This document summarizes six underappreciated facts about African agriculture and their implications for poverty reduction and agricultural growth strategies. The key facts are that farm sizes are declining rapidly, grain productivity growth will be inadequate, most farmers are net buyers of staple crops, retail food prices are decreasing, supermarkets account for a small portion of food sales, and markets have not truly been liberalized. These facts suggest strategies need to focus on diversification, improving traditional markets, and investing in public goods rather than input subsidies. Reallocating budgets to long-term investments like R&D and reducing policy unpredictability could encourage growth.
EMERGING TRENDS and SCENARIOS for AFRICAN AGRICULTURERUFORUM
1. The document discusses emerging trends in African agriculture, including the "rediscovery" of agriculture's role in development and changes in agricultural structure.
2. It notes trends toward commercialized agriculture linked into agri-food business systems and concerns about food security at household levels.
3. Africa has significant agricultural potential but will need to meet growing global and local food demand while navigating trade agreements and improving logistics to access markets.
This document discusses corruption and good governance in Nigeria and how international business can improve the country. It analyzes Nigeria's high corruption levels according to groups like Transparency International and looks at what deters investment. The document also examines what constitutes good governance, how corruption impacts economies, and Nigeria's potential if it adopted anti-corruption and transparency policies to attract more foreign direct investment.
El documento discute varios factores importantes para mantener la salud, incluyendo el ejercicio físico regular, una nutrición equilibrada, y un estilo de vida saludable. Define la salud como un estado de bienestar físico, mental y social completo, no solo la ausencia de enfermedades. Explica que factores como la nutrición, el medio ambiente, la biología humana y la forma de vida son fundamentales para conservar la salud.
La bitácora describe la primera semana de clases del 13 al 17 de enero de 2014. Durante la semana, los estudiantes participaron en varias actividades grupales para entender mejor la metodología de la institución y la importancia del trabajo en equipo. Los estudiantes también analizaron sus equipos de trabajo del año pasado y eligieron líderes y comités temporales para sus grupos nuevos. La semana concluyó con la organización de los estudiantes en grupos y la elección de líderes y comités para facilitar el trabajo en grupo.
El resumen es el siguiente:
1. Se llevó a cabo una reunión de 5 horas entre el gobernador de Oaxaca, el subsecretario de Gobierno y miembros de la CNTE, pero no hubo acuerdo.
2. Los maestros de la CNTE llevarán las propuestas a consulta con sus bases. Continuarán las negociaciones este jueves.
3. El Defensor de los Derechos Humanos de Oaxaca inició acciones contra los maestros paristas debido a que han violado el derecho a la educación de más de
The document provides an equity market outlook and summaries of recent domestic and global macroeconomic news. It discusses recent performance of key indices in India and expectations for quarterly results from major IT companies. It expresses a positive outlook on private sector banks and muted growth for public sector banks. The summary also mentions recent electricity tariff cuts in Delhi may negatively impact power companies if continued in other states. Recent domestic and global macroeconomic indicators are provided, along with movements in currency and commodity prices.
EMERGING TRENDS and SCENARIOS for AFRICAN AGRICULTURERUFORUM
1. The document discusses emerging trends in African agriculture, including the "rediscovery" of agriculture's role in development and changes in agricultural structure.
2. It notes trends toward commercialized agriculture linked into agri-food business systems and concerns about food security at household levels.
3. Africa has significant agricultural potential but will need to meet growing global and local food demand while navigating trade agreements and improving logistics to access markets.
This document discusses corruption and good governance in Nigeria and how international business can improve the country. It analyzes Nigeria's high corruption levels according to groups like Transparency International and looks at what deters investment. The document also examines what constitutes good governance, how corruption impacts economies, and Nigeria's potential if it adopted anti-corruption and transparency policies to attract more foreign direct investment.
El documento discute varios factores importantes para mantener la salud, incluyendo el ejercicio físico regular, una nutrición equilibrada, y un estilo de vida saludable. Define la salud como un estado de bienestar físico, mental y social completo, no solo la ausencia de enfermedades. Explica que factores como la nutrición, el medio ambiente, la biología humana y la forma de vida son fundamentales para conservar la salud.
La bitácora describe la primera semana de clases del 13 al 17 de enero de 2014. Durante la semana, los estudiantes participaron en varias actividades grupales para entender mejor la metodología de la institución y la importancia del trabajo en equipo. Los estudiantes también analizaron sus equipos de trabajo del año pasado y eligieron líderes y comités temporales para sus grupos nuevos. La semana concluyó con la organización de los estudiantes en grupos y la elección de líderes y comités para facilitar el trabajo en grupo.
El resumen es el siguiente:
1. Se llevó a cabo una reunión de 5 horas entre el gobernador de Oaxaca, el subsecretario de Gobierno y miembros de la CNTE, pero no hubo acuerdo.
