The document summarizes a presentation on monitoring and evaluation of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) in West Africa. It discusses the transition from the Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System (SAKSS) to the Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System (ReSAKSS), CAADP's basic targets and principles, ReSAKSS' role in supporting CAADP implementation, modeling of agriculture in the region, the CAADP M&E framework, findings from the first comprehensive CAADP M&E report, and prospects for the future.
The document discusses ReSAKSS, a project that aims to strengthen agricultural policy planning and implementation in Africa as part of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP). It outlines ReSAKSS's role in providing analytical support and establishing national knowledge systems to support CAADP. It also describes the types of strategic analysis and annual reports ReSAKSS produces to inform agricultural investment plans and policies and monitor progress towards CAADP targets.
"Public Sector Budget Allocation to Agriculture and Effeciency of Resource Use: A Review of Status, Trends and Implications." presentation by Babatunde Omilola at the CAADP Donors and Partners Meeting, Sept. 6, 2009.
GAIN cultivates innovation and promotes capital formation for agtech by facilitating strategic partnerships, meetings and networking forums. It provides exclusive resources to members and tracks major trends driving future investments in agriculture, including increasing global population and food demand, decreasing available farmland, and weather variability reducing yields. The document outlines challenges and opportunities in animal health and food production, including new technologies, products, and market changes presenting opportunities for innovators. It encourages joining GAIN to access resources and networking supporting agtech investment and innovation.
Partnerships & Networking for Strengthening Agricultural Innovation and Hig...RUFORUM
TEAM-Africa aims to transform tertiary agricultural education in Africa through three main objectives:
1) Mobilizing stakeholders to support radical reform of agricultural education.
2) Facilitating greater coordination between agricultural education partners.
3) Improving educational management with new ICT tools and ensuring education is aligned with CAADP processes.
Key partners include agricultural education networks ANAFE and RUFORUM, as well as FARA, AUC/NEPAD, and AAU in an advisory role. Activities include supporting self-assessment, strategic planning, and coordination between education institutions and development partners. The overall goal is to shift from producing "knowledge containers" to "knowledge creators" through innovative teaching
1) Monsanto has opportunities to grow its market share and gross profit in key international corn markets like France, Italy, Hungary, Turkey, South Africa, Mexico, and India.
2) The value per acre varies by country, with France, Italy, Hungary, and Mexico representing medium-to-high value opportunities.
3) Monsanto aims to expand its hybrid corn market share in each of the largest corn-growing countries through molecular breeding applications and biotech traits.
This document discusses the importance of tracking investments in agricultural research and development (R&D) at national and international levels. It notes that existing evidence shows agricultural R&D has greatly contributed to economic growth and poverty reduction. However, more funding is still needed to transform global agricultural R&D and achieve food security goals. The document then outlines initiatives by the Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators (ASTI) program to collect data on national agricultural R&D investments and human resources over 25 years, with the aim of informing policies and priorities.
This document provides an overview and summary from Carl Casale, Executive Vice President of Monsanto, at the UBS Best of Americas Conference on September 20, 2007. It discusses trends in global agricultural production, Monsanto's opportunities to maximize growth, developments in U.S. corn and cotton markets, and the potential for expansion of biotech traits internationally. Key points include rapid adoption of biotech traits creating increased opportunities, a new 8-gene corn product in development, and significant room for growth in markets outside the U.S.
The document discusses Monsanto's R&D pipeline and future product opportunities. Key points include: 1) Development of a drought tolerant corn product that has shown yield improvements of up to 12 bushels per acre in water stressed conditions. 2) The drought tolerant corn is currently in field testing and represents a large market opportunity in the U.S., Brazil, Argentina, and Europe. 3) Monsanto's pipeline also includes new biotech traits for soybeans and cotton that could lead to 3-trait stacks by the mid to late next decade.
The document discusses ReSAKSS, a project that aims to strengthen agricultural policy planning and implementation in Africa as part of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP). It outlines ReSAKSS's role in providing analytical support and establishing national knowledge systems to support CAADP. It also describes the types of strategic analysis and annual reports ReSAKSS produces to inform agricultural investment plans and policies and monitor progress towards CAADP targets.
"Public Sector Budget Allocation to Agriculture and Effeciency of Resource Use: A Review of Status, Trends and Implications." presentation by Babatunde Omilola at the CAADP Donors and Partners Meeting, Sept. 6, 2009.
GAIN cultivates innovation and promotes capital formation for agtech by facilitating strategic partnerships, meetings and networking forums. It provides exclusive resources to members and tracks major trends driving future investments in agriculture, including increasing global population and food demand, decreasing available farmland, and weather variability reducing yields. The document outlines challenges and opportunities in animal health and food production, including new technologies, products, and market changes presenting opportunities for innovators. It encourages joining GAIN to access resources and networking supporting agtech investment and innovation.
Partnerships & Networking for Strengthening Agricultural Innovation and Hig...RUFORUM
TEAM-Africa aims to transform tertiary agricultural education in Africa through three main objectives:
1) Mobilizing stakeholders to support radical reform of agricultural education.
2) Facilitating greater coordination between agricultural education partners.
3) Improving educational management with new ICT tools and ensuring education is aligned with CAADP processes.
Key partners include agricultural education networks ANAFE and RUFORUM, as well as FARA, AUC/NEPAD, and AAU in an advisory role. Activities include supporting self-assessment, strategic planning, and coordination between education institutions and development partners. The overall goal is to shift from producing "knowledge containers" to "knowledge creators" through innovative teaching
1) Monsanto has opportunities to grow its market share and gross profit in key international corn markets like France, Italy, Hungary, Turkey, South Africa, Mexico, and India.
2) The value per acre varies by country, with France, Italy, Hungary, and Mexico representing medium-to-high value opportunities.
3) Monsanto aims to expand its hybrid corn market share in each of the largest corn-growing countries through molecular breeding applications and biotech traits.
This document discusses the importance of tracking investments in agricultural research and development (R&D) at national and international levels. It notes that existing evidence shows agricultural R&D has greatly contributed to economic growth and poverty reduction. However, more funding is still needed to transform global agricultural R&D and achieve food security goals. The document then outlines initiatives by the Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators (ASTI) program to collect data on national agricultural R&D investments and human resources over 25 years, with the aim of informing policies and priorities.
