The document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of the aqueous root extract of Vernonia amygdalina on the haematological profile of rats. Twenty rats were divided into four groups, with three treatment groups given different doses of the root extract and a control group given saline. Blood was drawn weekly from the rats to analyze parameters like red blood cell count, white blood cell count, haemoglobin level, and packed cell volume. The study found no significant differences between the treatment and control groups in these parameters. However, some parameters like white blood cell count and red blood cell count significantly increased within the treatment groups over the three-week period. This suggested that the effect of the extract depended more on duration of consumption than dosage
Study of Bioactive Components Present in Oil Extracted from Fenugreek Seed: R...AI Publications
A fenugreek seed (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is a native of India, and also found in Mediterranean region, southern Europe, Africa and western Asia. These seeds have their importance due to the medicinal properties as well as nutraceutical value present in their chemical composition. This fenugreek seeds were used for treating diabetes, menstrual cramps, cancer, heart related disease, skin and hair fall treatments, high per tension, weight loss, to increase milk supply in women who were breastfeeding. This seeds is found to be abundant in N-Dimethylaminomethyl, 1-ptoprnol, 2, 2-dimethyl-aceto, Aziridine,1,2,3-trimethyl-trans, 2-pentanone,4-hydroxy-4 meth, 2-trimethylsily-1,3-dithiane, 3-0-methyl-d-glucose, d-mannopyranoiside,uronate,Diazidine1,3,3-trimethyl,Methyl 4,8dimethylnonanoate There are numerous methods available on extraction of these compounds right from conventional (Maceration, Percolation, Reflux extraction, Soxhlet extraction, microwave assist extraction, pressurised liquid extraction, super critical fluid extraction, Pulsed electric field extraction, Enzyme assisted extraction, Ultrasound assisted extraction) apart from this some water based extraction technique may also use to extract bioactive compounds from fenugreek seeds. In present article a focus has been given to highlight importance of fenugreek seeds extract in terms of extraction of bioactive compounds and their probable application in the area of food and pharmaceuticals.
Is is a project proposal by which the antimicrobial and antioxidant property of Phyllanthus acidus will be explored that will open a new door for the innovation of new medicine.
Study of Bioactive Components Present in Oil Extracted from Fenugreek Seed: R...AI Publications
A fenugreek seed (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is a native of India, and also found in Mediterranean region, southern Europe, Africa and western Asia. These seeds have their importance due to the medicinal properties as well as nutraceutical value present in their chemical composition. This fenugreek seeds were used for treating diabetes, menstrual cramps, cancer, heart related disease, skin and hair fall treatments, high per tension, weight loss, to increase milk supply in women who were breastfeeding. This seeds is found to be abundant in N-Dimethylaminomethyl, 1-ptoprnol, 2, 2-dimethyl-aceto, Aziridine,1,2,3-trimethyl-trans, 2-pentanone,4-hydroxy-4 meth, 2-trimethylsily-1,3-dithiane, 3-0-methyl-d-glucose, d-mannopyranoiside,uronate,Diazidine1,3,3-trimethyl,Methyl 4,8dimethylnonanoate There are numerous methods available on extraction of these compounds right from conventional (Maceration, Percolation, Reflux extraction, Soxhlet extraction, microwave assist extraction, pressurised liquid extraction, super critical fluid extraction, Pulsed electric field extraction, Enzyme assisted extraction, Ultrasound assisted extraction) apart from this some water based extraction technique may also use to extract bioactive compounds from fenugreek seeds. In present article a focus has been given to highlight importance of fenugreek seeds extract in terms of extraction of bioactive compounds and their probable application in the area of food and pharmaceuticals.
Is is a project proposal by which the antimicrobial and antioxidant property of Phyllanthus acidus will be explored that will open a new door for the innovation of new medicine.
Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity Studies of Ethanol Extracts of Annona Muric...Premier Publishers
The study determined the effects of administration of ethanol extracts of Annona muricata leaves (AML) and Fagara zanthoxyloide roots (FZR) on liver and kidney indices in zidovudine (ZDV)-induced Wistar rats. Animals were grouped into five (5); group 1 served as normal control, groups 2-5 were induced with 100g/mlZDV/Kgbw and group 3 treated with 35IU/Kgbw of erythropoietin, group 4 with 4.5g/mlAML/Kgbw and group 5 with 3.8g/mlFZR/Kgbw for six weeks. Serum liver enzymes, other biochemicals (total protein, albumin, globulin, bilirubin, urea and creatinine), organ weights and histological examination were used to assess the impact on the liver and kidney using standard methods. A significant elevation (p≤0.05) in the activities of serum liver enzymes and bilirubin accompanied by a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in the other biochemicals were observed in group 2. Treatment with extracts resulted in a modulation of the induced effects of ZDV causing a significant decrease in the serum liver enzymes, bilirubin and increase in the total protein, albumin and globulin concentrations. Histology of the liver showed altered architecture, blood vessel congestion and necrosis; while the kidneys were hypoplastic with signs of swelling (group 2) which was gradually reverted on treatment with extracts. The study suggests that extracts of AML and FZR may confer some degree of protection to the liver and kidney.