2. Los maestros de la CNTE llevarán las propuestas a consulta con sus bases. Continuarán las negociaciones este jueves.
3. El Defensor de los Derechos Humanos de Oaxaca inició acciones contra los maestros paristas debido a que han violado el derecho a la educación de más de
The document provides an equity market outlook and summaries of recent domestic and global macroeconomic news. It discusses recent performance of key indices in India and expectations for quarterly results from major IT companies. It expresses a positive outlook on private sector banks and muted growth for public sector banks. The summary also mentions recent electricity tariff cuts in Delhi may negatively impact power companies if continued in other states. Recent domestic and global macroeconomic indicators are provided, along with movements in currency and commodity prices.
Ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah:
1. Dokumen tersebut berisi 15 soal tes matematika SMP beserta pembahasannya.
2. Soal-soal tersebut meliputi berbagai konsep matematika dasar seperti bilangan bulat, akar, persamaan linear, geometri, statistik dan peluang.
3. Setiap soal dilengkapi dengan indikator kompetensi dan pembahasan singkat.
El documento discute el papel histórico de la mujer en diferentes épocas, incluyendo la prehistoria, la antigüedad, la edad media y la edad moderna. Se describe cómo las mujeres solían estar subordinadas a los hombres y carecían de derechos, aunque con el tiempo han ganado más igualdad e independencia, especialmente a través de los movimientos feministas y de derechos humanos. También se mencionan algunos hitos como las huelgas de mujeres trabajadoras en la revolución industrial y el establecimiento del Día Internacional
Markus and Karina went to the park on Saturday. They enjoyed playing on the swings and sliding down the slide. By the end of the afternoon, Markus and Karina were tired but happy from spending time outside together.
This document summarizes Teresa MacKinnon's work facilitating collaboration across borders through telecollaboration and the INTENT project. It discusses the context of MacKinnon's language center which teaches 8 languages to 3500 students annually. It explains that telecollaboration allows for virtual mobility through participation in technology-enabled networks involving international students and institutions, without actual time spent abroad. The document also reviews several studies on factors important for effective communication, including negotiation of meaning, immediacy, appropriateness, social presence and trust. It concludes by providing MacKinnon's contact information.
The document summarizes the language courses and programs offered through the School of Modern Languages and Cultures at a university. It outlines academic credit courses for undergraduate degrees in 9 languages, as well as lifelong language learning courses. Placement tests are used to determine appropriate course levels. Courses focus on listening, reading, speaking and writing skills to prepare students to use the languages in academic or social settings. Classes are taught by native speakers, and assessment includes exams, portfolios and oral exams.
Mahara is a creative space that allows students to tell their own stories and showcase their work through a narrative approach. The narrative approach forces students to consider their audience and purpose, and gives them autonomy over their presentation. However, it also presents challenges as there is no set model to follow and students must be resourceful in getting support and acquiring new skills. Examples of student work submitted in Mahara demonstrate creation using mixed media, consideration of audience, development of intercultural skills, and increased digital competencies.
The document summarizes six underappreciated facts about African agriculture with implications for poverty reduction and growth strategies: 1) Farm sizes are small and declining, limiting potential for productivity growth through new technologies. 2) Most rural households are net buyers of staples and higher-value diversification is crucial. 3) Retail food prices are declining due to investment in informal markets. 4) Supermarkets account for a small share of food expenditures and traditional markets remain important. 5) Food markets experience policy unpredictability that hinders private investment. 6) Reallocating agricultural budgets toward long-term investments in R&D, extension, and infrastructure could better promote growth than short-term subsidies.
Utilization of Value Chain Analysis in the Livestock Development Sectorcopppldsecretariat
Presentation from the Livestock Inter-Agency Donor Group (IADG) Meeting 2010. 4-5 May 2010 Italy, Rome IFAD Headquarters.
The event involved approximately 45 representatives from the international partner agencies to discuss critical needs for livestock development and research issues for the coming decade.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Agricultural transformation in PNG can be understood from an agri-food system perspective. This involves (1) rising farm productivity to increase food production and consumption for subsistence farmers, (2) linking farmers to local markets so they can sell surpluses to raise incomes and create local jobs, and (3) engaging the rural non-farm economy so farmers and others start businesses that generate demand and incomes across rural areas. Together these steps can help harness urban markets where urban consumer demand drives more value-addition of agricultural products and diversification opportunities. Currently, PNG's industry and service sectors have contributed more to economic growth than agriculture, but slow agricultural output growth suggests little improvement in rural welfare. Analyzing the full ag
The future of agriculture in africa - oct19 workshop updated v.3 B.ThierryBenoît THIERRY
prospective presentation 2020-2030-2050 about transformation of agriculture in africa - challenges and opportunities - climate chane - demography - economy
This presentation discusses the evolution of developing country agriculture from the "Green Revolution" period to the emerging use of the "Gene Revolution" technologies.
Implications of Price and Production Shocks on Food Security in Ethiopia: A G...guest9970726
The document summarizes the results of a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model analysis of the implications of price and production shocks on food security in Ethiopia. The model simulates the impact of drought-induced crop failures and livestock losses. It finds that while local household incomes fall significantly, national impacts are small due to Ethiopia's diverse agriculture and integrated markets absorbing supply changes. Isolated local shocks primarily impact the local area.