This document provides an overview and summary from Carl Casale, Executive Vice President of Monsanto, at the UBS Best of Americas Conference on September 20, 2007. It discusses trends in global agricultural production, Monsanto's opportunities to maximize growth, developments in U.S. corn and cotton markets, and the potential for expansion of biotech traits internationally. Key points include rapid adoption of biotech traits creating increased opportunities, a new 8-gene corn product in development, and significant room for growth in markets outside the U.S.
The document discusses Monsanto's R&D pipeline and future product opportunities. Key points include: 1) Development of a drought tolerant corn product that has shown yield improvements of up to 12 bushels per acre in water stressed conditions. 2) The drought tolerant corn is currently in field testing and represents a large market opportunity in the U.S., Brazil, Argentina, and Europe. 3) Monsanto's pipeline also includes new biotech traits for soybeans and cotton that could lead to 3-trait stacks by the mid to late next decade.
Reaching teens through Social Media recaps some statistics about the teen demographic and social media, share the "10 Truths about Millennials" and finishes up with "10 Rules on Engaging Teens".
The document summarizes financing programs from MEDC Capital Services Team to help with export financing. It describes three programs: the Collateral Support Program which provides up to 49.9% of a loan amount and fees of 1-3%; the Loan Participation Program which can purchase up to 49.9% of a commercial credit facility with 1-3% closing fees and 1% annual fee; and the Export Financing Incentive Program which reimburses up to 75% of eligible export costs up to $100,000 per company.
This document appears to be a product catalog for a company called Vision that produces various health and beauty products. It lists different product lines such as Classic Hit, Direct Hit, Restoration series, and Anti-stress series. It also mentions that Vision operates under the World Health Organization and produces tea and cosmetic products that meet high quality standards.
This document provides guidance on managing field-based screening for rice yield under drought stress. It discusses:
1. Selecting appropriate field locations with similar soil, temperature, and evapotranspiration conditions to the target environment.
2. Preparing the field experiment with good quality seeds, proper plot design, effective borders, repeated checks, and uniform irrigation methods.
3. Carefully monitoring the stress levels during the stress period using tools like tensiometers and measuring soil moisture, rainfall, and plant responses.
4. Properly harvesting and collecting post-harvest data on traits like lodging and pest damage, then thoroughly analyzing the results including calculating heritability and comparing trial means.
The activities of CRP2 will provide knowledge and tools to support a policy and institutional environment in which markets function effectively and competitively and agriculture and related sectors fully contribute to poverty reduction, sustainable rural development, and income growth.
This document summarizes the biotechnology and genetic improvement strategies of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). It outlines IITA's strategic objectives which include enhancing genetic resources management, improving plant breeding efficiency, and monitoring biological systems. The strategies involve managing a germplasm bank, applying tools for genotyping and phenotyping, using transgenic approaches, and deploying improved crops. Recent accomplishments are noted such as releasing new cassava, cowpea, and maize varieties in multiple countries in partnership. Diagnostic tools for virus detection in yam were also developed. Upcoming workshops will focus on genetic improvement topics such as stress tolerance, data management, and private sector engagement.
This document summarizes questions asked during a Q&A session on crop breeding and biotechnology at IITA. The questions covered several topics:
1) Questions were asked about IITA's work on rapid propagation of yam seed, biotechnology capabilities, pre-breeding activities, and enhancing crop productivity to meet poverty reduction targets.
2) Questions also addressed IITA's genebank data management systems, including security measures, germplasm distribution capacity, and data collection apps.
3) Recent advances in phenotyping drought tolerant and Striga resistant maize were discussed, along with collaboration across IITA stations and developing heat/drought tolerant orange maize.
4) Challen
The document summarizes Humidtropics research projects in Phase II, including flagship projects in West Africa (Cameroon, Nigeria, Ghana, Ivory Coast) and East Africa (Burundi, DRC, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda). It discusses repositioning research activities for Phase II, including prioritizing projects, completing projects by 2016, contributing outputs to the next phase, aligning outputs with other CRPs and bi-laterals, expanding C4 proposals to attract funding, and potential budgets. It also mentions reporting on 2015 activities, highlights, detailed activity reports, and budgeting/work plans.
The document provides context and analysis of the ISPC's reviews of pre-proposals for the second round of CRPs. Some key points:
- The ISPC reviewed the proposals more rigorously than previous rounds, emphasizing scientific arguments, theories of change, and leadership.
- Many proposals received a 'C' rating, meaning revisions were needed rather than a sign the research should not be supported.
- There is progress in addressing the SRF and cross-cutting issues like gender but still work to be done.
- Discussion at a subsequent meeting focused on improving integration across CRPs and systems approaches, defining comparative advantages, and strengthening scaling and impact pathways.
This document discusses mentoring young scientists and passing the baton of leadership to the next generation. It addresses relationships between mentors and mentees, developing scientific skills and ethics, planning and executing rigorous research, communicating research, and mobilizing resources effectively. The goal is to coach young scientists so they can continue advancing knowledge and acquiring skills to tackle challenges in insects, maize, soils, banana and other crops through genomics, genetics and transformation approaches with excitement and team spirit.
obtaining regionalized maps of the spatial distribution of an insect plague across time and on the whole crop growth stage,Define the “convenient” distance between (pheromone) traps,Software: SAS, S+, GS+, GIS software
Screening indigenous mycopesticides for DBM control.Field efficacy of Bba5653,Impact of Bba5653 on cabbage yield,Cost-effective production of Bba spores.
This document summarizes research on cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) in East Africa. It finds that CBSD incidence and yield losses are higher in the Coast Zone compared to the Lake Zone. Varieties can be categorized based on their resistance and tolerance to CBSD. Estimated financial losses from CBSD are over $50 million annually across the two zones. Ongoing research is working to develop new virus-resistant varieties and management strategies like community phytosanitation to reduce the impact of CBSD.
This document discusses the challenges and opportunities in biometry and trends in agricultural research at the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR). It outlines the major themes of EIAR's biometrics program, including addressing issues like spatial modeling and analysis of multi-level experiments. It also describes the diversity of methodologies used, developments in biometry, integration with information technology, training workshops, and the contributions of biometric support over the years.
