International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Hydrological Application of Remote – Sensing and GIS for Handling of Excess R...IDES Editor
A GIS based hydrological analysis has been carried
out to explore the possibility of diverting storm runoff
generated from the upper catchment safely through a canal
system constructed at the foothill to avoid flooding at
downstream. The study area consisted of Kalapahar-Udyachal
hills (5.38 km sq) in the Kahilipara- Odalbakra area, situated
in the city of Guwahati, Assam. The Digital Elevation Model
(DEM) of the study area was developed from the Survey of
India(SOI) toposheet (1972) using Arcgis software. Watershed
delineation and derivation of required topographic parameters
for for calculating the peak discharge from different
watersheds were done with the help of the generated DEM.
Based on the hydrological analysis, means of safe diversion
of runoff water from hillocks was found out and canal
design of varying geometry capable of handling the peak
discharge suggested.
Flood frequency analysis of river kosi, uttarakhand, india using statistical ...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the present study, flood frequency analysis has been applied for river Kosi in Uttarakhand. The river Kosi is an important tributary of Ganga river system, which arising from Koshimool near Kausani, Almora district flows on the western side of the study area and to meet at Ramganga River. The annual flood series analysis has been carried out to estimate the flood quantiles at different return period at Kosi barrage site of river Kosi. The statistical approach provided a significant advantage of estimation of flood at any sites in the homogenous region with very less or no data. In the at –site analysis of annual flood series the Normal, Log normal, Pearson type III, Log Pearson type III, Gumbel and Log Gumbel distribution were applied using method of moments . From the analysis of different goodness of fit tests, it has been found that the Log Gumbel distribution with method of moment as parameters estimation found to be the best-fit distribution for Kosi River and other sites in the region. It is recommended that the regional parameters for Kosi Basin may be used only for primary estimation of flood and should be reviewed when more regional data available. Keywords: Flood Frequency Analysis, River Kosi, Annual Peak Flood discharge, Return Period, Goodness of fit Test.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A rainfall-runoff model for Chew and Kinder Reservoirs, Peak District; utilising the Flood Studies Report to find whether the dams at Chew and Kinder could withstand a 1-in-10,000 year storm (UK recommended safety limit)
Grade: 91%
Using Computer-simulated hydrological model (SWAT) to estimate the ground-wat...Dhiraj Jhunjhunwala
This work is the result of a project-based course, Water Resources Engineering. The project is about the estimation of ground-water recharge due to rainfall in a US-based watershed. The semi-distributed hydrological model(SWAT) has been used to simulate the monthly input and output sub-basin-wise streamflow values,which have been used to compute the total infiltration. The results have been depicted in th form of various monthy and yearly infilration values
Hydrological Application of Remote – Sensing and GIS for Handling of Excess R...IDES Editor
A GIS based hydrological analysis has been carried
out to explore the possibility of diverting storm runoff
generated from the upper catchment safely through a canal
system constructed at the foothill to avoid flooding at
downstream. The study area consisted of Kalapahar-Udyachal
hills (5.38 km sq) in the Kahilipara- Odalbakra area, situated
in the city of Guwahati, Assam. The Digital Elevation Model
(DEM) of the study area was developed from the Survey of
India(SOI) toposheet (1972) using Arcgis software. Watershed
delineation and derivation of required topographic parameters
for for calculating the peak discharge from different
watersheds were done with the help of the generated DEM.
Based on the hydrological analysis, means of safe diversion
of runoff water from hillocks was found out and canal
design of varying geometry capable of handling the peak
discharge suggested.
Flood frequency analysis of river kosi, uttarakhand, india using statistical ...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the present study, flood frequency analysis has been applied for river Kosi in Uttarakhand. The river Kosi is an important tributary of Ganga river system, which arising from Koshimool near Kausani, Almora district flows on the western side of the study area and to meet at Ramganga River. The annual flood series analysis has been carried out to estimate the flood quantiles at different return period at Kosi barrage site of river Kosi. The statistical approach provided a significant advantage of estimation of flood at any sites in the homogenous region with very less or no data. In the at –site analysis of annual flood series the Normal, Log normal, Pearson type III, Log Pearson type III, Gumbel and Log Gumbel distribution were applied using method of moments . From the analysis of different goodness of fit tests, it has been found that the Log Gumbel distribution with method of moment as parameters estimation found to be the best-fit distribution for Kosi River and other sites in the region. It is recommended that the regional parameters for Kosi Basin may be used only for primary estimation of flood and should be reviewed when more regional data available. Keywords: Flood Frequency Analysis, River Kosi, Annual Peak Flood discharge, Return Period, Goodness of fit Test.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A rainfall-runoff model for Chew and Kinder Reservoirs, Peak District; utilising the Flood Studies Report to find whether the dams at Chew and Kinder could withstand a 1-in-10,000 year storm (UK recommended safety limit)
Grade: 91%
Using Computer-simulated hydrological model (SWAT) to estimate the ground-wat...Dhiraj Jhunjhunwala
This work is the result of a project-based course, Water Resources Engineering. The project is about the estimation of ground-water recharge due to rainfall in a US-based watershed. The semi-distributed hydrological model(SWAT) has been used to simulate the monthly input and output sub-basin-wise streamflow values,which have been used to compute the total infiltration. The results have been depicted in th form of various monthy and yearly infilration values
Derivation Of Intensity Duration Frequency Curves Using Short Duration Rainfa...Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez
The estimation of rainfall intensity is commonly required for the design of hydraulic and water resources engineering control structures. The intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) relationship is a mathematical relationship between the rainfall intensity, the duration and the return period. The present study aimed the derivation of IDF curves of Yermarus Raingauge Station of Raichur District with 19 years of rainfall data (1998 to 2016). The Normal Distribution, Log Normal Distribution, Gumbel distribution, Pearson Type III Distribution and Log Pearsons Type III Distribution techniques are used to Find the rainfall intensity values of 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, 720, 1440 minutes of rainfall duration with different return period. Chi Square test was conducted to find the goodness of fit the short duration IDF using daily rainfall data are presented, which is input for water resources projects.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Workshop on Storm Water Modeling ApproachesM. Damon Weiss
The attached presentation was prepared by Pennoni Associates and Michael Baker Corporation to the Pittsburgh Parks Conservancy and members of the Pennsylvania Environmental Council Green Infrastructure Network. The presentation discussed various watershed modeling techniques for regional, watershed and local projects, as well as an overview of the different tools that engineers use to create these models.