This document summarizes staple food prices and consumption patterns in Mozambique. It finds that the major staple foods in Mozambique are cassava, maize, and rice. However, there are large regional differences, with cassava dominating in the north and maize more important in the central and southern regions. The document analyzes price data for these staples from different regions of Mozambique and finds seasonal price fluctuations that differ between the north and south. Production of staples is dominated by small-scale farmers, and the country relies on imports for some staples like wheat.
The rise of medium-scale farms in Africa: Causes and consequences of changing...Francois Stepman
1. Farm size distributions are rapidly changing in Africa, with the number of smallholder farms growing slowly while medium-scale farms between 10-100 hectares are growing quickly, now making up over 40% of farms.
2. Medium-scale farmers are increasingly urban-educated investors using non-farm income to acquire land, aided by rising land and food prices.
3. This is driven by population growth reducing average land sizes combined with speculators and youth seeking alternative livelihoods, straining customary land inheritance systems.
The document summarizes a desk review of Zambia's groundnut value chain. It finds that while groundnut production and area planted have increased since 2007, yields remain low. Exports have declined due to aflatoxin issues and changing tastes. Key challenges include low productivity, aflatoxin control, and limited certified seed. Opportunities lie in favorable growing conditions and high domestic/export demand. Recommendations include breeding/multiplying certified seeds, developing agro-processing, research into technologies/value addition, and addressing high finance costs.
Indian Agrarian Crisis and way forward AID conferenceRamanjaneyulu GV
This document discusses the agrarian crisis facing Indian farmers and proposes ways forward. It summarizes that smallholder farmers face issues like lack of bargaining power, declining land holdings, lack of access to credit and markets, unremunerative prices, and climate issues. This has led to over 270,000 farmer suicides in the past 17 years. Proposed solutions include increasing sustainable farming practices, improving access to credit and insurance, setting fair minimum support prices, reducing input-driven subsidies, and addressing issues of soil degradation and water contamination.
Ringkasan dokumen tersebut adalah:
1. Dokumen tersebut berisi 15 soal tes matematika SMP beserta pembahasannya.
2. Soal-soal tersebut meliputi berbagai konsep matematika dasar seperti bilangan bulat, akar, persamaan linear, geometri, statistik dan peluang.
3. Setiap soal dilengkapi dengan indikator kompetensi dan pembahasan singkat.
El documento discute el papel histórico de la mujer en diferentes épocas, incluyendo la prehistoria, la antigüedad, la edad media y la edad moderna. Se describe cómo las mujeres solían estar subordinadas a los hombres y carecían de derechos, aunque con el tiempo han ganado más igualdad e independencia, especialmente a través de los movimientos feministas y de derechos humanos. También se mencionan algunos hitos como las huelgas de mujeres trabajadoras en la revolución industrial y el establecimiento del Día Internacional
Markus and Karina went to the park on Saturday. They enjoyed playing on the swings and sliding down the slide. By the end of the afternoon, Markus and Karina were tired but happy from spending time outside together.
This document summarizes Teresa MacKinnon's work facilitating collaboration across borders through telecollaboration and the INTENT project. It discusses the context of MacKinnon's language center which teaches 8 languages to 3500 students annually. It explains that telecollaboration allows for virtual mobility through participation in technology-enabled networks involving international students and institutions, without actual time spent abroad. The document also reviews several studies on factors important for effective communication, including negotiation of meaning, immediacy, appropriateness, social presence and trust. It concludes by providing MacKinnon's contact information.
The document summarizes the language courses and programs offered through the School of Modern Languages and Cultures at a university. It outlines academic credit courses for undergraduate degrees in 9 languages, as well as lifelong language learning courses. Placement tests are used to determine appropriate course levels. Courses focus on listening, reading, speaking and writing skills to prepare students to use the languages in academic or social settings. Classes are taught by native speakers, and assessment includes exams, portfolios and oral exams.
Mahara is a creative space that allows students to tell their own stories and showcase their work through a narrative approach. The narrative approach forces students to consider their audience and purpose, and gives them autonomy over their presentation. However, it also presents challenges as there is no set model to follow and students must be resourceful in getting support and acquiring new skills. Examples of student work submitted in Mahara demonstrate creation using mixed media, consideration of audience, development of intercultural skills, and increased digital competencies.
The document summarizes six underappreciated facts about African agriculture with implications for poverty reduction and growth strategies: 1) Farm sizes are small and declining, limiting potential for productivity growth through new technologies. 2) Most rural households are net buyers of staples and higher-value diversification is crucial. 3) Retail food prices are declining due to investment in informal markets. 4) Supermarkets account for a small share of food expenditures and traditional markets remain important. 5) Food markets experience policy unpredictability that hinders private investment. 6) Reallocating agricultural budgets toward long-term investments in R&D, extension, and infrastructure could better promote growth than short-term subsidies.
Utilization of Value Chain Analysis in the Livestock Development Sectorcopppldsecretariat
Presentation from the Livestock Inter-Agency Donor Group (IADG) Meeting 2010. 4-5 May 2010 Italy, Rome IFAD Headquarters.
The event involved approximately 45 representatives from the international partner agencies to discuss critical needs for livestock development and research issues for the coming decade.