Tim Rogers, President- Polk, presented at the 2011 dmaDetroit Advanced Integrated Marketing Symposium (AIMS) event on March 3. His presentation topics was “Connecting Digital and Traditional Marketing Techniques”
The power of marketing metrics proving marketing's value to the organization ...dmadetroit
During dmaDetroit's 15th annual AIMS event, Laura Patterson, co-founder and President of VisionEdge Marketing Inc., presented on "The Power of Marketing Metrics: Proving Marketing’s Value to the Organization." This is her Presentation.
This document summarizes CRP 5, which aims to improve livelihoods and food security through solutions to water scarcity and land degradation. It outlines the development challenges addressed, goals and objectives. It then describes "best bets" or solutions across various areas like rainfed and irrigated systems, wastewater, river basins, groundwater, pastoral systems and ecosystems. For each area, it provides expected outputs and outcomes over 3-6 years. It also describes the proposed governance structure and budgets, indicating impact areas in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and South/West Asia, and key partners led by IWMI.
"Informing African Agricultural Development Planning and Implementation in the context of CAADP in West Africa" by Mbaye Yade, Coordinator ReSAKSS WA at IITA Contract Review, April 25, Dakar, Senegal
Reaching teens through Social Media recaps some statistics about the teen demographic and social media, share the "10 Truths about Millennials" and finishes up with "10 Rules on Engaging Teens".
The document summarizes financing programs from MEDC Capital Services Team to help with export financing. It describes three programs: the Collateral Support Program which provides up to 49.9% of a loan amount and fees of 1-3%; the Loan Participation Program which can purchase up to 49.9% of a commercial credit facility with 1-3% closing fees and 1% annual fee; and the Export Financing Incentive Program which reimburses up to 75% of eligible export costs up to $100,000 per company.
This document appears to be a product catalog for a company called Vision that produces various health and beauty products. It lists different product lines such as Classic Hit, Direct Hit, Restoration series, and Anti-stress series. It also mentions that Vision operates under the World Health Organization and produces tea and cosmetic products that meet high quality standards.
This document provides guidance on managing field-based screening for rice yield under drought stress. It discusses:
1. Selecting appropriate field locations with similar soil, temperature, and evapotranspiration conditions to the target environment.
2. Preparing the field experiment with good quality seeds, proper plot design, effective borders, repeated checks, and uniform irrigation methods.
3. Carefully monitoring the stress levels during the stress period using tools like tensiometers and measuring soil moisture, rainfall, and plant responses.
4. Properly harvesting and collecting post-harvest data on traits like lodging and pest damage, then thoroughly analyzing the results including calculating heritability and comparing trial means.
The activities of CRP2 will provide knowledge and tools to support a policy and institutional environment in which markets function effectively and competitively and agriculture and related sectors fully contribute to poverty reduction, sustainable rural development, and income growth.
This document summarizes the biotechnology and genetic improvement strategies of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). It outlines IITA's strategic objectives which include enhancing genetic resources management, improving plant breeding efficiency, and monitoring biological systems. The strategies involve managing a germplasm bank, applying tools for genotyping and phenotyping, using transgenic approaches, and deploying improved crops. Recent accomplishments are noted such as releasing new cassava, cowpea, and maize varieties in multiple countries in partnership. Diagnostic tools for virus detection in yam were also developed. Upcoming workshops will focus on genetic improvement topics such as stress tolerance, data management, and private sector engagement.
This document summarizes questions asked during a Q&A session on crop breeding and biotechnology at IITA. The questions covered several topics:
1) Questions were asked about IITA's work on rapid propagation of yam seed, biotechnology capabilities, pre-breeding activities, and enhancing crop productivity to meet poverty reduction targets.
2) Questions also addressed IITA's genebank data management systems, including security measures, germplasm distribution capacity, and data collection apps.
3) Recent advances in phenotyping drought tolerant and Striga resistant maize were discussed, along with collaboration across IITA stations and developing heat/drought tolerant orange maize.
4) Challen
The document summarizes Humidtropics research projects in Phase II, including flagship projects in West Africa (Cameroon, Nigeria, Ghana, Ivory Coast) and East Africa (Burundi, DRC, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda). It discusses repositioning research activities for Phase II, including prioritizing projects, completing projects by 2016, contributing outputs to the next phase, aligning outputs with other CRPs and bi-laterals, expanding C4 proposals to attract funding, and potential budgets. It also mentions reporting on 2015 activities, highlights, detailed activity reports, and budgeting/work plans.
The document provides context and analysis of the ISPC's reviews of pre-proposals for the second round of CRPs. Some key points:
- The ISPC reviewed the proposals more rigorously than previous rounds, emphasizing scientific arguments, theories of change, and leadership.
- Many proposals received a 'C' rating, meaning revisions were needed rather than a sign the research should not be supported.
- There is progress in addressing the SRF and cross-cutting issues like gender but still work to be done.
- Discussion at a subsequent meeting focused on improving integration across CRPs and systems approaches, defining comparative advantages, and strengthening scaling and impact pathways.
This document discusses mentoring young scientists and passing the baton of leadership to the next generation. It addresses relationships between mentors and mentees, developing scientific skills and ethics, planning and executing rigorous research, communicating research, and mobilizing resources effectively. The goal is to coach young scientists so they can continue advancing knowledge and acquiring skills to tackle challenges in insects, maize, soils, banana and other crops through genomics, genetics and transformation approaches with excitement and team spirit.
obtaining regionalized maps of the spatial distribution of an insect plague across time and on the whole crop growth stage,Define the “convenient” distance between (pheromone) traps,Software: SAS, S+, GS+, GIS software
Screening indigenous mycopesticides for DBM control.Field efficacy of Bba5653,Impact of Bba5653 on cabbage yield,Cost-effective production of Bba spores.
This document summarizes research on cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) in East Africa. It finds that CBSD incidence and yield losses are higher in the Coast Zone compared to the Lake Zone. Varieties can be categorized based on their resistance and tolerance to CBSD. Estimated financial losses from CBSD are over $50 million annually across the two zones. Ongoing research is working to develop new virus-resistant varieties and management strategies like community phytosanitation to reduce the impact of CBSD.
