significantly increased in rats fed ad lib high fat pellets when compared to rats on a restricted
control pellet diet (Figure 2D, Supplemental Figure 2A). Of the multiple endogenous
SERCaMPs identified, many have enzymatic activities important for lipid metabolism and
protein processing within the ER (Trychta et al, under review). Increased plasma levels of
endogenous SERCaMP imply that the ER proteome is changing and losing key proteins
necessary for ER function. In the liver where fat metabolism, drug metabolism and
carbohydrate metabolism require proper ER function, the disruption of ER calcium
homeostasis may contribute to dysfunction of the liver because of the subsequent secretion
of necessary ER resident proteins. We observed a slight increase in the plasma of rats
intrahepatically injected with a constitutively secreted, non-SERCaMP GLuc (GLuc -No
Tag) reporter in response to ad lib high fat pellets (Supplemental Figure 3D). Although
general secretion may be increased, the increase in GLuc-SERCaMP was greater. Taken
with our previously published work showing GLuc-SERCaMP secretion is regulated by ER
calcium levels, our data described herein suggest that a high fat diet can alter the ER
proteome as a consequence of ER calcium depletion.
Although the results pertaining to SERCA2b protein expression appear inconsistent with
previous work [4, 39], previous feeding paradigms where SERCA2b expression was altered
in response to high fat diet ranged from 6–16 weeks [4, 39]. Our study, however, examined
changes at 3 weeks on high fat diet. Despite unaltered protein expression (Figure 4D, E),
calcium ATPase activity reflecting SERCA activity was significantly decreased in
microsomes isolated from rats allowed ad lib access to a high fat diet compared to those on
restricted high fat diet (Figure 4F). This data suggests altered ER calcium influx, because of
dietary intake, may contribute to increased GLuc-SERCaMP release.
Hepatic ER function is altered in obese livers [3]. Genes associated with de novo lipogenesis
and phospholipid synthesis are upregulated in livers of obese mice, while genes involved
with ER-associated protein synthesis are downregulated [3]. Membrane lipid composition
affects ER calcium transporters within the membrane [3, 32]. Notably, the ratio of
phosphatidylcholine (PC) to phosphotidylethanolamine (PE) is increased in obese livers
when compared to control [3]. Elevated levels of PC have been reported to hinder SERCA
activity [3, 40, 41]. There is also growing evidence for changes in cholesterol composition of
the ER membrane with UPR activation. Cholesterol is estimated to comprise 1% of the ER
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10. membrane; a minute amount when compared to the 60–80% found within the plasma
membrane [42]. In cholesterol-enriched macrophages SERCA2b activity was inhibited,
suggesting a role for cholesterol content in ER calcium homeostasis [40]. Moreover,
palmitate treatment has been shown to alter lipid raft composition and distribution in a
pancreatic cell line [43]. This disorganization within the membrane also altered PC:PE ratio
[43]. Our in vitro data suggest that the addition of the free fatty acid, palmitate, can cause
GLuc-SERCaMP release which is consistent with other reports showing palmitate can alter
ER calcium homeostasis [6, 13, 14]. In vivo, we also observed changes in liver morphology
and gross appearance, histopathology, triglyceride levels, ALP levels and AST/ALT ratio
that were all consistent with mild hepatic steatosis suggesting the increased fat in the diet
over a relatively short time course can cause dysregulation of ER calcium in the liver. It
would be of great value, to further investigate whether the changes we observed with GLuc-
SERCaMP and endogenous SERCaMP during a high fat diet correspond to changes in ER
membrane biochemistry that can alter ER calcium. Towards this goal, we did observe a
decrease in microsomal SERCA activity after 3 weeks of diet between ad lib and restricted
access to high fat pellets, corresponding to the difference in SERCaMP (both GLuc and
endogenous SERCaMP; Figure 3B, D). However, further studies are needed to understand
the interplay of high fat content and ER calcium dysfunction.