Free radical scavenging activity, phytochemistry and antimicrobial properties...Premier Publishers
This study is aimed at investigating the phytochemistry, free radical scavenging activity and antimicrobial properties of Tetrapleura tetraptera seeds. The results of the analysis of Tetrapleura tetraptera seeds showed the presence of phenols (0.34 %), flavonoids (0.91 %), alkaloids (0.52 %), tannins (0.23 %) and saponins (0.51 %). Vitamins include ascorbic acid (5.23 %), riboflavin (0.11 %), niacin (1.25 %),-carotenoid (3.40 %) and thiamine (0.06 %). Proximate compositions were moisture (14.73 %), ash (7.30 %), crude protein (17.36 %), crude fibre (6.68 %) and lipids (35.19 %). Mineral elements were calcium (1.41 %), magnesium (0.48 %), potassium (0.56 %), sodium (0.21 %), phosphorus (0.32 %), iron (1.20 %), copper (0.13 %) and zinc (0.77 %). The seed extract showed potent free radical scavenging activity (6.72 – 22.8 %) using ascorbic acid as a standard (12.10 - 42.00 %). The seed extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity (7.00 – 20.00 mm) and the zones of inhibition were compared with that of ciprofloxacin as standard (15.00 – 28.00 mm). From these investigations, seed extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera has proven to be considered an excellent source of nutriceuticals, a potential antioxidant and antimicrobial agents owing to its high level of phytochemical and vitamin constituents.
Identification and evaluation of antifungal compounds from botanicals for the...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus, Colletotrichum falcatum. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for identifying effective antifungal compound against C. falcatum. Among the plants screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of Psoralea corylifolia alone inhibited 100 per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under in vitro conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes viz., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus megaterium and Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC-MS analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the presence of 7H-furo [3,2-G] (1) benzopyran-7-one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8 – methoxypsoralen formed during biosynthesis.
Article Citation:
Rajkumar D and Murugesan R.
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for the Control of Sugarcane Red Rot Pathogen, Colletotrichum falcatum.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 164-172.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0044.pdf
Studies on the Crude Extract of Moringa Oleifera Leaf for Preliminary Identif...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The bioactive phytochemicals in Gouania longipetala was determined using GCMS analysis. The
extract was prepared using Soxhlet`s extraction method and concentrated at 35oC in hot air oven. GCMS
analyzes phytochemicals in plant by demonstrating the structures of the chemical compounds in it. The gas
chromatogram showed the presence of eight phytochemicals. The molecular mass of the phytochemicals were
established based on the molecular ion in the mass spectra. Identification of the phytochemicals was based on
comparison with National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) database. The identified
phytochemicals with their peak area percentages are 11,14-octadecadienoic acid (1.72%), Hexadecanoic acid
also known as Palmitic acid (19.86%), 9,11-octadecadienoic acid (1.33%), 9,12,15-Octadecatrien-1-ol (2.92%),
9-Octadecenoic acid (56.40%), Ethyl palmitate (9.42%), 17-carboxyheptadec-9-en-1-ylium (1.70%) and
Glutaric acid, isobutyl 2-nitrophenyl ester (6.65%). These identified compounds exhibited the following
bioactivities; inhibition of uric acid, urine acidifiers, amino acid decarboxylase activity, arachidonic acid
inhibitor, oligosaccharide provider, decrease endothelial leukocyte and platelet adhesion . Gouania longipetala
therefore contain active phytochemicals that may be beneficial in pharmacognosy. We recommend further work
to be done on its isolation and synthesis.