This document discusses the challenges and opportunities in biometry and trends in agricultural research at the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR). It outlines the major themes of EIAR's biometrics program, including addressing issues like spatial modeling and analysis of multi-level experiments. It also describes the diversity of methodologies used, developments in biometry, integration with information technology, training workshops, and the contributions of biometric support over the years.
Tim Rogers, President- Polk, presented at the 2011 dmaDetroit Advanced Integrated Marketing Symposium (AIMS) event on March 3. His presentation topics was “Connecting Digital and Traditional Marketing Techniques”
The power of marketing metrics proving marketing's value to the organization ...dmadetroit
During dmaDetroit's 15th annual AIMS event, Laura Patterson, co-founder and President of VisionEdge Marketing Inc., presented on "The Power of Marketing Metrics: Proving Marketing’s Value to the Organization." This is her Presentation.
This document summarizes CRP 5, which aims to improve livelihoods and food security through solutions to water scarcity and land degradation. It outlines the development challenges addressed, goals and objectives. It then describes "best bets" or solutions across various areas like rainfed and irrigated systems, wastewater, river basins, groundwater, pastoral systems and ecosystems. For each area, it provides expected outputs and outcomes over 3-6 years. It also describes the proposed governance structure and budgets, indicating impact areas in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and South/West Asia, and key partners led by IWMI.
"Informing African Agricultural Development Planning and Implementation in the context of CAADP in West Africa" by Mbaye Yade, Coordinator ReSAKSS WA at IITA Contract Review, April 25, Dakar, Senegal
1) The document discusses investments needed to meet key goals of the SADC Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan (SADC-RISDP) and the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) in Southern Africa by 2015.
2) It finds that current levels of public investment in agriculture in the region are low and not sufficient to achieve the goals. Agricultural spending averages only 2.4% of total public spending.
3) The document estimates that countries will need to increase agricultural spending by 20-30% annually based on returns to investments. Higher investments are needed in areas like infrastructure, extension, research, and inputs to boost agricultural productivity.
The CAADP, ECOWAP, APP, NAIP and Poverty and Hunger reduction in NigeriaFrancois Stepman
The document discusses agriculture policies and programs in Nigeria and West Africa, including the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Program (CAADP) and ECOWAS Agriculture Policy (ECOWAP). It provides context on these frameworks and their goals of promoting agricultural growth, food security, poverty reduction, and regional economic integration. The document also examines Nigeria's National Agriculture Investment Plan (NAIP) and implementation of CAADP/ECOWAP at various levels from global to national to local. Key commitments and targets outlined in the Malabo Declaration to achieve agricultural transformation by 2025 are also summarized.
- Gender disaggregated data from Niger's LSMS-ISA was used to develop a gender-sensitive Malabo results framework.
- Agricultural growth modeling for Niger showed the country is not on track to achieve its Malabo commitments, including on gender, under a business-as-usual scenario.
- Gender sensitive prioritization of agricultural investments (by commodity or value chain) in Niger was recommended to help make progress towards the Malabo goals, including on improving gender outcomes.
The document summarizes West and Central Africa's regional portfolio and IFAD's management plan for the region. It notes that over 70% of the 550 million people in the region live in rural areas, with most dependent on agriculture. IFAD's 50 projects in the region total $729 million and aim to promote agricultural growth, rural enterprises, access to markets and resources. IFAD's management plan focuses on better country and project design, implementation, knowledge management, and partnerships to achieve its vision of enabling the region to lift itself out of poverty.
This document summarizes six underappreciated facts about African agriculture and their implications for poverty reduction and agricultural growth strategies. The key facts are that farm sizes are declining rapidly, grain productivity growth will be inadequate, most farmers are net buyers of staple crops, retail food prices are decreasing, supermarkets account for a small portion of food sales, and markets are not truly liberalized. These facts suggest strategies need to focus on diversification, improving traditional markets, and investing in public goods rather than input subsidies. Reallocating budgets to long-term investments like R&D and reducing policy unpredictability could encourage growth.
This document summarizes six underappreciated facts about African agriculture and their implications for poverty reduction and agricultural growth strategies. Farm sizes are declining rapidly due to population growth, productivity growth alone will not lift most households out of poverty, most rural households are net buyers of staple crops so higher prices hurt them, retail food prices are generally declining, supermarkets currently play a small role, and markets are not truly liberalized. These facts suggest strategies need to focus on higher-return diversification beyond grains and boosting smallholder competitiveness rather than assuming productivity growth or market liberalization alone will solve problems.
This document summarizes six underappreciated facts about African agriculture and their implications for poverty reduction and agricultural growth strategies. The key facts are that farm sizes are declining rapidly, grain productivity growth will be inadequate, most farmers are net buyers of staple crops, retail food prices are decreasing, supermarkets account for a small portion of food sales, and markets have not truly been liberalized. These facts suggest strategies need to focus on diversification, improving traditional markets, and investing in public goods rather than input subsidies. Reallocating budgets to long-term investments like R&D and reducing policy unpredictability could encourage growth.
This document provides information on the DTI-CARP (Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program) Strategic Plan for 2023-2028. The key points are:
1) The plan aims to advance rural enterprise development and Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries (ARBs) through programs supporting market development, training, and financing.
2) Priority programs include local market promotion, digital connectivity initiatives, and collaboration with other government agencies to support CARPreneurs.
3) Performance targets for 2023-2028 include increasing the number of ARBs trained, MSMEs assisted, and Agrarian Reform Communities covered each year.
The plan outlines DTI-CARP's goals and programs
Accelerating Ending Hunger through implementation of Malabo compliant Nationa...Francois Stepman
Country A scores in implementing the Malabo Declaration on Agriculture transformation in Africa. It scores 4.3 out of 10 and is on track to meet the overall targets. The report highlights strong performance in areas like public agriculture expenditures, women's participation in agribusiness, and investment in resilience building. Key areas needing attention are increasing agricultural inputs and productivity, reducing post-harvest loss, and establishing mutual accountability mechanisms. It is recommended that Country A review its agriculture investment plan to better deliver on Malabo Declaration targets and strengthen its data system.