Dantrolene’s specificity for RyRs and its current use for the treatment of malignant
hyperthermia made it an obvious choice for the pharmacological manipulation of diet-
induced ER calcium dysregulation. While we did observe a significant decrease in GLuc-
SERCaMP, endogenous SERCaMP and BiP expression in animals on high fat diet that
received systemic dantrolene administration, we cannot attribute these findings solely to its
effect on RyR in liver ER. We observed a decrease in overall caloric consumption (Figure
5C) and less weight gain for dantrolene treated animals on ad lib high fat diet compared to
the vehicle-treated controls (Supplemental Figure 1B). Minimal literature is available
corroborating this finding, however dantrolene has been reported to prevent the contraction
of masseter muscles, one of the major muscles involved in chewing, in rats [44]. What is
clear however, is that consumption of fewer fat-related calories results in decreased
SERCaMP release and BiP levels in liver. Another regulator of ER calcium homeostasis in
the liver is the inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) receptors (IP3Rs). Pharmacological
manipulation of IP3Rs is an alternative approach to modulating ER calcium but has caveats
for the current study. While IP3Rs are indeed expressed in hepatocytes, previous work has
shown the IP3R selective antagonist, xestospongin C, to be ineffective for inhibiting IP3
calcium release [45] and we previously observed minimal attenuation of GLuc-SERCaMP
release using xestospongin C [16]. An alternative to xestospongin such as heparin could be
potentially life-threatening to the animal [45]. Future studies examining other ER calcium
modulating drugs may further advance our understanding of ER calcium homeostasis and
liver dysfunction associated with high fat diets or other liver-related diseases.
Collectively, our results demonstrate high fat consumption alters ER calcium homeostasis in
the liver. Furthermore, our study supports existing literature regarding the effects of
excessive nutrient intake on the ER using new methodologies.
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11. Supplementary Material
Refer to Web version on PubMed Central for supplementary material.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse.
We thank Dr. Mark Henderson (NCATS) for his technical support and critical reading of this manuscript. Dr. Donna
Calu (University of Maryland, Baltimore) for advice on the cafeteria diet paradigm and Mr. Doug Howard (NIDA
IRP) for virus production. This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program at the National Institute on
Drug Abuse.
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14. Lay Summary
ER calcium dysregulation was observed in rats fed a cafeteria diet or high fat pellets, with
fluctuations in sensor release correlating with fat intake. Attenuation of sensor release, as
well as food intake was observed during administration of dantrolene, a drug that
stabilizes ER calcium. The study describes a novel technique for liver research and
provides insight into cellular processes that may contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity
and fatty liver disease.
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15. Highlights
• A novel technique for monitoring ER calcium dysfunction in liver
• High fat diet decreases lumenal endoplasmic reticulum calcium in the liver
• Levels of GLuc-SERCaMP and SERCaMP esterase track with markers of
hepatic steatosis
• Calcium ATPase activity in the liver is decreased by high fat diet
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16. Fig. 1. GLuc-SERCaMP is responsive to ER calcium perturbations
(A) Schematic of viral-mediated delivery of GLuc-SERCaMP to the liver and expected
outcomes from challenges that alter ER calcium homeostasis in the liver. (B) Temporal
profile of GLuc-SERCaMP activity in plasma over time with two thapsigargin injections
(1mg/kg i.p.) (mean ± SEM, n=4 rats, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, 1-way ANOVA, Dunnett’s
multiple comparison test). (C) SH-SY5Y-GLuc-SERCaMP or SH-SY5Y-GLuc-No Tag
stable cell lines were treated with palmitate (0–600μM), and luminescence in the cell media
was read 24hrs post-treatment (mean ± SEM, n=6 wells/treatment/cell line, ****p<0.0001,
2-way ANOVA, Tukey’s multiple comparison test, 0μM vs other concentrations).
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17. Fig. 2. Cafeteria diet induces GLuc-SERCaMP response
(A) Effect of dietary intake on plasma levels of GLuc-SERCaMP. Rats intrahepatically
expressing GLuc-SERCaMP were allowed ad lib access to a cafeteria diet plus chow (green
circles) or restricted access to standard chow (blue triangles). Rats allowed ab lib access to
cafeteria diet plus chow showed increased release of GLuc-SERCaMP (mean ± SEM, n=7
rats/cafeteria group, n= 4 rats/restricted chow group, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, 2-way ANOVA,
Sidak’s multiple comparison test). (B) Caloric intake of ad lib cafeteria diet plus chow
versus restricted chow. (C, D) Fat intake tracks with changes in plasma GLuc-SERCaMP
(percent of calories from fat calculated as percentage of total caloric intake based off
nutritional labels). (E) Increased fat intake (calculated based on average per day on menu
item) correlates with increase in GLuc-SERCaMP release in cafeteria diet-fed rats
(Pearson’s correlation, r= 0.3217, p= 0.0101, n= 6 rats).