A study confined to the lower tapi basin in Gujarat, India to find out the primary causes for 2006 floods in Surat city. The study involves collection of topographical data from the local geological survey organization, rainfall data from meteorological department of india and the application of HEC-HMS software from US Army corps of engineers to identify the primary cause of the runoff.
Suspended Sediment Rating Curve for Tigris River Upstream Al- Betera RegulatorIJRES Journal
In this study, suspended sediment rating curves for sediment concentration for a section of Tigris
River located upstream AL-Betera regulator, Maysan province. For this purpose. Also, for each observation, the
river discharge was measured using the ADCP . Abased previous years data have been benefiting from the
vicissitudes of time of study area and took the annual discharge rate for each year and then entered into the
equation for calculation of suspended sediment through draw the relationship between discharge and sediment
suspended ,noticed power link between data and a good agreement between the power relation and the observed
data were achieved depending on the value of correlation coefficient R.
This the presentation I gave for my thesis defense. It\'s entitled "Using bioclimatic envelope modelling to incorporate spatial and temporal dynamics of climate change into conservation planning".
Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves and RegionalisationAM Publications
Storm sewers make up a large percentage of drainage system in an urban setup. The design of these
components are based on rainfall intensities of a specific design period for that location. These can be derived from
intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) relationship. These IDF relationships are derived from historical rainfall, using
an extreme value distribution for maximum rainfall intensity. In the present study the IDF curves and parameter
regionalisation were studied for various kinds of basins. These equation parameters can be then used to understand
the spatial variation of rainfall intensity in the study area. The parameter contour maps subsequently generated using
various interpolation method are then used for plotting IDF curves for any ungauged station in the basin.
Modelling of Short Duration Isopluvial Map For Raichur District Karnataka Moh...Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez
Everyoneacknowledges that it rains, runoff is generated for a design point of view we should know how much and how often it rains on our project location.Estimation of rainfall intensity is commonly required for the design of hydraulic and water resources engineering control structures. The present study aimed the Estimation of rainfall intensityin Raichur District using twenty five Rain gauge Station with 19 years of rainfall data (1998 to 2016). Log Normal Distribution, techniques are used to derived the rainfall intensity values of 2,5,10,15,30,60,120,720,1440 minutes of rainfall duration with different return period. The short duration IDF using daily rainfall data are presented, which is input for water resources projects. Isopluvial maps were developed for 25years, 50years, 75years and 100years return period
On March 11, 2016, ICLR held a Friday Forum workshop entitled 'Mapping extreme rainfall statistics for Canada', led by Dr. Slobodan Simonovic of Western University.
Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall events, affecting rainfall intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve information used in the design, maintenance and operation of water infrastructure in Canada. Presented in this lecture are analyses of precipitation data from 567 Environment Canada hydro-meteorological stations using the IDF_CC tool. Results for the year 2100 based on Canadian climate model and an ensemble of 22 GCMs have been generated. A spatial interpolation method was used to produce Canadian precipitation maps for events of various return periods. Results based on the Canadian climate model indicate a reduction in extreme precipitation in central regions of Canada and increases in other regions. Relative to the ensemble approach, the Canadian climate model results (a) suggest more spatial variability in change of IDFs, and (b) the ensemble approach generated generally lower values than the Canadian climate model.
Dr. Simonovic has extensive research, teaching and consulting experience in water resources systems engineering. He teaches courses in water resources and civil engineering systems. He actively works for national and international professional organizations. Dr. Simonovic’s primary research interest focuses on the application of systems approach to management of complex water and environmental systems. Most of his work is related to the integration of risk, reliability, and uncertainty in hydrology and water resources management. He has received a number of awards for excellence in teaching, research and outreach. He has published over 450 professional publications and three major textbooks. He was inducted to the Canadian Academy of Engineering in June of 2013.
Presentation at the 2009 annual meeting of the Society of American Archivists in Austin, TX. Part of Session #406, "Seeing the Forest: Environmental Sustainability and Archives."