Dr. Simplice Nouala-2022 ReSAKSS Conference PresentationAKADEMIYA2063
This document discusses National Agricultural Investment Plans (NAIPs) and their role in implementing the Comprehensive African Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP). It provides background on CAADP and outlines progress made in developing second generation NAIPs. Key lessons learned from NAIP formulation and implementation include challenges with coordination, funding, and private sector engagement. Moving forward, CAADP implementation aims to address challenges and support NAIPs in transforming African food systems.
Fertiliser Subsidy Reforms and Maize in MalawiIFPRIMaSSP
This document summarizes a study analyzing the impact of reforms to Malawi's Farm Input Subsidy Program on the country's maize commodity market. [1] The study uses an economic model to simulate the effects of different reform scenarios, including a complete removal of subsidies, scaling down the amount of subsidized fertilizer, and reducing the number of targeted beneficiaries. [2] The results show that a complete removal would negatively impact maize production, consumption, and prices in both the short and long-run. [3] More gradual reforms like scaling down amounts or beneficiaries combined with improved agricultural extension services would have less severe impacts.
This document provides an overview and summary of Lao PDR's program with IFAD from 2005-2020. It highlights key economic indicators and trends in Laos such as a decreasing poverty rate and increasing GNI per capita. Main projects funded by IFAD are summarized, including objectives, target groups, budgets, and components. Performance of the IFAD portfolio in Laos from 2011-2015 is assessed based on criteria such as implementation progress, M&E, gender focus, poverty focus, and sustainability. General issues identified include capacity building, coordination, delivering targets, procurement, and use of M&E data. Areas for improvement include planning and implementation speed/efficiency as well as knowledge management.
The Red Meat Profit Partnership (RMPP) aims to improve on-farm profitability in the sheep and beef sector through sustainable productivity gains. RMPP is a unique partnership between farmers, processors, banks, and the government. The program focuses on improving core farming fundamentals like planning, budgeting, benchmarking, and extension programs. It aims to close the productivity gap between high and lower performing farms. Key goals include increasing on-farm profit per hectare to $117 more by 2025, improving knowledge sharing and data integration, and developing decision-making tools. The RMPP program will consist of five projects to meet these goals and enhance the sector's long-term sustainability and profitability.
The document discusses key concepts and tools for the African Agricultural Transformation Scorecard (AATS). The AATS is used as an advocacy tool to track country progress on commitments in the Malabo Declaration. It discusses scorecard concepts like targets, milestones, indicators, benchmarks, and scoring. Scores are calculated based on a country's effort and performance toward commitments, and a zero score is given if data is unavailable. Transparency is ensured through documentation of algorithms and data sources online. Definitions of terms used in scorecards like benchmarks, targets, indicators, and milestones are also provided.
The document tracks key indicators of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) from 1993-2003, 2003-2008, and 2008-2016. It finds that while progress has been made in several areas, targets have generally not been met. Agricultural production and intra-African trade have increased over time. Undernourishment levels have decreased. However, only a few countries achieved the target of allocating 10% of government expenditure to agriculture. Agricultural expenditure as a percentage of total expenditure has generally deteriorated over time. Eastern Africa showed the greatest improvements while Western Africa saw some deterioration.
Agriculture plays an important role in the Zambian economy, providing employment for 70% of the population. However, agricultural productivity, especially for small-scale farmers, remains low due to various constraints including a lack of access to markets, financing, education and infrastructure. Increasing agricultural trade could help reduce poverty but challenges like Zambia's landlocked status and high transportation costs must be addressed. The study examines policies and reforms needed to improve rural livelihoods and make agriculture a more effective engine for inclusive economic growth and trade.
Similar to CAADP M&E FRAMEWORK AND MODELING IN WEST AFRICA (20)
(1) IITA is the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, established in 1967 and headquartered in Ibadan, Nigeria with 21 stations in 30 countries. (2) IITA adopted DataCite DOIs in 2017 through the British Library Consortium to create a trusted institutional data repository meeting FAIR data principles. (3) IITA mints DOIs through an automatic Python script integrating with its Cassavabase database, and manually through its Fabrica portal, to increase data visibility, citation, and improve data management practices.
This document summarizes Samwel Muiruri Kariuki's research at IITA Kenya on inducing early flowering in cassava. The document discusses two methods: using LED light supplementation to induce flowering within 4 months, compared to 10 months without light; and developing a CMV-inducible CRISPR-Cas9 system to edit cassava genes in a virus-activated manner. Preliminary results show light supplementation significantly increased the number of flowering plants compared to the control. The researcher is working to assemble constructs using a CMV promoter to drive Cas9 expression and test them in Nicotiana benthamiana transformations. The goal is to create a virus-inducible gene editing system for cassava.
The document discusses methods for producing yam mother plants and cuttings for propagation. It describes selecting healthy mother plants with balanced nutrient content and avoiding nitrogen fertilizer before taking cuttings. Cuttings should contain a node, leaf, and stem pieces and be treated with fungicide before planting. With good management, cuttings can root within 10 days without hormones.
The document discusses conserving the Ibadan Malimbe, an endemic bird species found only in Nigeria that is endangered. It describes the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture's (IITA) efforts to conserve the species, which include hosting an Important Bird Area, monitoring the bird population, restoring habitat, and raising awareness. IITA's research has found declining numbers of Ibadan Malimbe due to forest isolation, clearance for agriculture and development, competition with other species, and increased nest destruction, threatening the estimated 2,500 remaining individuals.
This document summarizes a study on identifying the preferences of cassava product ("gari") end users in Benue State, Nigeria. The study found that farmers preferred cassava varieties with heavy, long roots that are not rotten or woody, while processors preferred varieties with white, dry peeled roots and less water in the mash. Marketers and consumers preferred gari that is shiny, dry, heavy, sweet with no lumps or smooth and white in color. The preferences identified will help breeders develop new cassava varieties that meet the needs of all end users.
The document discusses a study on the perception of quality in yam landraces among value chain actors in yam producing areas of Nigeria. It finds that Faketsa, Igum, Opoko, and Ushu are the most commonly cultivated varieties for pounded yam and yam flour production. Yam flour is typically processed from fresh yams through washing, peeling, cutting, drying, and grinding. Smoothness and mouldability are key factors in accepting pounded yam and yam fufu. The study recommends further research on Faketsa's qualities for pounded yam and yam flour to aid variety selection for these products.