[ Originally posted on http://www.cop-ppld.net/cop_knowledge_base ]
Agricultural transformation in PNG can be understood from an agri-food system perspective. This involves (1) rising farm productivity to increase food production and consumption for subsistence farmers, (2) linking farmers to local markets so they can sell surpluses to raise incomes and create local jobs, and (3) engaging the rural non-farm economy so farmers and others start businesses that generate demand and incomes across rural areas. Together these steps can help harness urban markets where urban consumer demand drives more value-addition of agricultural products and diversification opportunities. Currently, PNG's industry and service sectors have contributed more to economic growth than agriculture, but slow agricultural output growth suggests little improvement in rural welfare. Analyzing the full ag
The future of agriculture in africa - oct19 workshop updated v.3 B.ThierryBenoît THIERRY
prospective presentation 2020-2030-2050 about transformation of agriculture in africa - challenges and opportunities - climate chane - demography - economy
This presentation discusses the evolution of developing country agriculture from the "Green Revolution" period to the emerging use of the "Gene Revolution" technologies.
Implications of Price and Production Shocks on Food Security in Ethiopia: A G...guest9970726
The document summarizes the results of a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model analysis of the implications of price and production shocks on food security in Ethiopia. The model simulates the impact of drought-induced crop failures and livestock losses. It finds that while local household incomes fall significantly, national impacts are small due to Ethiopia's diverse agriculture and integrated markets absorbing supply changes. Isolated local shocks primarily impact the local area.
This document summarizes staple food prices and consumption patterns in Mozambique. It finds that the major staple foods in Mozambique are cassava, maize, and rice. However, there are large regional differences, with cassava dominating in the north and maize more important in the central and southern regions. The document analyzes price data for these staples from different regions of Mozambique and finds seasonal price fluctuations that differ between the north and south. Production of staples is dominated by small-scale farmers, and the country relies on imports for some staples like wheat.
The rise of medium-scale farms in Africa: Causes and consequences of changing...Francois Stepman
1. Farm size distributions are rapidly changing in Africa, with the number of smallholder farms growing slowly while medium-scale farms between 10-100 hectares are growing quickly, now making up over 40% of farms.
2. Medium-scale farmers are increasingly urban-educated investors using non-farm income to acquire land, aided by rising land and food prices.
3. This is driven by population growth reducing average land sizes combined with speculators and youth seeking alternative livelihoods, straining customary land inheritance systems.
The document summarizes a desk review of Zambia's groundnut value chain. It finds that while groundnut production and area planted have increased since 2007, yields remain low. Exports have declined due to aflatoxin issues and changing tastes. Key challenges include low productivity, aflatoxin control, and limited certified seed. Opportunities lie in favorable growing conditions and high domestic/export demand. Recommendations include breeding/multiplying certified seeds, developing agro-processing, research into technologies/value addition, and addressing high finance costs.
Indian Agrarian Crisis and way forward AID conferenceRamanjaneyulu GV
This document discusses the agrarian crisis facing Indian farmers and proposes ways forward. It summarizes that smallholder farmers face issues like lack of bargaining power, declining land holdings, lack of access to credit and markets, unremunerative prices, and climate issues. This has led to over 270,000 farmer suicides in the past 17 years. Proposed solutions include increasing sustainable farming practices, improving access to credit and insurance, setting fair minimum support prices, reducing input-driven subsidies, and addressing issues of soil degradation and water contamination.
Jobs and Ethiopia’s agri-food system: Reviewing the evidenceessp2
This document reviews evidence on jobs and Ethiopia's agri-food system. It finds that agriculture remains extremely important for employment in Ethiopia, accounting for over 75% of jobs, though this share is declining slowly. Labor productivity in agriculture is increasing over time but remains low, with larger, more commercial farms showing higher productivity. Hired agricultural wage labor constitutes a small share of total agricultural labor. Wages are increasing in rural areas but remain low internationally. Food processing, trade, and transportation make up sizable shares of non-farm employment in Ethiopia's agri-food system.
Discretionary Policy Interventions in Malawi: An Impact Analysis of Export Ba...IFPRIMaSSP
Jointly with the Ministry of Industry and Trade, IFPRI held a dissemination workshop on "Export Ban and Minimum Farm Gate Prices Study” at Sunbird Capital Hotel on August 24, 2016. The research project was funded by the ASWAP-SP Multi Donor Trust Fund. Three IFPRI researchers presented a summary of the results of the project. A discussion, which involved all the present stakeholders and also remotely participating researchers followed.
This document provides an agricultural development strategy for Thabazimbi Local Municipality in South Africa. It outlines the importance of agriculture to the local and national economy. The strategy was developed to address ongoing challenges in the municipality related to food security, poverty reduction, commercializing small-scale agriculture, access to markets and credit. The strategy proposes interventions in key subsectors like livestock, horticulture, industrial crops and game farming to promote economic and rural development in the region in line with national priorities. It analyzes the agricultural resources, production systems and constraints in the municipality and provides a framework to guide public and private sector support for local agriculture.
This document provides an agricultural development strategy for Thabazimbi Local Municipality in South Africa. It begins with an introduction on the importance of agriculture to the economy and the need for a new strategy. Key points include:
- Agriculture contributes significantly to South Africa's GDP and employment.