Derivation Of Intensity Duration Frequency Curves Using Short Duration Rainfa...Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez
The estimation of rainfall intensity is commonly required for the design of hydraulic and water resources engineering control structures. The intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) relationship is a mathematical relationship between the rainfall intensity, the duration and the return period. The present study aimed the derivation of IDF curves of Yermarus Raingauge Station of Raichur District with 19 years of rainfall data (1998 to 2016). The Normal Distribution, Log Normal Distribution, Gumbel distribution, Pearson Type III Distribution and Log Pearsons Type III Distribution techniques are used to Find the rainfall intensity values of 2, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, 720, 1440 minutes of rainfall duration with different return period. Chi Square test was conducted to find the goodness of fit the short duration IDF using daily rainfall data are presented, which is input for water resources projects.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Workshop on Storm Water Modeling ApproachesM. Damon Weiss
The attached presentation was prepared by Pennoni Associates and Michael Baker Corporation to the Pittsburgh Parks Conservancy and members of the Pennsylvania Environmental Council Green Infrastructure Network. The presentation discussed various watershed modeling techniques for regional, watershed and local projects, as well as an overview of the different tools that engineers use to create these models.
A study confined to the lower tapi basin in Gujarat, India to find out the primary causes for 2006 floods in Surat city. The study involves collection of topographical data from the local geological survey organization, rainfall data from meteorological department of india and the application of HEC-HMS software from US Army corps of engineers to identify the primary cause of the runoff.
Suspended Sediment Rating Curve for Tigris River Upstream Al- Betera RegulatorIJRES Journal
In this study, suspended sediment rating curves for sediment concentration for a section of Tigris
River located upstream AL-Betera regulator, Maysan province. For this purpose. Also, for each observation, the
river discharge was measured using the ADCP . Abased previous years data have been benefiting from the
vicissitudes of time of study area and took the annual discharge rate for each year and then entered into the
equation for calculation of suspended sediment through draw the relationship between discharge and sediment
suspended ,noticed power link between data and a good agreement between the power relation and the observed
data were achieved depending on the value of correlation coefficient R.
This the presentation I gave for my thesis defense. It\'s entitled "Using bioclimatic envelope modelling to incorporate spatial and temporal dynamics of climate change into conservation planning".
Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves and RegionalisationAM Publications
Storm sewers make up a large percentage of drainage system in an urban setup. The design of these
components are based on rainfall intensities of a specific design period for that location. These can be derived from
intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) relationship. These IDF relationships are derived from historical rainfall, using
an extreme value distribution for maximum rainfall intensity. In the present study the IDF curves and parameter
regionalisation were studied for various kinds of basins. These equation parameters can be then used to understand
the spatial variation of rainfall intensity in the study area. The parameter contour maps subsequently generated using
various interpolation method are then used for plotting IDF curves for any ungauged station in the basin.
Modelling of Short Duration Isopluvial Map For Raichur District Karnataka Moh...Mohammed Badiuddin Parvez
Everyoneacknowledges that it rains, runoff is generated for a design point of view we should know how much and how often it rains on our project location.Estimation of rainfall intensity is commonly required for the design of hydraulic and water resources engineering control structures. The present study aimed the Estimation of rainfall intensityin Raichur District using twenty five Rain gauge Station with 19 years of rainfall data (1998 to 2016). Log Normal Distribution, techniques are used to derived the rainfall intensity values of 2,5,10,15,30,60,120,720,1440 minutes of rainfall duration with different return period. The short duration IDF using daily rainfall data are presented, which is input for water resources projects. Isopluvial maps were developed for 25years, 50years, 75years and 100years return period
On March 11, 2016, ICLR held a Friday Forum workshop entitled 'Mapping extreme rainfall statistics for Canada', led by Dr. Slobodan Simonovic of Western University.
Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall events, affecting rainfall intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve information used in the design, maintenance and operation of water infrastructure in Canada. Presented in this lecture are analyses of precipitation data from 567 Environment Canada hydro-meteorological stations using the IDF_CC tool. Results for the year 2100 based on Canadian climate model and an ensemble of 22 GCMs have been generated. A spatial interpolation method was used to produce Canadian precipitation maps for events of various return periods. Results based on the Canadian climate model indicate a reduction in extreme precipitation in central regions of Canada and increases in other regions. Relative to the ensemble approach, the Canadian climate model results (a) suggest more spatial variability in change of IDFs, and (b) the ensemble approach generated generally lower values than the Canadian climate model.
Dr. Simonovic has extensive research, teaching and consulting experience in water resources systems engineering. He teaches courses in water resources and civil engineering systems. He actively works for national and international professional organizations. Dr. Simonovic’s primary research interest focuses on the application of systems approach to management of complex water and environmental systems. Most of his work is related to the integration of risk, reliability, and uncertainty in hydrology and water resources management. He has received a number of awards for excellence in teaching, research and outreach. He has published over 450 professional publications and three major textbooks. He was inducted to the Canadian Academy of Engineering in June of 2013.
Presentation at the 2009 annual meeting of the Society of American Archivists in Austin, TX. Part of Session #406, "Seeing the Forest: Environmental Sustainability and Archives."