Ecological environment effects on germination and seedling morphology in Park...AI Publications
Néré (Parkia biglobosa) is a wild species preferred and overexploited for its multiple uses by rural populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study of its germination and seedlings could constitute a prerequisite for its domestication, necessary for its conservation. This study aimed to assess the germination and morphology of seedlings taking into account distinct habitats from its natural environment.A total of 2160 seeds from different mother plants and 540 seedlings from germination were selected and evaluated. The trials were conducted on three sites (two nurseries in Côte d'Ivoire vs one greenhouse in France) with different microclimates. The results showed that the larger the mother trees are, the larger the seeds they produce, which in turn generate more vigorous seedlings. This study showed that the species grows better in a milder environment that is different from its region of origin (fertile soil with a stable or humid tropical climate: Montpellier greenhouse and Daloa nursery). Overall, parent trees did not statistically influence each germination and seedling development parameter for the three sites combined (P > 0.05). However, analysis of variance showed that germination and seedling development parameters differed between experimental sites (P < 0.05). These results are useful and could be used as decision support tools to guide conservation (domestication) and agroforestry programmes based on Parkia biglobosa. This study could be extended to other endangered species in order to preserve biodiversity.
Comparative study of phytochemical, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antioxidant ...IJSIT Editor
India is a vast repository of medicinal plants that are used in traditional medical treatments. India gave
‘Ayurveda’ the oldest golden book in herbal medicine system. Medicinal plants play a vital role for the development of
new drugs. Natural products from plant, animal and minerals have been the basis of the treatment of human disease
but plants stood above all. Traditional knowledge can serve as powerful search engine, which will greatly facilitate
intentional, focused and safe natural product drug discovery. These traditions have relatively organized database, and
more exhaustive description of botanical material[1,2]. People of small village are directly in touch with herbs and plant
for treatment purpose, so we have to work together for better result. Although the herbal medicine doesn’t have side
effect but we should follow the strict quality control process. Globalization of herbal medicine system comes with the
better advancement of many oxidative stress related diseases are as a result of accumulation of free radicals in the
body. A lot of researches are going on worldwide directed towards finding natural antioxidants of plants origins. The
aims of this study were to evaluate in vitro phytochemical, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities and to
screen for phytochemical constituents of Blepharis genus. [Family Acanthaceae] Methonolic crude extract.
The word “banana” is a general term comprising a number of species or hybrids in the genus Musa of family Musaceae. Many studies reported that banana is a good source of phenolic compounds, which are having potential health benefits in human beings. The phytochemical composition of eight banana varieties was investigated. Quantitative estimation of phytochemicals revealed that highest alkaloid and tannin content was noticed in variety Nendran (3.76% and 4.40 mg/100g respectively). Whereas, variety Rasakadali exhibited highest flavonoid content (9.49 mg/100). Total phenol and saponin content was found higher in variety Kadali (0.82% and 11.6 mg/100g respectively).
EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTING MIXTURE OF BENZENE AMINO PURINE (BAP) AND KINETIN (KN...Journal For Research
Naveen Gaurav , Assistant Professor Department of Biotechnology, S G R R P G College Dehradun, U.K.; A. P. Singh, Assistant Professor Department of Biotechnology, S G R R P G College Dehradun, U.K.; Arun Kumar, Professor, Department of Botany Govt. P.G. Science College, Rewa, M.P.; Aviral Maithani , M.Sc Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology , SGRRPG College Dehradun, U.K.; Aditi Grover, M.Sc Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology , SGRRPG College Dehradun, U.K.
Toxicity of Ocimum gratissimum leaf extract on the developmental stages of ...researchanimalsciences
The effect of some plant extract on the developmental stages of mosquito
species was conducted using
Anopheles gambiae
,
Culex quinquefasciatus
and
Aedes aegypti
at the first instar, second instar, third instar, fourth instar, pupae and
adult. The plant used was scentleaf (
Ocimum gratissimum
). Soxhlet apparatus was
used to extract each pulverized plant part using petroleum ether solvent. Plant
extract from the petroleum ether solvent was used to test their effects on the
developmental stages of each mosquito species. The result showed that the higher
the developmental stages, the lower the percentage of mortality. It was also
observed that as the time and concentration increases, the percentage of mortality
also increases. Generally, the result showed that
Anopheles gambiae
is more
susceptible in the extracts used followed by
Aedes aegypti
and then
Culex
quinquefasciatus
.
Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity Studies of Ethanol Extracts of Annona Muric...Premier Publishers
The study determined the effects of administration of ethanol extracts of Annona muricata leaves (AML) and Fagara zanthoxyloide roots (FZR) on liver and kidney indices in zidovudine (ZDV)-induced Wistar rats. Animals were grouped into five (5); group 1 served as normal control, groups 2-5 were induced with 100g/mlZDV/Kgbw and group 3 treated with 35IU/Kgbw of erythropoietin, group 4 with 4.5g/mlAML/Kgbw and group 5 with 3.8g/mlFZR/Kgbw for six weeks. Serum liver enzymes, other biochemicals (total protein, albumin, globulin, bilirubin, urea and creatinine), organ weights and histological examination were used to assess the impact on the liver and kidney using standard methods. A significant elevation (p≤0.05) in the activities of serum liver enzymes and bilirubin accompanied by a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in the other biochemicals were observed in group 2. Treatment with extracts resulted in a modulation of the induced effects of ZDV causing a significant decrease in the serum liver enzymes, bilirubin and increase in the total protein, albumin and globulin concentrations. Histology of the liver showed altered architecture, blood vessel congestion and necrosis; while the kidneys were hypoplastic with signs of swelling (group 2) which was gradually reverted on treatment with extracts. The study suggests that extracts of AML and FZR may confer some degree of protection to the liver and kidney.
Free radical scavenging activity, phytochemistry and antimicrobial properties...Premier Publishers
This study is aimed at investigating the phytochemistry, free radical scavenging activity and antimicrobial properties of Tetrapleura tetraptera seeds. The results of the analysis of Tetrapleura tetraptera seeds showed the presence of phenols (0.34 %), flavonoids (0.91 %), alkaloids (0.52 %), tannins (0.23 %) and saponins (0.51 %). Vitamins include ascorbic acid (5.23 %), riboflavin (0.11 %), niacin (1.25 %),-carotenoid (3.40 %) and thiamine (0.06 %). Proximate compositions were moisture (14.73 %), ash (7.30 %), crude protein (17.36 %), crude fibre (6.68 %) and lipids (35.19 %). Mineral elements were calcium (1.41 %), magnesium (0.48 %), potassium (0.56 %), sodium (0.21 %), phosphorus (0.32 %), iron (1.20 %), copper (0.13 %) and zinc (0.77 %). The seed extract showed potent free radical scavenging activity (6.72 – 22.8 %) using ascorbic acid as a standard (12.10 - 42.00 %). The seed extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity (7.00 – 20.00 mm) and the zones of inhibition were compared with that of ciprofloxacin as standard (15.00 – 28.00 mm). From these investigations, seed extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera has proven to be considered an excellent source of nutriceuticals, a potential antioxidant and antimicrobial agents owing to its high level of phytochemical and vitamin constituents.
Identification and evaluation of antifungal compounds from botanicals for the...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus, Colletotrichum falcatum. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for identifying effective antifungal compound against C. falcatum. Among the plants screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of Psoralea corylifolia alone inhibited 100 per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under in vitro conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes viz., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus megaterium and Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC-MS analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the presence of 7H-furo [3,2-G] (1) benzopyran-7-one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8 – methoxypsoralen formed during biosynthesis.
Article Citation:
Rajkumar D and Murugesan R.
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for the Control of Sugarcane Red Rot Pathogen, Colletotrichum falcatum.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 164-172.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0044.pdf
Studies on the Crude Extract of Moringa Oleifera Leaf for Preliminary Identif...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The bioactive phytochemicals in Gouania longipetala was determined using GCMS analysis. The
extract was prepared using Soxhlet`s extraction method and concentrated at 35oC in hot air oven. GCMS
analyzes phytochemicals in plant by demonstrating the structures of the chemical compounds in it. The gas
chromatogram showed the presence of eight phytochemicals. The molecular mass of the phytochemicals were
established based on the molecular ion in the mass spectra. Identification of the phytochemicals was based on
comparison with National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) database. The identified
phytochemicals with their peak area percentages are 11,14-octadecadienoic acid (1.72%), Hexadecanoic acid
also known as Palmitic acid (19.86%), 9,11-octadecadienoic acid (1.33%), 9,12,15-Octadecatrien-1-ol (2.92%),
9-Octadecenoic acid (56.40%), Ethyl palmitate (9.42%), 17-carboxyheptadec-9-en-1-ylium (1.70%) and
Glutaric acid, isobutyl 2-nitrophenyl ester (6.65%). These identified compounds exhibited the following
bioactivities; inhibition of uric acid, urine acidifiers, amino acid decarboxylase activity, arachidonic acid
inhibitor, oligosaccharide provider, decrease endothelial leukocyte and platelet adhesion . Gouania longipetala
therefore contain active phytochemicals that may be beneficial in pharmacognosy. We recommend further work
to be done on its isolation and synthesis.