- Thabazimbi commissioned a new strategy to promote food security, jobs, income generation, exports and value addition in agriculture.
- The strategy aims to address challenges like unemployment, food insecurity and pressure on social services.
- The strategy will guide efforts to transform subsistence farming into commercial agriculture and agribusiness.
1) Agriculture is key to reducing poverty and hunger in developing regions like Sub-Saharan Africa, where it accounts for two-thirds of employment and one-third of GDP.
2) Past successes like the Green Revolution in Asia doubled food production, saved lives, and helped reduce poverty by nearly 20% in India in just two decades through increased agricultural productivity.
3) Successful agricultural transformation requires policy reforms, investments in research and technology development, and infrastructure like roads and irrigation.
Rural labour markets in transforming agricultural economies the case of ethiopiaessp2
This document summarizes findings from research on rural labor markets and off-farm income in Ethiopia's transforming agricultural economy. Key findings include:
1) Off-farm income makes up 18% of total rural household income, with wage income contributing 10%. Off-farm income is especially important for poorer households.
2) Rural wages have increased by 70% between 2004-2018, driven by agricultural growth. Higher wages provide incentives for mechanization and use of herbicides in agriculture.
3) Wage increases are linked to poverty reduction, as wages and poverty are negatively correlated. Policy implications include supporting skills development and adoption of technologies to maintain Ethiopia's low-wage advantage as wages rise.
Major constraints of wheat production in Africa - A case study of ZambiaCIMMYT
1. Wheat production in Zambia faces major constraints including high production costs, lack of suitable wheat varieties for rainfed areas, price variations, poor infrastructure, and high interest rates on agriculture loans.
2. A study identified the highest challenge as the high cost of wheat production in Zambia, which makes wheat uncompetitive on the international market. Other challenges included limited access to markets and disease-resistant varieties for rainfed conditions.
3. The study recommends measures like reducing taxes on wheat products and equipment, improving infrastructure like roads and storage, increasing funding for research and extension, and lowering interest rates to improve the viability of wheat production in Zambia.
1. Tree-soil-crop interactions in rubber agroforestry systems can be managed at the plot, farm, and landscape levels. At the plot level, a mixed-age stand can be maintained for cash flow while diversifying. At the farm level, credit can cover replanting costs until cash flow is positive. At the landscape level, policy harmonization across forest and agriculture is important.
2. Agroforestry is understood as applying at the plot, landscape, and governance levels, reflecting the interface of agriculture and forestry. It involves tree-soil-crop-livestock interactions as well as interactions between tree cover, livelihoods, and ecosystem services across landscapes.
3. Rubber
The DryDev programme aimed to transform lives and landscapes in dryland areas through sustainable rural development. Over six years, it worked with over 164,000 smallholder farmers across five countries in Africa. Key achievements included rehabilitating over 163,000 hectares of land through watershed management and planting over 4.6 million trees. It also increased food security and incomes by expanding irrigation to over 16,000 hectares, utilizing over 950 water harvesting structures, and promoting climate-smart agricultural practices on over 60,000 hectares.
This document discusses measuring biodiversity on farmland. It notes that 60% of ecosystem services have been impaired and over 20% of global agricultural land is degraded. Assessing farmland biodiversity is challenging due to high spatial variability. Protocols for landscape-scale assessment include measuring land cover, trees, birds, and modeling remote sensing data with ground calibration. Optional protocols examine linear tree features, pollinators, natural enemies, and soil organisms. A farmland biodiversity score is proposed that weighs biomass, spectral diversity, neighborhood effects, and slope/proximity to water.
How can we overcome obstacles and mobilize investments for successful, sustai...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document discusses funding gaps and principles for successful financing of nature-based solutions (NBS) such as land restoration projects in Africa. It notes that while the Bonn Challenge and New York declaration on Forests call for $350 billion and $830 billion respectively for restoration, actual funding leaves large gaps. It advocates for bridging these gaps through public-private partnerships and prioritizing long-term sustainability over short-term profits. Six principles are outlined for financing NBS, including ensuring social and environmental safeguards, monitoring impacts, and directing funds toward low-carbon development in developing countries. The Regreening Africa program addresses livelihoods, biodiversity and climate change through land restoration projects across eight African nations.
Forest and agroforesty options for building resilience in refugee situations:...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
Humanitarian Networks and Partnerships Week (HNPW) 2020
Climate Crisis Inter-Network
"Fit for Purpose? Current Tools and Approaches to Mitigate Climate Risks in Humanitarian Settings"
HLPE 2019. Agroecological and other innovative approaches for sustainable agriculture and food systems that enhance food security and nutrition. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome
Agroforestry systems for restoration in Brazil: reconciling social and ecolo...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This document discusses agroforestry systems for environmental restoration in Brazil that balance social and ecological functions. It outlines that agroforestry can: (1) maintain ecosystem structure/functions like biodiversity and soil quality while providing social/economic functions for family farms; (2) perform restoration in an economically feasible way by including people and accelerating natural succession; and (3) improve livelihoods through appropriate management. However, balancing trade-offs between social/environmental benefits and costs is challenging. The document then provides examples of agroforestry systems for restoration in Brazil and their costs, benefits for climate change adaptation/mitigation, food security, and carbon storage potential.