Unit Hydrograph (UH) is the most famous and generally utilized technique for analysing and deriving flood hydrograph resulting from a known storm in a basin area. For ungauged catchments, unit hydrograph are derived using either regional unit hydrograph approach. Central Water Commission (CWC) derived the regional unit hydrograph relationships for different sub-zones of India relating to the various unit hydrograph parameters with some prominent physiographic characteristics. In this study, the lately developed UH model is applied located between Latitude 15º54′2′′ N to 16º16′19′′ N Latitude and 76º48′40′′ E to77º4′21′′ E Longitude. The study area covers an area of 466.02 km2, having maximum length of 36.5 km. The maximum and minimum elevation of the basin is 569 m and 341 m above MSL, respectively. The Peak discharge of unit hydrograph obtained is 171.58m3/s. The final cumulative discharge is 1669.05 m3/s.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Flood Risk Assessment Using GIS Tools, By Dr. Omar Elbadawy, CEDARE, Land and Water Days in Near East & North Africa, 15-18 December 2013, Amman, Jordan
DELINEATION OF FLOOD-PRONE AREAS THROUGH THE PERSPECTIVE OF RIVER HYDRAULICSDasapta Erwin Irawan
Flash floods in the Saka River (part of the KUSW) struck Muara Dua District with a population of 177.47 people/km2 on May 8th, 2020, due to increased rainfall intensity and land cover changes upstream. Based on this incident, this research will examine hydraulic parameters that directly implications for potential flooding. The rainfall intensity analysis was based on calculations from the Gumbel-Sherman equation in the baseline period 2011-2020. Then the parameters of the runoff coefficient consisting of the slope, land cover, and type of lithology are analyzed by the Hassing method. The results of the rainfall intensity analysis showed that the lowest intensity occurred in August while the highest power occurred in November and April. The runoff coefficient of 53% has implications for peak flow discharge which has an average increase of 11.6%. Flood simulation in KUSW modeled with Hydrologic Engineering Center-River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) software shows 174.4 km2 potential flooding in the five years of the return period and 200 km2 in the ten years of the return period. This analysis model is used as a preventive effort and reduces the negative impact around KUSW.
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Revision of the Rainfall Intensity Duration Frequency Curves for the City of ...theijes
This work involves the revision of the Rainfall Intensity Duration Frequency (IDF) Curves for the city of Kumasi. Annual Maximum Rainfall depths of various durations over twenty-two years were obtained from the Ghana Meteorological Services. The data set was then subjected to frequency analysis to determine the distribution of which best characterize the data set. The annual maximum series were found to be drawn from the Gumbel distribution whose parameters were computed by fitting the statistics to the data. The Chi-square test and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test prove the appropriateness of the fitting. Since the data available was only 22 years, IDF values for return periods higher than 22 years were obtained using frequency factors. The IDF estimates resulting from this work have been compared with the existing IDF curves prepared by J.B Danquah. The results show that for shorter durations (12 min and 24 min), the new IDF Curves give higher intensities for the same return period; the percentage increase ranges between 2% and 25%, whiles for longer durations (42min, 1 hr, 2hr, 3hr, 6hr, 12hr and 24 hr), the new IDF Curves give lower intensities for the same return period with the percentage decrease ranging between 3% and 49% when compared with the existing J.B Danquah IDF Curves. This might be as a result of low precipitation trends for shorter durations and high precipitation trends for longer durations in 1970s and before. These therefore call for the revision and updating of the existing IDF Curves for all the major cities and towns in Ghana to take into account the effect of climate change
An algorithm for design of brick lining for irrigation channelseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An algorithm for design of brick lining for irrigation channelseSAT Journals
Abstract Irrigation water is a costly commodity, and as such, there should be no wastage during its carriage from the reservoirs to the fields. Most of the canals constructed to carry this irrigation water, are unlined, and hence; a large part of it is lost in percolation and absorption as seepage loss (25-50% of the water is lost in seepage). The seepage can be avoided by lining the canals. The conveyance of water for spatial water balance has complex hierarchy extending upon huge canals hundreds of kilometers along with branches etc, to small channels, distributaries in delivering the water to soil in the cropped field that act as storage units for the plants. The networking of canal system is complex in nature. So, in order to solve such complex nature of problem, a computer algorithm based on C++ language for the design and economics of lined channel is developed in the present study. Keywords: Algorithm, Canals, C++, Percolation and Seepage loss
Graduation project (Excellent)
Coastal Processes Assessment and Marina Design, EL-Sallume, Egyptian North coast.
EL-Sallume new marina is a proposed project in Egyptian North Coast that aims to provide a unique experience through linking the marina with the Exterior Oases corridor.