Ecological environment effects on germination and seedling morphology in Park...AI Publications
Néré (Parkia biglobosa) is a wild species preferred and overexploited for its multiple uses by rural populations in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study of its germination and seedlings could constitute a prerequisite for its domestication, necessary for its conservation. This study aimed to assess the germination and morphology of seedlings taking into account distinct habitats from its natural environment.A total of 2160 seeds from different mother plants and 540 seedlings from germination were selected and evaluated. The trials were conducted on three sites (two nurseries in Côte d'Ivoire vs one greenhouse in France) with different microclimates. The results showed that the larger the mother trees are, the larger the seeds they produce, which in turn generate more vigorous seedlings. This study showed that the species grows better in a milder environment that is different from its region of origin (fertile soil with a stable or humid tropical climate: Montpellier greenhouse and Daloa nursery). Overall, parent trees did not statistically influence each germination and seedling development parameter for the three sites combined (P > 0.05). However, analysis of variance showed that germination and seedling development parameters differed between experimental sites (P < 0.05). These results are useful and could be used as decision support tools to guide conservation (domestication) and agroforestry programmes based on Parkia biglobosa. This study could be extended to other endangered species in order to preserve biodiversity.
Comparative study of phytochemical, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antioxidant ...IJSIT Editor
India is a vast repository of medicinal plants that are used in traditional medical treatments. India gave
‘Ayurveda’ the oldest golden book in herbal medicine system. Medicinal plants play a vital role for the development of
new drugs. Natural products from plant, animal and minerals have been the basis of the treatment of human disease
but plants stood above all. Traditional knowledge can serve as powerful search engine, which will greatly facilitate
intentional, focused and safe natural product drug discovery. These traditions have relatively organized database, and
more exhaustive description of botanical material[1,2]. People of small village are directly in touch with herbs and plant
for treatment purpose, so we have to work together for better result. Although the herbal medicine doesn’t have side
effect but we should follow the strict quality control process. Globalization of herbal medicine system comes with the
better advancement of many oxidative stress related diseases are as a result of accumulation of free radicals in the
body. A lot of researches are going on worldwide directed towards finding natural antioxidants of plants origins. The
aims of this study were to evaluate in vitro phytochemical, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities and to
screen for phytochemical constituents of Blepharis genus. [Family Acanthaceae] Methonolic crude extract.
The word “banana” is a general term comprising a number of species or hybrids in the genus Musa of family Musaceae. Many studies reported that banana is a good source of phenolic compounds, which are having potential health benefits in human beings. The phytochemical composition of eight banana varieties was investigated. Quantitative estimation of phytochemicals revealed that highest alkaloid and tannin content was noticed in variety Nendran (3.76% and 4.40 mg/100g respectively). Whereas, variety Rasakadali exhibited highest flavonoid content (9.49 mg/100). Total phenol and saponin content was found higher in variety Kadali (0.82% and 11.6 mg/100g respectively).
EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTING MIXTURE OF BENZENE AMINO PURINE (BAP) AND KINETIN (KN...Journal For Research
Naveen Gaurav , Assistant Professor Department of Biotechnology, S G R R P G College Dehradun, U.K.; A. P. Singh, Assistant Professor Department of Biotechnology, S G R R P G College Dehradun, U.K.; Arun Kumar, Professor, Department of Botany Govt. P.G. Science College, Rewa, M.P.; Aviral Maithani , M.Sc Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology , SGRRPG College Dehradun, U.K.; Aditi Grover, M.Sc Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology , SGRRPG College Dehradun, U.K.
Toxicity of Ocimum gratissimum leaf extract on the developmental stages of ...researchanimalsciences
The effect of some plant extract on the developmental stages of mosquito
species was conducted using
Anopheles gambiae
,
Culex quinquefasciatus
and
Aedes aegypti
at the first instar, second instar, third instar, fourth instar, pupae and
adult. The plant used was scentleaf (
Ocimum gratissimum
). Soxhlet apparatus was
used to extract each pulverized plant part using petroleum ether solvent. Plant
extract from the petroleum ether solvent was used to test their effects on the
developmental stages of each mosquito species. The result showed that the higher
the developmental stages, the lower the percentage of mortality. It was also
observed that as the time and concentration increases, the percentage of mortality
also increases. Generally, the result showed that
Anopheles gambiae
is more
susceptible in the extracts used followed by
Aedes aegypti
and then
Culex
quinquefasciatus
.
We are prime manufacturers of BioPesticide/Fertilizer/Fungicide,Plant Growth Regulator,Agri Enzymes & Beneficiary Microbial Formulations manufactured using World's Latest SSF Technology.