This document discusses the vulnerability of forest-dependent people and forests to climate change. It notes that over 1 billion people depend on forests for their livelihoods, while 1 billion hectares of land are under agroforestry worldwide. Climate change poses direct risks like increased temperatures and wildfires, and indirect risks through impacts on species and ecosystems. Potential transition issues from policies like REDD+ could negatively impact land and tree rights of indigenous groups. The document argues that comprehensive vulnerability assessments are needed using qualitative and quantitative methods to understand all vulnerabilities, include stakeholders, and identify good practices to address risks to forests and forest-dependent communities from climate change.
An increasing multitude of insect pests and pathogens is targeting indigenous trees of natural forests, agroforestry systems, and exotic trees in planted forests in Africa. This is raising major concerns for a continent already challenged by adaptations to climate change, as it threatens a vital resource for food security of rural communities, economic growth, and ecosystem conservation. The accidental introduction through trade of non‐native species in particular is accelerating, and it adds to the damage to tree‐based landscapes by native pests and diseases. Old‐time and new invaders heavily impact planted forests of exotic eucalypts, pines, and acacias, and are spreading quickly across African regions. But many non‐native pathogens are recently found affecting important indigenous trees.
Species distribution modelling is being used to map the habitats of over 150 priority African plant species. More advanced modelling methods are being used to reduce bias, including spatial folding and thinning. Presence observations from across Africa are being used to calibrate provisional distribution models for individual species in countries like Ethiopia. The results will then be verified by botanists and combined with vegetation mapping data.
Not all roads lead to Rome: Inclusive business models and responsible finance...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
The document discusses approaches to achieving sustainable cocoa production in Ghana by 2020. It identifies several challenges in the cocoa sector including low productivity, rural poverty, and deforestation. It analyzes different stakeholder approaches and finds they mainly focus on increased productivity, while social and environmental issues are addressed less. Inclusive business models include many smallholder farmers but benefits are not always equitable. Responsible finance from impact investors and social lenders has potential to leverage more equitable models and landscape restoration, but investments have not been well adapted for cocoa sectors. A "multi-chain approach" is proposed to better leverage finance through a portfolio of value chains at the landscape level.
Decent work and economic growth: Potential impacts of SDG 8 on forests and fo...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
This paper assesses the potential impact of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 8 on forests and forest-dependent people. The concepts of decent work and economic growth are put in the context of predominant development theories and paradigms (modernization, economic growth, basic needs, sustainable development) which shape the agendas of governments, private sector, civil society, and investors. These stakeholders pursue different goals and interests, with uneven prioritization of SDG 8 targets and mixed impacts on forests and livelihoods.
Forest conservation and socio-economic benefits through community forest conc...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
With an extension of 2.1 million ha, the Maya Biosphere Reserve (MBR) in Petén, Guatemala is the largest protected area in Central America. To reconcile forest conservation and socio-economic development, community forest concessions were created in its Multiple Use Zone (MUZ) in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Operated by a community forest enterprise (CFE), and with a cycle of 25 years, the concessions grant usufruct rights to local communities on an area of about 400,000 ha. Currently, nine concessions are active, while the contracts of two concessions were cancelled and the management plan of another suspended.
Sustainable land management for improved livelihoods and environmental sustai...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
A healthy viable multifunctional landscape has the capability of supporting sustainable agricultural productivity, providing agroforestry and forest products (timber, fuel wood, fruits, medicine, fertilizer, gum etc.) for the sustenance of mankind while providing other environmental services. However these products are increasingly becoming unavailable due to declining soil fertility, climatic extremes, and high costs of inputs. Identifying low-cost, sustainable ways to attain food security and sustainable environment for millions of smallholder farmers in Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) remains a major developmental challenge.
Rangelands are more than just grass but rather complex and biodiverse ecosystems. Covering nearly half the world’s land area, they are in need of restoration and sustainable management.
The document discusses several projects aimed at improving agricultural outcomes through agroforestry. It describes a project in Uganda that introduced fodder shrubs to improve milk yields, which increased yields significantly. It is now scaling this approach in Kenya and Malawi through farmer cooperatives. Another project aims to better understand farmers' livelihood aspirations to customize technologies to their goals. A final project focuses on improving diets and health through diversifying crops and developing new food value chains. The document emphasizes the need for meaningful diagnosis, strong intervention design, credible evidence gathering, and efficient delivery to accelerate research impact on poverty, food insecurity, and environmental issues.
1) The document discusses watershed development projects in India, focusing on the state of Uttar Pradesh. It outlines the history and increasing scale of watershed programs in India over time from the 1960s to present.
2) Key data presented includes groundwater usage increasing dramatically from 25 km3 in 1960 to 250-300 km3 in 2009, and the number of bore wells increasing from 1 million to 20 million over the same period. Watershed programs have led to increased benefit-cost ratios, rates of return, and agricultural incomes.