The project consisted of four stages, The first was Metocean study including data collection, data analysis and spectral wave modelling using Mike21 SWs. The second was detailed design of marine structures. Third stage was estimating the cost of the project (BOQ). Finally, environmental impact assessment (EIA)
Revision of the Rainfall Intensity Duration Frequency Curves for the City of ...theijes
This work involves the revision of the Rainfall Intensity Duration Frequency (IDF) Curves for the city of Kumasi. Annual Maximum Rainfall depths of various durations over twenty-two years were obtained from the Ghana Meteorological Services. The data set was then subjected to frequency analysis to determine the distribution of which best characterize the data set. The annual maximum series were found to be drawn from the Gumbel distribution whose parameters were computed by fitting the statistics to the data. The Chi-square test and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test prove the appropriateness of the fitting. Since the data available was only 22 years, IDF values for return periods higher than 22 years were obtained using frequency factors. The IDF estimates resulting from this work have been compared with the existing IDF curves prepared by J.B Danquah. The results show that for shorter durations (12 min and 24 min), the new IDF Curves give higher intensities for the same return period; the percentage increase ranges between 2% and 25%, whiles for longer durations (42min, 1 hr, 2hr, 3hr, 6hr, 12hr and 24 hr), the new IDF Curves give lower intensities for the same return period with the percentage decrease ranging between 3% and 49% when compared with the existing J.B Danquah IDF Curves. This might be as a result of low precipitation trends for shorter durations and high precipitation trends for longer durations in 1970s and before. These therefore call for the revision and updating of the existing IDF Curves for all the major cities and towns in Ghana to take into account the effect of climate change
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
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International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)
1. International Journal of Computational Engineering Research||Vol, 03||Issue, 7||
||Issn 2250-3005 || ||July||2013|| Page 12
Flood Frequency Analysis of River Subernarekha, India, Using
Gumbel’s Extreme Value Distribution
Dr. Manas Kumar Mukherjee
1,
Associate Professor of Civil Engineering Jalpaiguri Government Engineering College
West Bengal, India.
I. INTRODUCTION:
Estimation of Peak Flood Magnitude for a desired return period is often required for planning, design
and management of hydraulic and other structures in a region. These events are essential in the post
commissioning stage where in the assessment of failure of hydraulic structures needs to be carried out. (Wyno
Journal of Engineering & Technology Research, Vol. 1(1) PP- 1-9 March, 2013). In this paper, 6-h unit
hydrograph data is used for Peak Flood Estimation to arrive at a design parameter for a region. In extreme value
theory, probability distribution of Gumbel is widely used for frequency analysis of recorded meteorological data
such as rainfall, temperature, wind speed, evaporation, Peak Flood etc and hence used in the present studyThe
Subernarekha [http:www.springerlink.com/ content/7885062173413017/] is an inter-state river flowing
through Bihar, West Bengal and Orissa states. It starts in the Chotanagpur Plateau of Bihar and flows into the
Bay of Bengal. The upper part of the Subernarekha and its tributaries run through the fertile land of Bihar, but
the farming in this region mainly depends on the inadequate and ultimate rains, and the water resources of the
Subernarekha river system remain largely untapped. The upper basin, besides containing fertile land, also
contains large reserves of minerals. A number of important industries have therefore grown along the banks of
the river.
Subernarekha Multipurpose Project is a joint project of Jharkhand, Orissa and West Bengal state for which
tripartite agreement was signed between undivided Bihar, Orissa and West Bengal on 07.08.1978. The benefits
of the project is furnished hereunder-
a) JHARKHAND:
i) The creation of Irrigation Potential - 2, 36,846 ha.
ii) Municipal and Industrial Use - 740 MCM annually
iii) Hydel Power Production - 8 MW
b) ORISSA:
i) Creation of Irrigation Potential - 90,000 ha
c) WEST BENGAL:
i) Creation of Irrigation Potential - 5,000 ha
Catchment characteristics such as, stream order, drainage density, stream density, length, shape, slope,
etc., [Reddy, J, R., 1998] and Annual Peak Flood Magnitude were not available. Instead, one 6-h unit
ABSTRACT
Estimation of Peak Flood Discharge for a desired return period is a pre-requisite for planning,
design and management of hydraulic structures like barrages, dams, spillways, bridges etc. In this
paper, a mathematical model has been developed between Peak Flood Discharge and Return Period
using Gumbel’s Extreme Value Distribution. The model will give reasonable estimate of Peak Flood
discharge for any desired value of T, without any instrumentation and expensive and time consuming
field work. Peak Discharge is a potential tool for designing important hydraulic structures like
Concrete Gravity Dam, Weir, Barrage, and Bridge across the river, Guide bank etc. Moreover, the
Stage corresponding to any given value of Peak Discharge can readily be ascertained by developing
Rating Curves following the procedure given by the Author as referenced below. This Stage will be
helpful in maintaining Danger Level Flood of the river Subernarekha. Emergency evacuation may be
adopted by propagating well advanced ‘Flood Warning’ that may save thousands of lives from the fury
of flood, may be put in place.
KEY WORDS: River Subernarekha, Peak Flood Discharge, Return Period, Gumbel’s Extreme Value
Distribution, Confidence Limit, Stage. Chi-Square test.
2. Flood Frequency Analysis Of River…
||Issn 2250-3005 || ||July||2013|| Page 13
hydrograph for Kharkai Barrage Site was used for the present study (Data Source: Irrigation International
Building, Salt Lake City, Kolkata, Government of West Bengal, India).
II. PROCESSING OF THE COMPUTER OUTPUT DATA
By using the method of superposition, the unit hydrographs of different durations have been obtained.
In this method, if a D-hour unit hydrograph is available, and it is desired to develop a unit hydrograph of nD-
hour duration, where n is an integer, it is easily accomplished by superposing n unit hydrographs with each
graph separated from the previous one by D-hour [Subramanya, K, 1994]. A Computer Program has been
developed for this purpose. First of all, from the computer output, the unit hydrograph for each duration of
Kharkai Catchment has been developed. Then from the unit hydrograph thus developed, the Peak Discharge
(Qp) and corresponding D have been identified. Before use, the data has been statistically checked for
consistency and continuity.