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18. Fig. 3. High fat pellets induce GLuc-SERCaMP and endogenous SERCaMP response
(A) Schematic of experimental paradigm color coded to match subsequent panels. (B) Ad lib
access to high fat pellets increases GLuc-SERCaMP release (mean ± SEM, n=6 rats/group,
*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, 2-way ANOVA, Sidak’s multiple comparison test). Color
change indicates access change (dark blue= ad lib access, light blue= restricted access).
Symbols and line pattern (closed circles and solid line versus open triangles and dotted line)
represent same group of animals throughout experiment. (C) Control pellet intake has no
effect on GLuc-SERCaMP release regardless of food access (mean ± SEM, n=6 rats/group,
n.s. p=0.2760, 2-way ANOVA, Sidak’s multiple comparison test). Color change indicates
access change (dark red= ad lib access, pink= restricted access). (D) Switch from restricted
high fat pellet to ad lib access increases endogenous SERCaMP release (mean ± SEM, n=6
rats/group, *p<0.05, 1-way ANOVA, Dunnett’s multiple comparison test). (E) Switch from
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19. restricted control pellet to ad lib access increases endogenous SERCaMP release (mean ±
SEM, n=6 rats/group, *p<0.05, 1-way ANOVA, Dunnett’s multiple comparison test). (F)
Caloric intake over the course of the study in rats allowed ad lib and restricted access to high
fat pellets and control pellets. Color, symbol, and line key same as previous panels. (G) Sum
of caloric intake among feeding cohorts. Rats with ad lib access to high fat pellets consumed
more calories than rats with ad lib access to control pellets (mean ± SEM, n=6 rats/group,
*p=0.0127, **p=0.0016, unpaired t-test with Welch’s correction). (H) Rats with ad lib
access to high fat pellets consumed less food than rats with ad lib access to control pellets
(mean ± SEM, n=6 rats/group, **p=0.0066, n.s. p=0.1588, Unpaired t-test with Welch’s
correction).
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20. Fig. 4. Ad lib access to high fat pellets alters liver morphology, function and calcium ATPase
activity
(A) Representative images of left lateral lobe harvested from rats allowed ad lib or restricted
access to high fat pellets. (B) Weights of left lateral lobe harvested from rats allowed ad lib
or restricted access to high fat pellets (mean ± SEM, n=6 rats/group, t-test, P<0.0001,
t=13.52, df=10). (C) Table of peripheral markers of liver inflammation and damage (mean ±
SEM, n=6 rats/group, t-test, *p<0.05, **p<0.01). (D, E) Western blot analysis of SERCA2b
from liver microsomes (15 μg). No significant changes in the expression levels of SERCA
2b (mean ± SEM, n=6 rats/group, t-test, p=0.2375). (F) Ca2+ ATPase activity reflecting
SERCA activity in rats allowed ad lib access to high fat pellets (mean ± SEM, n=6 rats/
group, t-test, *p=0.0308).
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21. Fig. 5. Dantrolene attenuates GLuc-SERCaMP and endogenous SERCaMP
(A, B) Dantrolene decreases GLuc-SERCaMP and endogenous SERCaMP release during ad
lib access to high fat pellets. Rats were administered dantrolene (15mg/kg) or vehicle for 7
days during diet (mean ± SEM, n=6 rats/group, *p<0.05, 2-way ANOVA, Sidak’s multiple
comparison test). (C) Decreased food consumption among dantrolene injected rats (mean ±
SEM, n=6 rats/group, ****p<0.0001, 2-way ANOVA). (D) Dantrolene decreases BiP
mRNA levels in liver tissue (data expressed as fold change (2^-ΔΔCt) relative to vehicle-
treated rats (mean ± upper and lower limits (2ΔΔCt±SD), n=6 rats/group, multiple t-test,
Holm-Sidak method (dantrolene versus vehicle) transformed from ΔCt±SD, *p=0.01).
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