1. The study evaluated the quality attributes of cookies flavored with Aidan (Tetrapleura tetraptera) as a substitute for vanilla. 2. Results showed that increasing the substitution level of Aidan for vanilla increased proximate nutrients but decreased carbohydrates and energy. 3. Cookies with 75% Aidan substitution had similar taste and crispness to the 100% vanilla cookie but were most acceptable overall to consumers.
This document reports on a study that analyzed the chemical, functional, and pasting properties of flours produced from four varieties of unripe plantain. The objectives were to determine the chemical composition, functional properties, pasting properties, and color parameters of the different plantain flours. Materials and methods included obtaining four varieties of plantain, producing the flours using various processing steps, and analyzing the flours for moisture, ash, protein, fat, fiber, starch, sugar, minerals, functional properties using various tests, pasting properties using a rapid visco analyzer, and color parameters. The results showed differences between varieties in the measured properties, with some varieties having higher nutritional or functional qualities. The conclusions were that the
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The document summarizes a study on the apparent retention of carotenoids in ogi flour made from different provitamin A maize genotypes. It finds that PVA SYN HGBC0 showed the highest carotenoid and provitamin A retention after processing ogi flour, making it the best genotype studied for producing nutritious ogi. The study aims to establish how processing affects carotenoid levels in ogi, an important food in Nigeria, to reduce micronutrient deficiencies in children.
The document assessed the level of consumption of pro-vitamin A cassava products among rural households in Nigeria. It found low levels of consumption of products like tapioca, flakes, and vitamin-fortified baked goods. Consumption varied by state, with Akwa Ibom having the highest levels. It recommends increasing production of value-added products and nutritional education campaigns to boost consumption and reduce vitamin A deficiency.
Professor Janice Olawoye had a 38-year career as a Professor of Rural Sociology at the University of Ibadan, where she served in various administrative roles including Head of Department and Dean. She supervised 30 PhDs and many other students and published over 70 papers. Professor Olawoye also consulted for international development organizations and worked with IITA on workshops, advisory boards, and fellowship programs. She is married with four sons and six grandchildren.
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1. CAADP M&E FRAMEWORK AND MODELING IN
WEST AFRICA
By Mbaye Yade Sub Coordinator ReSAKSS WA
R4D Week 2010: Mini-Symposium on
Outcomes and Impact Assessments
-----------------------------------
IBADAN, NIGERIA, 24 NOVEMBER 2010
1
3. FROM SAKSS TO ReSAKSS
• SAKSS:
– INITIATIVE FROM CG-SYSTEM
– FOCUS ON STRATEGIC ANALYSIS AND SOME COUNTRIES
– SUPPLY DRIVEN
• FROM 2006/07 FOCUSED ON CAADP IMPLEMENTATION =>
ReSAKSS:
– GREATER LINK TO REC’S
– 3 NODES COVERING 3 REC’S WITH CONTINENT WIDE
COORDINATION
– TAKE ADVANTAGE OF EXISTING NETWORKS AND
CAPACITIES
– BROADER COVERAGE
3
4. Some basic Targets and Principles of
CAADP
• CAADP as a strategic framework by which to
guide country development efforts and
partnerships in the agricultural sector:
• agriculture led growth for poverty
reduction;
• increased funding of agriculture (10%)
and
• at least 6% agriculture growth – all
targeted at achieving MGD1 and other
welfare targets
4
5. Some basic Targets and Principles of CAADP
• Greater efficiency and consistency in the
planning and execution of sector policies and
programmes
• Increased effectiveness in translating
government expenditures into public goods
and services, and
• Expertise and mechanisms to regularly and
transparently measure performance against
targets and keep policies and programmes on
track.
5
6. ReSAKSS AS SUPPORT OF CAADP
IMPLEMENTATION
• 3 Regional ReSAKSS nodes to:
– Facilitate access by the RECs and their member
states to policy-relevant analyses of the highest
quality improve policymaking,
– Track progress, document success, and derive
lessons that can feed into the review and
learning processes associated with the
implementation of the CAADP agenda
6
7. ReSAKSS AS SUPPORT OF CAADP
IMPLEMENTATION
– (1) mobilize existing expertise , capacities and
knowledge => design, implementation, and
evaluation of CAADP programs.
– (2) provide assistance to countries in the
establishment of national knowledge system nodes
to support CAADP implementation
7
8. ReSAKSS AS SUPPORT OF CAADP
IMPLEMENTATION
• Work with the national nodes to provide relevant and
timely information to guide:
– Mutual review at the continental level to review overall
progress in the implementation of CAADP
– Peer review at the regional level to promote dialogue
and mutual learning around the review of progress and
performance
– Progress review at the national level to ensure that
country level policies and programs are aligned with
CAADP principles and on track to meet the country-
specific targets and objectives
8
10. CAADP MODELING
• PAST PERFORMANCE AND OUTLOOK FOR AGRICULTURAL
GROWTH AND POVERTY REDUCTION
– Examine recent agricultural growth performance and future
growth and poverty outcomes based on observed trends;
– Compare trends with the targets established for the sector
under the ECOWP/CAADP agenda and with MDG1
– Measuring the prospects of meeting these targets and
analyzing the implications for future sector growth and
poverty-reduction strategies;
– Estimating the long term funding needs to accelerate
agricultural growth and achieve the poverty MDG.