3) The document then focuses on the Doubling Farmers' Income project targeting watershed interventions across several districts in Bundelkhand region of UP. It outlines strategies
NRM Innovations for Risk Management and Agricultural Transformation in Semiar...World Agroforestry (ICRAF)
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2. Underappreciated Facts about
African Agriculture:
Implications for Poverty Reduction and
Agricultural Growth Strategies
T.S Jayne
with colleagues at Michigan State University
ICRAF / Nairobi
March 20, 2007
3. Major development strategies
in retrospect, 1960-2000
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
“Big push” Integrated rural Structural adjustment;
capital-intensive development liberalization ??
investment
Community-
Community-driven empowerment
development
Untied
budget
support
4. Current thinking on “strategy”
Emerging coalition for “big push” agricultural
strategy
• e.g., Sachs, Sanchez,…maybe Gates?
Strong consensus about need for greater
investment in public goods (infrastructure,
crop science) and certain policy reforms
Major debate with regard to what constitutes
the right “enabling environment”
• Food price support/stabilization
• Input subsidies
5. Many of these debates can be informed
by a solid empirical understanding of
how rural economies work
6. Organization of presentation:
1. Underappreciated “empirical regularities”
of small farm agriculture in Africa
2. Discuss the implications of these findings
for current policy debates
7. Six underappreciated aspects
about African agriculture:
1. Farm sizes are declining Huge land disparities
rural population is hardly growing new
demands on food marketing systems
2. Given plausible assumptions about productivity
growth possibilities, grain productivity growth will be
inadequate to kick-start growth in most of the
region diversification into higher-return activities
will be crucial
3. Most farmers in the region are buyers of staple
food directly hurt by higher grain prices
4. Retail food prices are trending downward in most of
the region
8. Six underappreciated aspects
about African agriculture:
5. Supermarkets account for less than 4% of
urban food expenditures in almost all
African countries. Even with major growth
in supermarket volume, investments in
traditional marketing channels will remain
much more important for small farmer and
consumer welfare
6. “Market liberalization” -- inaccurate
description of situation in E&S Africa
9. Fact #1
• Emerging land pressures are
generating fundamental challenges
for poverty reduction and investment
strategies
10. Cultivated land per agricultural
person (hectares)
1960-69 1970-79 1980-89 1990-99
Ethiopia 0.508 0.450 0.363 0.252
Kenya 0.459 0.350 0.280 0.229
Mozambique 0.389 0.367 0.298 0.249
Rwanda 0.215 0.211 0.197 0.161
Zambia 1.367 1.073 0.896 0.779
Zimbabwe 0.726 0.664 0.583 0.525
Source: FAOStat website: Source: FAO Stat database: www.faostat.fao.org/
11. Farm size distribution:
Small farm sector
hectares 7
6
5
4 bottom 25%
2nd
3 3rd
2 top 25%
1
0
Ken Eth Rwa Moz Zam
12. Characteristics of smallholder farmers,
Zambia 1999/00
N= Farm Asset Gr. Rev., Gr. Rev., Total hh
size values maize sales crop sales income
(ha) (US$) (US$) (US$) (US$)
Top 50% of
maize sales 23,680 6.0 1,558 690 823 2,282
(2%)
Rest of
maize 234,988 3.9 541 74 135 514
sellers (23%)
Households
not selling 762,566 2.8 373 0 36 291
maize (75%)
14. Share of Urban population in total
population, 1968 and 1998
15. More than 50% of Africa’s population will
be urban by 2015.
– 2000: 10 farm households feed 7 non-farm
households
– 2020: 10 farm households feed 16 non-farm
households
Upshot: urban demand for food is rising
rapidly
16. Are imported wheat and rice crowding out
domestically-produced grain?
• 3.6% annual growth in cereal imports
• Of total grain imports by African countries,
only 5% is produced by African farmers
• Growth in urban demand is being met
mainly by imported rice and wheat
18. Fact #2
Given plausible assumptions about
new technology development, farm
sizes are too small for grain-based
productivity growth to lift most rural
households out of poverty
Hence, diversification into higher-
return activities will be crucial
This transition is already occurring
19. Role of maize in small farm incomes is
declining (share of gross sales revenue)
Other
Non-food Animal
grains/ Fruits -
Maize cash
beans/ veges products
crops
oilseeds
Kenya 13.3 7.9 34.0 14.7 26.7
Malawi 32.3 11.8 44.9 na na
Mozam 13.8 9.3 16.9 30.4 23.4
Zambia 28.2 7.7 16.7 27.5 14.7
20. Fact #3
Most rural farm households are buyers of
maize (or net buyers)
21. Smallholder Households’ Position
in the Maize Market
60
50
percent
40
sell only
30 buy only
both
20 neither
10
0
Mozambique Zambia Kenya
22. Fact #3
Most rural farm households are buyers of
maize (or net buyers)
2% of households account for 50% of
marketed grain surplus
Crop price supports:
• highly concentrated benefits
• anti-poor
• Most likely impede small farm diversification
into higher-valued activities
27. Fact #4
• Retail maize meal prices are trending
downward
• Why?
