The document provides an overview of various compressed air energy storage (CAES) projects currently underway worldwide. It describes several planned and existing CAES projects of different sizes in locations like Northern Ireland, Iowa, California, Ohio, and New York. Technologies discussed include General Compression's near-isothermal system, Dresser-Rand's equipment for the Texas CAES project, and SustainX's isothermal demonstration plant. The conclusion states that over 40 CAES projects are anticipated in the next 5-10 years, demonstrating growing research interest in the technology.

1. CAES – New Development
Projects Worldwide
An Overview of Some of the Many CAES Projects Currently
Being Carried Out Worldwide
20/08/2013

2. Overview
 General Compression Technology
 Larne CAES System, Northern Ireland
 Iowa Stored Energy Park
 San Joaquin County CAES System
 Norton CAES System
 Dresser-Rand
 New York Power Authority Research
 SustainX Demonstration CAES Project
 Conclusions
20/08/2013 2Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems Worldwide

3. General
Compression Technology
 Have researched and designed the General
Compression Advanced Energy Storage (GCAESTM)
system1.
 Based on reversible thermodynamics, they claim a near-
isothermal process, covering both the compression and
expansion stages.
 Efficiency – 75%
 Cost – $800 - $1000/kW2
 Have a fully operational 100kW multi-stage plant in Watertown,
Massachusetts.
 Construction of second generation GCAES, 2MW, 500MWh
system with wind turbine integration now underway in Texas.
20/08/2013 3
[1] Source: General Compression – Who We Are
[2] Source: General Compression - Fuel-Free Geologic Compressed Air Energy Storage From Renewable Power - Task #1 Deliverable Report
Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems Worldwide

4. Larne
 A planned gas storage system by InfraStrata and North
East Storage that was subject to heavy opposition due
to the disposal of brine in the sea, amongst many other
safety concerns3.
 Gaelectric have now carried out tests to determine the
feasibility of the area for CEAS.
 £175million project
 £10million set aside for feasibility study
 Power Output: 140 - 300MW
20/08/2013 4
[3] Source: Larne Times – Test Data will Provide Data on Wind-Energy Storage Potential
Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems Worldwide

5. Iowa Stored
Energy Park
 Planned project studied for 8 years to store wind
energy through compression of air in sandstone
aquifers below the ground.
 Power Output: 270MW
 $400million4
 Project terminated in 2011 due to geology reasons.
20/08/2013 5Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems Worldwide
[4] Source: Sandia Report – Lessons from Iowa

6. San Joaquin County
CAES Site Testing
 Pacific Gas & Electric Company (PG&E) spent three
weeks conducting tests on a depleted natural gas
reservoir, capable of storing 300MW of power lasting
10 hours5.
 Engineers and geologists have been studying 10m
sections of rock in order to determine the feasibility of
CAES, as has to be the case with all CAES projects6.
 Results are yet to be published.
20/08/2013Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems Worldwide 6
[5] Source: Energy Storage Exchange - Advanced Underground CAES Project w/Saline Porous Rock Formation
[6] Source: PGE Currents- Electricity Out of Thin Air? PG&E Exploring New Type of Clean Energy

7. Norton, Ohio CAES
Project
 This project has been researched for over a decade
now, changing company hands with current owners
First Energy.
 The proposal7:
 CAES in a disused Limestone mine
 Power Output: 270MW initially rising to 2700MW as more
and more phases are built.
20/08/2013Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems Worldwide 7
[7] Source: First Energy Corporation – Alternative and Renewable Energy

8. Dresser-Rand
 Dresser-Rand have recently been awarded the contract
to proved the equipment for a 317MW CAES system in
Texas, working in partnership with Apex.
 Dresser-Rand also supplied the turboexpander turbines
for the McIntosh CAES plant.
20/08/2013Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems Worldwide 8

9. New York Power
Authority Research
 Provide around 25% of the energy requirements of
New York State, and are looking to supply renewable
energy options to all their customers.
 Mission statement:
 “to advance the generation and utilization of renewable
energy through project implementation, research and
technology transfer”8
20/08/2013Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems Worldwide 9
[8] Source: New York Power Authority - Energy Storage Activities at New York Power Authorities

10.  Underground CAES feasibility study8
 Power Output: 300MW
 Compressor Power: 215MW
 Storage Capacity: 10 hours
 Cost: $700/kWh
 Above ground CAES feasibility study
 3 foot diameter 2 mile pipework
 Power Output: 10MW
 Storage Capacity: 2hours
20/08/2013Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems Worldwide 10
New York Power
Authority Research
[8] Source: New York Power Authority - Energy Storage Activities at New York Power Authorities

11. SustainX CAES
Demonstration Project
 Small start-up company who raised $14.4million and
received a grant from US DoE of $5.39million,
highlighting the recognition for such projects to be
developed9.
 A 50kW plant has already been built and now
construction has begun on a 1MW, 4MWh plant10.
 Built using SustainX’s patented Isothermal technology,
boasting the lack of fuel and secondary heat sources
involved.
 95% efficiency in both compression and expansion.
20/08/2013Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems Worldwide 11
[9] Source: Gigaom - SustainX Raises $14.4M for Air Energy Storage
[10] Source: US DoE – SistainX Inc - Isothermal Compressed Air Energy Storage

12. Conclusions
 “Industry sources estimate that there are more than 40 such
projects being contemplated over the next 5 to 10 years”
 As can be seen through the examples provided throughout
this presentation, compressed air energy storage is an area
of heavy research with projects being set up by a number of
companies.
 The original technology is already proven by the plants at
Huntorf and McIntosh, and now with advancements in
technology far greater efficiencies can be achieved.
 CAES systems provide an area of Engineering that could
become the focal-point for many years to come, with
investments richly rewarding.
20/08/2013Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems Worldwide 12

13. Thank you
20/08/2013 13Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems Worldwide