10
11. CAADP MODELING
Contribution of agricultural growth to poverty reduction
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
BENIN BURKINA CAPE GAMBIE GHANA GUINEE LIBERIA MALI NIGER NIGERIA SENEGAL TOGO
FASO VERT CONAKRY
Agriculture Non Agriculture sectors
12. CAADP MODELING
Long term contributions (=> 2015) of 1% agricultural growth to
increases of agricultural GDP and poverty reduction
450 35
400
Ag GDP (Millions US$)
30
Poverty reduction (%)
350
25
300
250 20
200 15
150
10
100
5
50
0 0
Benin Burkina Cape Verde The Gambia Ghana Guinea Liberia Mali Niger Senegal Togo
Faso
Growth in Agricultural GDP Reduction in national poverty rate
13. CAADP MODELING
Strategic ag sub sectors for ag growth and poverty reduction
BENIN Food crops (Roots and Tuber)*
BURKINA FASO Cattle and Sorghum/millet
CAPE VERDE Food crops
GAMBIA Cereals (millet/Sorghum)* and livestock
GHANA Root crops and fisheries
GUINEA Rice
LIBERIA Food crops
MALI Food crops (Rice; Millet/Sorghum)*
NIGER Livestock
NIGERIA Cassava, Rice
SENEGAL Livestock and food crops (millet/sorghum; Rice)*
SIERRA LEONE Cassava
TOGO Food crops
* For countries where a disaggregated SAM did not exist, results were taken from the IFPRI multi-market model
14. CAADP MODELING
Expected agricultural growth rate by 2015* under
different scenarios
16.0 16.0
14.0 14.0
12.0 12.0
10.0 10.0
8.0 8.0
6.0 6.0
4.0 4.0
2.0 2.0
0.0 0.0
er
ia
e
a
l
na
ria
go
n
e
a
i
so
ga
al
rd
ne
on
ni
bi
er
g
To
M
Fa
ha
be
Be
ne
am
Ve
Ni
g
Le
ui
Ni
G
Li
Se
G
na
G
pe
ra
i
rk
er
Ca
Bu
Si
bau national strategies CAADP
*For Nigeria, the time horizon was extended to 2017 when the country is expected to halve the poverty rate compared to its 1996 level.
15. CAADP MODELING
Expected poverty reduction by 2015 under different scenarios
bau national strategies CAADP MDG1
40.0
20.0
0.0
-20.0
-40.0
-60.0
-80.0
-100.0
go
so
n
er
i
a
na
a
ia
al
ia
e
e
al
ni
bi
ne
rd
on
g
er
g
er
M
Fa
To
ha
Be
am
ne
Ni
Ve
ui
b
g
Le
G
Li
Ni
na
Se
G
G
pe
ra
ki
er
Ca
r
Bu
Si
16. CAADP MODELING
Current share of agricultural spending Required agricultural funding
in total spending (%) growth rate to achieve 6 %
agricultural growth (CAADP)
16
18. CAADP M&E Framework
• Request from AU/NEPAD addressed to ReSAKSS
• Validation of the Framework March 2010
• SMART: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic
and Timely
• Main Questions addressed:
– What are the projected impacts if policies and
investments proceed as currently planned?
– Have expectations in terms of achieving the growth and
poverty- and hunger-reduction targets been met so far?
18
19. CAADP M&E Framework
• Main Questions addressed:
– What factors have shaped the level of impact that has
been achieved?
– Are these projected impacts compatible with the growth
and poverty- and hunger-reduction goals?
– Could greater or better distributed outcomes and impacts
be obtained by reconfiguring the policies and investment
portfolio?
– What are the different policies and types of investments
that can lead to greater and more sustainable growth as
well as greater and better distributed outcomes and
impacts?
– Etc.
19
20. CAADP M&E Framework
• ENABLING ENVIRONMENT
• CAADP COUNTRY IMPLEMENTATION
PROCESS
• COMMITMENTS AND FINANCING
• AGRICULTURAL SECTOR PERFORMANCE
• CAADP GOALS/MDG1
20
21. CAADP M&E Framework
• ENABLING ENVIRONMENT
– POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC GOVERNANCE
– POLICIES FOR PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT
• CAADP COUNTRY IMPLEMENTATION
PROCESS
– STAGE IN COUNTRY ROUNDTABLE PROCESS AND
QUALITY OF PARTICIPATION
21
22. CAADP M&E Framework
• COMMITMENTS AND FINANCING
– DONOR COMMITMENTS AND DISBURSEMENTS
– GOVERNMENT SPENDING AND INVESTMENT IN
AGRICULTURE
– PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENTS
22
23. CAADP M&E Framework
• AGRICULTURAL SECTOR PERFORMANCE
– CAPACITY
– AGRICULTURAL GROWTH AND SOURCES OF
GROWTH
– AGRICULTURAL TRADE
• CAADP GOALS/MDG1
– POVERTY
– HUNGER AND FOOD AND NUTRITION SECURITY
23
24. FIRST CAADP M&E REPORT
• NO OR LIMITED PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION
• CHALLENGES:
• ACCESS TO DATA
• DATA QUALITY
• CONTINUITY
• DATA FORMAT COMPATIBILITY
• SUSTAINABILITY
24
25. FIRST CAADP M&E REPORT
• TEAM: CORE COUNTRY ACTORS
– Planning and statistics unit of MINAGRI (PSU) as coordinator
– National Institute of Statistics (poverty unit, national
accounting unit)
– Budget unit in Ministries of Finance
– Professional think tanks
– Market information systems
– M&E units in other relevant ministries such as livestock,
environment, fisheries, trade, etc
– NARS including Universities
– Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRSP) unit
25
26. FIRST CAADP M&E REPORT
• TEAM: REGIONAL
– ReSAKSS WA EXPERTS
– LEAD EXPERTS FOR EACH COMPONENT:
• FUNDING,
• MACRO PERFORMANCE,
• AGRICULTURAL PERFORMANCE,
• LIVELIHOODS
26
27. FIRST CAADP M&E REPORT
• ACTIVITIES: REGIONAL
– Drafting of terms of reference: list and specification of
indicators, rationale, definitions, computation, sources
and links to policy targets; profile of collaborators