III. GUMBEL DISTRIBUTION
Gumbel distribution is a statistical method often used for predicting extreme hydrological events such
as floods (Zelenhasic, 1970; Haan, 1977; Shaw, 1983). In this study it has been applied for flood frequency
analysis because (a) peak flow data are homogeneous and independent hence lack long-term trends; (b) the river
is less regulated, hence is not significantly affected by reservoir operations, diversions or urbanization; and (c)
flow data cover a relatively long record and is of good quality (Mujere, 2006). (IJCSE-ISSN: 0975-3397, Vol. 3
No. 7 July 2011). The equation for fitting the Gumbel distribution to observed series of flood flows at different
return periods T is (Sarma, 1999).
1. nT KXX …………………………………………………… (1)
Where, XT denotes the magnitude of the T- year flood event, K is the frequency factor; ẋ and σn-1 are the mean
and the standard deviation of the maximum instantaneous flows respectively.
The reduced variate is expressed as 1/.ln.ln TTyT …… (2)
The frequency factor expresses as nnT syyK / …………………….. (3)
Where, ny and ns are taken from, standard Table of (K Subramanya, 2004).
The Chi-square (χ 2 ) test was carried out to find goodness of fit between the measured and predicted
flood flows. It was applied to test the hypothesis that the flood data fit Gumbel distribution. Details of Chi-
square (χ 2 ) test has been furnished in Table-4 her under.
The detailed Computation table and the model in graphical & equation form are furnished here under.
Table showing computation details by Gumbel’s Extreme – Value distribution
Table-1
Peak Flood
Discharge (Qp) in
Cumec
(Field Value)
Sample
Size, N
Mean of
Series,
X , in
Cumec
STDEV of the
Series, σ(N-1),
in Cumec
Return
period T
in Years
Reduced
Variate,
yT
Frequency
Factor, K
Computed Peak Flood
Discharge XT in
Cumec obtained by
Gumbel’s method
862.00 100 104.93 140.0465 2.5 0.67172 0.09 117.53
657.50 5 1.49999 0.78 214.17
574.67 7.5 1.94420 1.14 264.58
502.50 10 2.25037 1.40 300.99
439.80 12.5 2.48432 1.59 327.60
388.00 15 2.67375 1.75 350.01
346.14 17.5 2.83292 1.88 368.21
313.37 20 2.97019 1.99 383.62
284.22 22.5 3.09087 20.9 397.62
258.80 25 3.19853 2.18 410.23
236.10 27.5 3.29572 2.40 421.43
216.42 30 3.38429 2.34 432.64
199.77 32.5 3.46565 2.40 4410.4
185.50 35 3.54088 2.47 45.084
173.13 37.5 3.61085 2.52 457.84
162.31 40 3.67624 2.58 466.25
152.76 42.5 3.73762 2.63 473.25
3. Flood Frequency Analysis Of River…
||Issn 2250-3005 || ||July||2013|| Page 14
144.28 45 3.7945 2.68 480.25
136.68 47.5 3.85010 2.72 485.85
129.85 50 3.90193 2.77 491.45
123.67 52.5 3.95121 2.81 498.46
118.04 55 3.99817 2.85 504.06
112.91 57.5 4.04302 2.88 508.26
108.20 60 4.08595 2.92 513.86
103.88 62.5 4.12711 2.95 518.06
99.88 65 4.16664 2.98 522.26
96.18 67.5 4.20467 3.02 527.87
92.75 70 4.24131 3.05 532.07
89.55 72.5 4.27665 3.08 536.27
86.57 75 4.31078 3.10 539.07
83.77 77.5 4.34379 3.13 543.27
81.16 80 4.37544 3.16 547.47
78.70 82.5 4.40670 3.18 550.27
76.38 85 4.43674 3.21 554.47
75.20 87.5 4.46589 3.23 557.28
72.13 90 4.49422 3.26 561.48
70.19 92.5 4.52177 3.28 564.28
68.34 95 4.54859 3.30 567.08
66.59 97.5 4.57470 3.32 569.88
64.92 100 4.60014 3.34 572.68
Developed model is furnished here under:
PLOT OF PEAK FLOOD DISCHARGE (XT) & RETURN PERIOD
(T) FOR RIVER SUBARNAREKHA, INDIA USING GUMBEL'S
EXTREME-VALUE DISTRIBUTION
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1 10 100
Return Period, T, in Years
PeakFloodDischarge,XT,inCumec
XT=104.93+ 140.0465K
K= f(T)
Figure-1
Confidence limit:
Table:2
Sa
mp
le
N
Mean
of
Series
STDEV
of
Series
Return
period T in
Years
Frequenc
y factor
K
Upper bound value of
Peak flood discharge, X2
in Cumec
Peak flood discharge, X-
T computed by
Gumbel’s method in
Cumec
Lower bound value of
Peak flood discharge, X-
1 in Cumec
10
0
104.93 140.046
5
2.5 0.09 146.643 117.53 88.416
5 0.78 287.80 214.17 140.53
7.5 1.14 371.91 264.58 157.25
10 1.40 437.53 300.99 164.45
12.5 1.59 488.06 327.60 167.137
15 1.75 517.88 350.01 167.705
17.5 1.88 569.88 368.21 167.54
5. Flood Frequency Analysis Of River…
||Issn 2250-3005 || ||July||2013|| Page 16
0 20 40 60 80 100