Antioxidant properties of some leafy and non leafy vegetables in west africaAkinbobola Akinwemoye
This is a seminar report on the Antioxidant properties of some leafy and non leafy vegetables in west africa. Get my contact on http://www.livestocking.com/p/contact-us.html to get a copy of this.
This PPT describes the ayurvedic and herbal remedies for the Diabetes.And it’s really helpful.It summarize the maximum herbal techniques which are helpful to Diabetes.
This presentation gives you eight simple tips on how to make your PowerPoint presentation slides more visually engaging, creative and fun. Try out these advice and you will make your best PowerPoint presentation ever.
This presentation was created by my powerpoint design agency Slides. We are based in Spain but have clients worldwide.
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Effects of Methanolic Extract of Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) on the Neu...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Effects of Methanolic Extract of Bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) on the Neuromuscular functions of Albino rats. (Rattus norvegicus)
Leelee Famii Zitte and Friday Robinson Nuanae
Department of Animal and Environmental Biology University of Port Harcourt
Corresponding Author: Leelee.zitte@uniport.edu.ng
________________________________________
ABSTRACT
This research was conducted to determine the effects of methanolic extract of bitter on the neuromuscular system of albino rats. Twenty–five (25) albino rats were grouped into five groups (A, B, C, D and E) of five (5) rats per group. Group A served as control while groups B, C, D and E were treated with different concentrations of methanolic extract of bitter leaf (100mg/kg/day, 200mg/kg/day, 400mg/kg/day and 800mg/kg/day) at two different times (morning and evening with half the daily dose per administration) respectively for a period of one-month. Thereafter the rats were subjected to five different tests: handgrip test, beam walking test, inverted screen maze test, swimming test and force swimming test. Statistical Analysis showed that the effects of methanolic extract of bitter leaf, exhibited significant (p˂0.05) effect on the nerves of the muscle tone when compared with the control. In hand grip test, group C, showed mean values which were significantly (p˂0.05) higher than the control. In beam walking test the treatment groups (B, C, D, and E ) were slower than the control in a dose dependent manner. The treatment groups were not significantly different from the control though there observable trends expressing treatment-induced effects. Only group C was seen to be significantly different (p˂0.05) in swimming test. In forced swimming test, groups B, C, D were dose dependently smarter than the control to locate the safe platform faster. However, group E was not so influenced. The result expressly showed that Vernonia amygdalina has significant effect on neuromuscular, memory and other cognitive functions and in proper dosage is applied it can enhance effective neuronal functions.
Keywords: Vernonia amydalina, neuromuscular effects, Rattus norvegicus
This study investigated the effect of protein isolate from leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina in diabetic rats. Thirty (30) adults male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six (6) groups of five (5) each based on their body weight. Diabetes was induced with administration of alloxan, 150 mg/kg body weight (i.p). Group A served as the control and received 1 mL/kg body weight of 5% ethanol being solvent used, Group B received 1 mL alloxan containing 150 mg/kg only. Group C, D, E and F were respectively alloxanized but treated with 1%, 3%, 5% and 7% of protein isolate obtained from V. amygdalina leaves for 14 days. On the 15th day, the animals were humanely sacrificed and their liver homogenates were prepared. Standard biochemical procedures were adopted for determination of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glucose levels. Data were subjected to one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison post-hoc test using Graph Pad, version 6 software. Results showed that CAT activity in alloxan-induced untreated rats (1.17 μmole H2O2) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than observed in control rats (2.10 mole H2O2). Treatment with the respective doses recorded comparable values to those observed in control rats. Similar observation was seen with SOD data. Rats treated with 7% protein isolate recorded the most significant (p < 0.05) decrease in serum glucose level. The study suggests that the protein isolate possesses anti-diabetic and hypoglycaemic effects on alloxan-induced diabetic rats.
Effects of Acalypha torta (Muell) Leaf Extract on Histological Indices of the...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
The evaluation of the effect of Sida acuta leaf extract on the microanatomy a...IOSR Journals
This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Sida acuta on the micro-anatomy of the liver and some biochemical parameters in adult Wistar rats. Thirty rats weighing between 140-180g were assigned to three groups (A, B and C) with ten animals each. Group A served as the control while groups B and C served as the experimental groups and received 100mg/kgbw and 200mg/kgbw of the extract respectively for fourteen days. All the animals were sacrificed after fourteen days. Blood was collected by cardiac puncture for biochemical analysis of serum liver enzymes s The liver was removed, preserved and processed for paraffin sections and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The animals in the control group showed normal histological and biochemical parameters. Conversely, animals that received 100mg/kgbw of the extract showed slight difference in their hepatic cyto-architecture while animals that were administered with 200mg/kgbw of the extract revealed distorted morphological feature showing shrunken sinusoid and dilation of the central vein suggesting that the extract has adverse effect on the morphology of the liver. Results of the serum liver enzymes of animals treated with 100mg/kgbw and 200mg/kg revealed significantly decreased values of AST, ALP and ALT (P <0.05) relative to the control. From the result of this experiment, it is concluded that administration of ethanolic extract of Sida acuta leaves may be toxic to Wistar rats at the doses administered.