– Food market reform has encouraged rapid
investment in informal, small-scale milling
and trading networks
– The informal channel exerts competitive
pressure on commercial millers/retailers
– Exception: South Africa
28. 4000
Phase 1 Phase II Phase III
constant 2000 rand per metric ton
3000
2000
1000
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
producer maize
wholesale maize
retail maize meal
29. Fact #5
The performance of “traditional” food
systems will remain a much more
important determinant of farmer welfare
and consumer food security than
“supermarkets”
Hence, focus investment priorities on
improving the performance of traditional
food marketing systems
– linking traditional with new agribusiness
systems
31. Even with 20% annual growth of
supermarkets, in relatively progressive
Kenya, in 10 years, the supermarket
share will be:
12.4% market share in 2016.
32. Fact #6
Major misunderstanding of the staple
food and input market policy
environment
• “liberalization” – a misnomer
• marketing boards continue to pay major
role in food and input markets
• Handle 25-60% of marketed maize in Zambia,
Kenya, Malawi, Zimbabwe
• policy uncertainty
33. Sources of Policy Unpredictability
• Export bans, import quotas (year to year & within year)
• Uncertainty over changes in import tariff rates
• When and where will marketing boards enter the
market
– current example: Zambia 2006
• Prices at which the MBs buy and sell
unpredictable
• Farmer & trader inventory carrying risks are high
• All of these sources of unpredictability impede
private traders’ servicing small farmers’ needs
34.
35. Sources of Policy Unpredictability
• Why does it matter how we characterize
the market environment over past 15
years?
• It matters a great deal
36. African Countries - % Growth in Cereal
Production between 1985 and 2005
80
61.7
% growth in production
60
39
40
Sub-Saharan Africa
20
4 Kenya
0 -3 Malawi
Zambia
-20
Zimbabwe
-40
-60 -62
-80
37. African Countries - % Growth in Cereal
Production between 1985 and 2005
157
160
% growth in production
140
120 111
100 Sub-Saharan Africa
78 Mali
80
61.7 Mozambique
60 Uganda
40
20
0
38. Where from here?
Implications of:
• > 50% of rural farm households have < 1
hectare and are extremely poor
• > 50% of rural farm households are net
buyers of staple food
• Massive rural-to-urban migration: massive
under-employment
• but lacking the human capital to contribute
productively to society
39. Much research evidence documents high
returns to investment in
1. R & D: (Alston, Grilliches, Mellor)
2. Education: turns information into knowledge
(Johnston)
3. Extension systems: farm management
(Evenson)
4. Infrastructure: road, rail, port, communications
(Antle)
5. Investments in health and addressing HIV/AIDS
(Binswanger)
40. Budget allocation to Agricultural Sector in
Zambia: ZMK465 million in 2005
Infrastructure
2%
Irrigation Development
3% Personnel Emoluments
Food Security Pack & 20%
EDRP
12%
Food Reserve Agency
Operational funds
Maize Marketing
11%
15%
Fertilizer Support Program
37%
41. Total Assets Landholding
Zambia Income size
‘000 kwacha per ha per capita
Fertilizer source: capita
Households not acquiring 266 173 .15
fertilizer:
Cash purchases from private 774 342 .20
retailers:
Government Fertilizer Support 804 425 .23
Program (50% subsidy)
42. Political economy of public resource allocation
Donor
budget support
Government budget
•Long-term productive investments: • Fertilizer subsidies,
R&D, extension, irrigation, etc. • marketing board price supports,
• land bills, food aid
• Immediate political payoffs;
• High social payoffs
• Visible support to constituencies
• But payoffs come 5-20 later
• contribution to sustained growth /
• Critical for sustained poverty reduction
poverty reduction is unclear
43. Spending 70% of agricultural budget on
input/output subsidies is most likely a
regressive mis-use of budget resources
with questionable long-term payoffs
Opportunity costs
44. As massive as the poverty problems are
now, they will be much greater unless
budgets are re-allocated sooner or later to
investments that will make the economy
productive in the long-term:
– Population growth w/o productivity growth
civil strife
– Not a viable option to have more and more
“failed states” in Africa
45. Major Challenge:
how best to encourage governments
to reallocate public budgets toward
crucial investments with long-term
payoffs instead of investments with
short-term payoffs with limited impact
on L.T. development?
Future of ‘untied’ budget support?
46. Farmer groups
Organizing small farmers into viable groups
will be crucial for poverty reduction and
agricultural growth
Millions of remote farms < 1 hectare have
major problems with access to
• credit and inputs
• extension services, soil testing
• market outlets
Reducing the transaction costs of linking
small farms to markets and services will
require aggregating farm units into groups
47. Getting Markets Right:
What does this mean?
• Not getting government out of markets
• Changing the role of government from direct
intervention to supportive investments to
make markets work
– Public goods investment
– Support development of farmer organizations
– Create “stable” policy environment: Clear, rule-
based public operations in markets
– Commodity risk management tools (e.g.
warehouse receipt systems)
– Greater transparency and consultation needed
between private and public sectors
48. Policy response (cont.)
• Lobby forcefully for more level playing
field in international trade
– OECD support for Africa: $50 bill./yr
– OECD ag. subsidies: $350 bill./yr
– Reassess developed country policy of
dumping free food in Africa under guise
of “food for development”