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
Upper bound value (x2
)
Value of the variate (xT
)
Lower Bound Value (x1
)
Variation Lower bound Value (x1
), Value of the Variate (xT
)
& Upper bound Value (x2
)
x1
,xT
,x2
inCumec
Return Period (T) in Years
Figure-2
Table Showing Comparison of Peak Flood Discharge Computation by Gumbel’s Extreme Value
Distribution and Empirical Model developed by Author
Referenced in the following Table 3
Table-3
Return
Period
s T in
Years
Peak Flood
Discharge XT
(Cumec)
Computed by
Gumbel’s Method
Peak Flood Discharge Qp
(Cumec) Computed by
Empirical Model developed
by the Author(IJCR Vol-4,
Issue,04, pp-164, April,
2012)
%
Deviatio
n
Absolute
%
Deviatio
n
Averag
e of
Absolut
e
%
Deviati
on
Remarks
2.5 117.53 66.12 43.74 43.74
14.75
Hence, it can
be concluded
that the Peak
Flood
Discharge
computed by
the aforesaid
two methods
are
reasonably
close to each
other. But,
obviously
model
obtained
from
Gumbel’s
Method is
more
accurate to
some extent
because it is a
pure
statistical
extreme-
5 214.17 128.68 39.86 39.86
7.5 264.58 186.10 29.66 29.66
10 300.99 238.60 20.72 20.72
12.5 327.60 286.39 12.57 12.57
15 350.01 329.68 5.83 5.83
17.5 368.21 368.71 -0.13 0.13
20 383.62 403.67 -5.22 5.22
22.5 397.62 411.49 -3.488 3.488
25 410.23 462.27 -12.68 12.68
27.5 421.43 486.34 -15.40 15.40
30 432.64 507.22 -17.23 17.23
32.5 441.04 525.11 -19.06 19.06
35 450.84 540.23 -19.83 19.83
37.5 457.84 552.81 -20.74 20.74
40 466.25 563.05 -20.76 20.76
42.5 473.25 571.17 -20.70 20.70
45 480.25 577.38 -20.22 20.22
47.5 485.85 581.90 -20.93 20.93
50 491.45 584.96 -19.02 19.02
52.5 498.46 586.75 -17.70 17.70
55 504.06 587.50 -16.55 16.55
57.5 508.26 587.43 -15.58 15.58
60 513.86 586.75 -14.18 14.18
6. Flood Frequency Analysis Of River…
||Issn 2250-3005 || ||July||2013|| Page 17
62.5 518.06 585.57 -13.03 13.03 value
distribution
method.
65 522.26 584.41 -11.9 11.9
67.5 527.87 583.79 -10.48 10.48
70 532.07 582.22 -9.49 9.49
72.5 536.27 581.71 -8.47 8.47
75 539.07 581.89 -7.94 7.94
77.5 543.27 582.97 -7.3 7.3
80 547.47 585.17 -6.88 6.88
82.5 550.27 588.69 -6.98 6.98
85 554.47 593.76 -7.08 7.08
87.5 557.28 600.59 -7.77 7.77
90 561.48 609.40 -8.53 8.53
92.5 564.28 620.40 -9.94 9.94
95 567.08 633.80 -11.76 11.76
97.5 569.88 649.84 -14.03 14.03
100 572.68 668.71 -16.77 16.77
Goodness of fit:
Table – 4
Summary of χ 2 Test Results for the river Subernarekha
River
χ 2 (Computed)
D.O.F
χ 2 from Table
Remarks
95% Confidence
99%
Confidence
Subernarekha 9.219 4 9.49 13.28
Passed at 95 % and
99% confidence
(Source: χ 2 from Table: N. G. Das, 1996; Table-I & II)
IV. DISCUSSION
[1] It has already been established that Value of the Variate XT is unbounded. Figure-2 shown above strongly
supports this statement. Here, variation of X1, XT and X2 with T are truly convergent in nature.
[2] Moreover, the author has developed an empirical model between Peak Flood Discharge (Qp)
.vs. Return Period (T), (IJCR, Vol-4, Issue, 04, pp-164, April, 2012). That empirical model has been
compared with the model developed here by Gumbel’s method and the comparison has been furnished in
Table-3.
[3] It has been observed that the Peak Flood Discharge for a given Return Period (T) computed by
two models mentioned above do not vary too much.
[4] 4. For a given Return Period (T), Peak Discharge can be computed by any of the two models,
particularly at higher values of Return Period (T).
V. CONCLUSION
For any anticipated T, XT can readily be estimated from the developed model as shown in the Figure-1 and corresponding equation
has also been furnished there.
However, the model will give reasonable estimate of XT for any desired value of T, without any instrumentation and expensive and
time consuming field work.
For any anticipated value of T, XT can readily be ascertained from the developed model suggested above and the Stage (G),
corresponding to XT can be estimated following the procedure as given by [Mukherjee, M,K., and Sarkar, S., 2007].
These Stages may be obtained from Stage-Discharge (G-Q) model, corresponding to XT Therefore, the values of G thus obtained are
on conservative side.