– Methodology workshops , quality review, technical
backstopping
– Regional synthesis of each component by ReSAKSS in
collaboration with lead experts
– Regional validation and dissemination workshop
– Finalization of regional trends and outlook report
27
28. FIRST CAADP M&E REPORT
• ACTIVITIES AT NATIONAL LEVEL
– PSU as coordinator develops operational plan and monitors
execution
– Data collection and analysis by different subgroups following
the components
– Subgroup reports submitted to the planning unit with data
sheets as annexes
– Planning unit consolidates subgroup reports and submits to
ReSAKSS with all data sheets for review
– Technical meetings and national validation workshops
– Finalization of national trends and outlook report
28
29. FIRST CAADP M&E REPORT
• Evolution of public agricultural expenditure (in million of $ US in 2008)
4096
2048 Bénin
1024 Burkina Faso
512 Cote d'Ivoire
256
Gambia
128
Ghana
64
Liberia
32
Mali
16
Niger
8
Nigeria
4
Sénégal
2
1 Sierra Leone
1993
2003
1990
1991
1992
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Togo
29
30. FIRST CAADP M&E REPORT
• Evolution of the agriculture share in the total public expenditure
0.5
Burkina Faso
0.45
Cote d'Ivoire
0.4
Gambie
0.35 Ghana
0.3 Liberia
Mali
0.25
Niger
0.2
Nigeria
0.15
Sénégal
0.1
Sierra Leone
0.05 Togo
0 Cible
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
30
31. FIRST CAADP M&E REPORT
MAPUTO DECLARATION MONITORING
30.0%
25.0%
20.0%
15.0%
10.0%
5.0%
0.0%
go
a
ne
er
a
nin
ria
l
ire
ali
ia
ga
o
bi
an
as
er
To
g
eo
M
ge
vo
ne
Be
m
Ni
Gh
aF
Lib
aL
Ga
Ni
d'I
Se
in
rr
te
rk
Sie
Cô
Bu
Mea n 2000-2004 Mea n 2005-2008 Ta rget
32. FIRST CAADP M&E REPORT
• Breakdown of agricultural expenditure by economic use (average 2003-2007)
120%
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Burkina Niger Mali Sénégal Nigeria Bénin Ghana Côte Togo
Faso d'Ivoire
Investment Recurrent
32
33. FIRST CAADP M&E REPORT
• Breakdown of agricultural expenditure by source of funding (average 2003-2007
120%
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Niger Burkina Mali Togo Bénin Sénégal Côte Ghana
Faso d'Ivoire
Sha re of i nterna l res ources Sha re of externa l Res ources
33
34. FIRST CAADP M&E REPORT
• Distribution of agricultural expenditure by type (average 2004-2008)
100%
8.7
90% 17.7
17.5 0.0
80%
14.1 46.2
70% 56.1
64.6
6.5 Non desagregé
22.7 0.0
60% Autres
0.9 Intrants et equipements
50%
Vulgarisation
13.5
40% 7.8 Recherche et developpement
1.6 Irrigation
30% 12.0 12.7 61.7
53.0 Admistration
20%
33.9
21.9 24.8
10%
0% 2.1
Ghana Benin Togo Burkina Faso Mali
34
35. FIRST CAADP M&E REPORT
• Agricultural growth in 2008 and 2003-2007
20.0%
15.0%
10.0%
5.0%
0.0%
go
e
a
r
nin
a
ria
l
ne
ali
ea
ire
ria
ga
o
ge
au
rd
an
bi
as
To
M
eo
in
ge
e
ne
vo
Be
Ve
m
Ni
ss
Gh
Lib
aF
Gu
-5.0%
aL
Ga
Ni
Bi
d'I
Se
pe
in
rr
ea
te
Ca
rk
Sie
in
Cô
Bu
Gu
-10.0%
2008 2003-2007 Ta rget
35
36. FIRST CAADP M&E REPORT
• Contribution of different sub sectors in ag growth in 2008
100%
80%
60%
40% Peche, foresterie
Elevage
20% Production végétale
0%
Benin Burkina Faso Côte d'Ivoire Niger Nigeria Senegal Togo
-20%
-40%
36
37. FIRST CAADP M&E REPORT
• Distribution of agricultural exports by country 2000-2007
1.5% 0.6%
0.1% 0.1%
2.9% 1.7%
3.3% Côte d'Ivoire
4.2% Ghana
Senegal
5.0%
Mali
Nigeria
7.4% Benin
Burkina Faso
53.2%
Niger
Togo
Guinea
20.0%
Gambia
Cape Verde
37
38. FIRST CAADP M&E REPORT
• Distribution of agricultural exports by product in the region (2000-2005)
1.7% 1.1%
1.3% Cocoa
1.8%
1.8%
2.7% Cotton
5.6% Wood and Timber
Fish and other aquatic
Products
Coffe
11.3% 42.5%
Cashew Nut
Live Animals
Banana
Tobacco and Derivates
15.0%
Palm Oil
38
39. FIRST CAADP M&E REPORT
• Structure of food imports (2003-2007)
3%
5%
Rice
6% 22%
Wheat
Fish
7%
Milk Products
Edible Oils
Sugar and sweets
11%
Derivatives from Cereals and Milk
17%
Meat
13%
39
40. FIRST CAADP M&E REPORT
• Evolution of the agricultural trade balance
400%
350%
300%
250%
200%
150%
100%
50%
0%
e
go
r
na
pe ia
n
ria
l
as
re
i
ea
ga
so
ge
al
rd
ni
b
To
ow
oi
Bu Gha
M
in
ge
ne
Fa
Ve
Be
m
Ni
Iv
Gu
Ga
Ni
Ec
Se
a
d'
in
te
Ca
rk
Cô
2003-2007 2008 Ta rget
40
41. FIRST CAADP M&E REPORT
• Trend in food trade balance
120.0%
100.0%
80.0%
60.0%
40.0%
20.0%
0.0%
e
go
a
r
pe a
nin
ria
l
re
ali
ea
ga
o
ge
rd
bi
an
as
To
i
M
in
ge
vo
ne
Ve
Be
m
Ni
Gh
aF
Gu
Ga
Ni
d'I
Se
in
te
Ca
rk
Cô
Bu
2003-2007 2008 Ta rget
41
42. FIRST CAADP M&E REPORT
• Changes in Welfare Indicators In West Africa (1990s – 2000s)
40
35
% Increase % Decrease
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
P o verty P er capita GDP P o verty gap Share o f Underweight Stunted Undernourished GHI
Incidence ratio poo rest quintile children Children populatio n
42
43. PROSPECTS
• Second phase of “consolidation and
repositioning of ReSAKSS as the leading
knowledge platform for agricultural policy
planning and implementation in Africa, ... full
operationalization at country level of CAADP
M&E for African agricultural development by
setting up operational country networks..”
• Hand over to REC’s
43