1. CAES – New Development
Projects Worldwide
An Overview of Some of the Many CAES Projects Currently
Being Carried Out Worldwide
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2. Overview
 General Compression Technology
 Larne CAES System, Northern Ireland
 Iowa Stored Energy Park
 San Joaquin County CAES System
 Norton CAES System
 Dresser-Rand
 New York Power Authority Research
 SustainX Demonstration CAES Project
 Conclusions
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3. General
Compression Technology
 Have researched and designed the General
Compression Advanced Energy Storage (GCAESTM)
system1.
 Based on reversible thermodynamics, they claim a near-
isothermal process, covering both the compression and
expansion stages.
 Efficiency – 75%
 Cost – $800 - $1000/kW2
 Have a fully operational 100kW multi-stage plant in Watertown,
Massachusetts.
 Construction of second generation GCAES, 2MW, 500MWh
system with wind turbine integration now underway in Texas.
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[1] Source: General Compression – Who We Are
[2] Source: General Compression - Fuel-Free Geologic Compressed Air Energy Storage From Renewable Power - Task #1 Deliverable Report
Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems Worldwide

4. Larne
 A planned gas storage system by InfraStrata and North
East Storage that was subject to heavy opposition due
to the disposal of brine in the sea, amongst many other
safety concerns3.
 Gaelectric have now carried out tests to determine the
feasibility of the area for CEAS.
 £175million project
 £10million set aside for feasibility study
 Power Output: 140 - 300MW
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[3] Source: Larne Times – Test Data will Provide Data on Wind-Energy Storage Potential
Compressed Air Energy Storage Systems Worldwide

5. Iowa Stored
Energy Park
 Planned project studied for 8 years to store wind
energy through compression of air in sandstone
aquifers below the ground.
 Power Output: 270MW
 $400million4
 Project terminated in 2011 due to geology reasons.
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[4] Source: Sandia Report – Lessons from Iowa

6. San Joaquin County
CAES Site Testing
 Pacific Gas & Electric Company (PG&E) spent three
weeks conducting tests on a depleted natural gas
reservoir, capable of storing 300MW of power lasting
10 hours5.
 Engineers and geologists have been studying 10m
sections of rock in order to determine the feasibility of
CAES, as has to be the case with all CAES projects6.
 Results are yet to be published.
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[5] Source: Energy Storage Exchange - Advanced Underground CAES Project w/Saline Porous Rock Formation
[6] Source: PGE Currents- Electricity Out of Thin Air? PG&E Exploring New Type of Clean Energy

7. Norton, Ohio CAES
Project
 This project has been researched for over a decade
now, changing company hands with current owners
First Energy.
 The proposal7:
 CAES in a disused Limestone mine
 Power Output: 270MW initially rising to 2700MW as more
and more phases are built.
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[7] Source: First Energy Corporation – Alternative and Renewable Energy

8. Dresser-Rand
 Dresser-Rand have recently been awarded the contract
to proved the equipment for a 317MW CAES system in
Texas, working in partnership with Apex.
 Dresser-Rand also supplied the turboexpander turbines
for the McIntosh CAES plant.
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9. New York Power
Authority Research
 Provide around 25% of the energy requirements of
New York State, and are looking to supply renewable
energy options to all their customers.
 Mission statement:
 “to advance the generation and utilization of renewable
energy through project implementation, research and
technology transfer”8
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[8] Source: New York Power Authority - Energy Storage Activities at New York Power Authorities

10.  Underground CAES feasibility study8
 Power Output: 300MW
 Compressor Power: 215MW
 Storage Capacity: 10 hours
 Cost: $700/kWh
 Above ground CAES feasibility study
 3 foot diameter 2 mile pipework
 Power Output: 10MW
 Storage Capacity: 2hours
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New York Power
Authority Research
[8] Source: New York Power Authority - Energy Storage Activities at New York Power Authorities

11. SustainX CAES
Demonstration Project
 Small start-up company who raised $14.4million and
received a grant from US DoE of $5.39million,
highlighting the recognition for such projects to be
developed9.
 A 50kW plant has already been built and now
construction has begun on a 1MW, 4MWh plant10.
 Built using SustainX’s patented Isothermal technology,
boasting the lack of fuel and secondary heat sources
involved.
 95% efficiency in both compression and expansion.
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[9] Source: Gigaom - SustainX Raises $14.4M for Air Energy Storage
[10] Source: US DoE – SistainX Inc - Isothermal Compressed Air Energy Storage

12. Conclusions
 “Industry sources estimate that there are more than 40 such
projects being contemplated over the next 5 to 10 years”
 As can be seen through the examples provided throughout
this presentation, compressed air energy storage is an area
of heavy research with projects being set up by a number of
companies.
 The original technology is already proven by the plants at
Huntorf and McIntosh, and now with advancements in
technology far greater efficiencies can be achieved.
 CAES systems provide an area of Engineering that could
become the focal-point for many years to come, with
investments richly rewarding.
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13. Thank you
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