If presently adopted Danger level for ‘Flood’ for the river Subernarekha at the gauging site, is lower than the stage computed from
(G-Q) model, then there is no problem.
If presently adopted Danger level for ‘Flood’ for the river Subernarekha at the gauging site, is higher than the stage computed from
(G-Q) model, then the presently adopted danger level for flood needed to be changed.
Therefore, emergency evacuation may be adopted by propagating well advanced ‘Flood Warning’ that may save thousands of lives
from the fury of flood, may be put in place.
‘Flood Plain Zoning’ may also be introduced to protect the lives of thousands of people and their properties, to minimize the socio-
economic disaster created by flood.
Moreover, Peak Discharge (XT) is a potential tool for designing important hydraulic structures like Concrete Gravity Dam, Weir,
Barrage, Bridge across the river, Guide bank etc.
The entire water resource of river Subernarekha is largely untapped. Hence, construction of hydraulic structures will be helpful for
resource generation also.
7. Flood Frequency Analysis Of River…
||Issn 2250-3005 || ||July||2013|| Page 18
IV. NOTATIONS USED IN THE PAPER
G - Stage
Q - Discharge
Qp - Peak Discharge of Unit Hydrograph
T - Return Period
XT - Gumbel’s Variate for a return period T
X - Mean of the series
N - Sample Size
P - Probability of an event equaled to or exceeded
STDEV - Standard Deviation of percentage deviation
X1 - Lower bound value of XT
X2 - Upper bound value of XT
χ 2 - Chi-Square
REFERENCES
[1]. Chow. V. T., Maidment. David R. and Mays. Larry W.1988. Applied hydrology; McGraw-Hill, New
York, USA, 1988
[2]. Beard. L. R. Statisitical analysis in hydrology. Trans. Amer. Soc. Civil. Eng.,108,1110-1160, 1943.
[3]. Charles. T. Haan. Statistical Methods in Hydrology. Ewp Affiliated East-West press Iowa State
University Press, 1995.
[4]. Chow. V. T. 1964. Handbook of Applied Hydrology. McGraw-Hill. New York. USA, 1964.
[5]. Das. N.G. 1996. Statistical Methods in Commerce. Accountancy & Economics (Part-II). M. Das & Co.
Kolkata, 1996.
[6]. http:www.springerlink.com/ content/7885062173413017/.
[7]. Vivekanandan. N. Wyno Journal of Engineering & Technology Research. Vol. 1(1). PP. 1-9 March,
2013.
[8]. Mujere. Never. International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering(IJCSE). ISSN: 0975-3397.
Vol. 3 No. 7, July 2011.
[9]. Irwin. Miller. John. and Freund. Probability and Statistics for Engineers. Prentice Hall of India Private
Limited. New Delhi, 1985.
[10]. Levin. Richard. Statistics for Management. Prentice Hall of India Private Limited. New Delhi-1, 1986.
[11]. Mukherjee. M. K. and Sarkar. S. Deterministic Modeling of Stage-Discharge Relationship of the River
Sankosh North Bengal. Institute of Landscape, Ecology & Ekistics. Vol.30(I). Page-171-176, 2007.
[12]. Mukherjee. M. K. Studies on Empirical model between Discharge (Qp) and Return period (T) of Major
Himalayan Rivers in North Bengal, National Conference on Integrated Water & Wastewater
Management at School of Water Resources Engineering. Jadavpur University. Kolkata-700032, 2008.
[13]. Mukherjee. M. K. Studies on Empirical modeling between Annual Peak Discharge (Qp) and Return
Period (T) of River Sankosh in North Bengal using Plotting Position Formulae. Institute of Landscape,
Ecology & Ekistics. Vol.30(1). Page-358-367, 2009.
[14]. Mukherjee. M. K. Development of Hydrological Models between Peak Discharge (Qp) .vs. Duration
(D) of Unit-Hydrograph and Peak Discharge (Qp) .vs. Return Period (T) at Galudhi Dam Site and
Kharkai Barrage Site, India. AMSE. France. Paper No-10573(2C), 2011.
[15]. Mukherjee. M. K. Model of Peak Discharge (Qp) & Return Period (T) of river Subernarekha, India.
International Journal of Current Research. Vol-4. Issue 04. pp-164, April, 2012.
[16]. Reddy. J. R. 1988. A text book of Hydrology; Laxmi Publishers, 1988.
[17]. Subramanya. K. 1994. Engineering Hydrology. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. New
Delhi, 2004.
8. Flood Frequency Analysis Of River…
||Issn 2250-3005 || ||July||2013|| Page 19
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I’m deeply grateful to the professors of Civil Engineering of my college and Applied Geography at the
University of North Bengal for the guidance and help they have extended to me during the tenure of the present
research work. I am particularly indebted to Dr. S. Sarkar, who has taken keen interest in and offered valuable
suggestions on even the minutest details of my research right from the inception of the problem to the final
preparation of the manuscript. Thanks are also due to the faculty members of different departments for not only
their technical suggestions at times but also their friendly interaction that created an enjoyable working
environment in the department. Last but not least, I extend my sincerest gratitude to my late parents, my elder
brother and sisters for always standing by me and supporting me in every respect, at this endeavor. Lastly, I am
very grateful to Smt. Mala Das, who has helped me to prepare the Tables & Graphs and also manuscript
checking.