The Central and Peripheral effects of the methanol extract of Fadogia cienkow...iosrjce
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SYNERGISTIC ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF PHYTOESTROGENS IN CRUDE EXTRACTS OF T...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Intensive studies on extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have doubled in the last decade worldwide. However, as a result of paucity of knowledge and folkloric claim on the effectiveness of sesame leaves in infectious disease treatments, we aimed to determine the synergistic antimicrobial activity of essential oils and lignans present in the crude leaves extracts of Sesame radiatum and Sesame indicum. Ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous extracts of both leaves were studied for their in-vitro synergistic antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative micro-organisms, and Yeast using Agar diffusion method. The GC-MS phytochemical screening of methanolic extract showed that the major compounds in essential oils are of carboxylic acids and phenolic groups especially, the most potent antioxidants known to man like sesamol, sesamolin and sesamin among others. Methanolic and ethanolic extracts have broad spectrum antimicrobial effect against all the tested pathogenic micro-organisms except Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus respectively, while the aqueous extract exhibited inhibitory activity on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans. The result confirmed the folkloric claims of the antimicrobial effectiveness of locally consumed sesame leaves extracts especially against bacterial and common skin infection in many areas of Nigeria .
Effects of Vegetative Zones on the Nutritional Composition of Vernonia Amygda...AI Publications
The study was carried out to determine the effects of vegetative zones (location) on the nutritional compositions of Vernonia amygdalina leaves in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Across locations (in each vegetative zones), A total land area of 9 m x 18 m was acquired and soil samples were randomly collected to determine the physical and chemical composition of the soils. The growth of Vernonia amygdalina (stem) with a spacing of 1 m x 1 m between rows was determined. Harvested fresh leaves of the plant were analyzed for nutritional composition using standard methods. Nutritional and mineral compositions were observed at different proportions in the leaves of the investigated plant. Higher proximate composition in the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina was also recorded in terms of Moisture (Efon; 11.34%) and protein (Ikere; 22.46 %,) in the rainforest. However, higher Fat (Otun; 4.58 %), Crude fiber (Omuo; 16.08 %), Ash (Omuo; 14.69%) and Carbohydrate (Otun; 38.68 %) was found in Vernonia amygdalina grown in the Derived Savannah area. Similarly, the Mineral element compositions in the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina were found to be higher in plant from the rainforest area than the derived savannah area of Ekiti State except sodium and iron, which were higher in Vernonia amygdalina grown in the Derived Savannah area. However, the significant differences recorded between the nutritional components on the studied medicinal plant reveals the potentiality of the influence of soil factor and different climatic conditions of the study areas.
Hepato Protective Assessment of Pawpaw Leaves, Neem, Lemon Grass and Acts on ...ijtsrd
Malaria is a major concern in Nigeria, and stands as the second leading cause of death from all infectious disease in Africa. Several studies have reported the damaging effect of the parasite to various body organs especially the liver. Reports over time has shown the benefits of various plants extracts in ethno medicine. However, not much have been done on the effects of some of these extracts in combined form on its hepato protective assessment in comparison with any known ACT based anti malaria. The focus of this study was to explore the hepato protective properties of ethanoic extract of Carica papaya Linn, AzadirachtaIndica, CymbopogonCitratusagainst ACT based antimalarial therapy on plasmodium berghei parasitized wistar rats. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts were done according to the method described by Treaseand Evans. Hepato protective assessment were done using the liver function tests and assay of the liver histology respectively. One hundred and ten 110 rats distributed into 11 groups, each group having 10rats were used for the experiment. Negative control received just feed and water, Positive control were induced with the malaria parasite and given feed and water only. The tests groups were induced with malaria, received feed and water and treated with 500mg kg, 250mg kg and 165mg kg doses of the extracts, both individually and in combined forms, as well as the standard ACT anti malaria. Phytochemical screening showed that the plant extracts possessed high concentration of Tannins, Flavonoids, Saponins and Alkaloids. Plasmodium berghei increased the activities of ALP, ASP and ALT when compared with the positive control group. This may be attributed to increase in functional capacity of the liver as a result of the presence of the infection for the tests groups. Treatment with the plant extracts decreased ALP and ALT levels significantly P 0.05 , as well as AST levels except for the Neem extract. Histological examination of the liver of test animals showed no extensive damage to the tissue by the individual extracts when compared to the negative control group. Nnyaha Anthonia E. | Igbokwe Ugochukwu V. | Okonkwo Onyeka Chukwudi | Ajeka Prisca O. | Nwaissac Ikechukwu S. | Okpa Precious N. "Hepato-Protective Assessment of Pawpaw Leaves, Neem, Lemon Grass and Acts on Plasmodium Berghei Parasitized Wistar Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46292.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/physiology/46292/hepatoprotective-assessment-of-pawpaw-leaves-neem-lemon-grass-and-acts-on-plasmodium-berghei-parasitized-wistar-rats/nnyaha-anthonia-e
Characterization of the Volatile Components and Antimicrobial Properties of t...Premier Publishers
The characterization of the ethanol leaf extract of Uvaria chamae was carried out with the aim of identifying and determining the chemical compounds present in the extract. Initial phytochemical results showed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins. Phenols, steroids and alkaloids. Interpreted spectrum obtained from the GC-MS revealed twelve absorption peaks. Peak 1 was identified as Benzene carboxylic acid with molecular weight of 122g and molecular formula C7H6O2. Similarly, peaks 2-12 were identified as, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, hexadecanoic acid, 11-octadecenoic acid methyl ester, phytol, 6-octadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, tetradecanamide. hexadecanoic acid-2,3-dihydroxpropyl ester, 9-octadecenamide, 9,12-octadecadienoyl chloride and 13-octadecanal with corresponding molecular formulas of C17H34O2, C16H36O2, C19H36O2, C20H40O, C18H34O2, C18H36O2, C14H29NO, C19H38O4, C18H35NO, C18H31ClO and C18H34O respectively. The extract inhibited the growth of some selected human pathogen; Pseudomonas aureginosa by 6mm with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 50mg/cm3. Similar results were also obtained for Candida albicans 8mm with MIC 50mg/cm3 and Trichophyton spp 4mm with MIC OF 100mg/cm3
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Effects of the aqueous root extract of vernonia amygdalina on the haematological profile of rattus norvegicus
1. Advances in Life Science and Technology www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-7181 (Paper) ISSN 2225-062X (Online)
Vol.11, 2013
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Effects of the Aqueous Root Extract of Vernonia amygdalina on
the Haematological Profile of Rattus norvegicus
Joseph E Eyo*
, Lilian O Nwachukwu, Ikechukwu E Onah, Chinedu I Atama, Felicia N Ekeh, Ngozi E Ezenwaji,
Njoku Ivoke
Biomedical and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology,
University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
*Email of corresponding author: joseph.eyo@unn.edu.ng Telephone: +234 802 621 2686
Abstract
The effects of Vernonia amygdalina root extract on the haematological profile of 20 male albino rats (Wistar
strain) were investigated for a period of 21 days. The rats were divided into three treatment groups A, B, and C
and a control group D. The experimental groups A, B, and C were treated with 50mg.Kg-1
, 150mg.Kg-1
, and
300mg.Kg-1
body weight respectively while the control (group D) received equal volume of normal saline. The
extracts were given to the animals orally for 21 days. Blood was collected through the orbital-plexus of rats to
assay the effect of the extract on packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cell count (WBC), red blood cell count
(RBC) and haemoglobin (Hb) level. The mean WBC, RBC, PVC and haemoglobin level ranged from 1560 ±
120 to 3200 ± 1200, 150.00 ± 40.00 to 276.00 ± 44.50, 38.00 ± 1.00 to 41.00 ± 3.00, and 16.00 ± 2.00 to 12.50 ±
0.50, respectively. There was no significant different (p>0.05) in the haematological profile of the treated groups
when compared with the control. However, there was significant different (p<0.05) within each group from week
one to week three except WBC in group D and PVC in all the groups. This suggested that the effect of the
aqueous extract of V. amygdalina on the haematological profile of Rattus norvegicus was dependent on duration
of consumption.
Keywords: Vernonia amygdalina, Aqueous root extract, Haematological profile, Rattus norvegicus
1. Introduction
The widespread use of Vernonia amygdalina both as food and medicine in the rural communities call for urgent
attention in order to effectively exploit the maximum benefits of the plant and to avoid/ameliorate the adverse
side effects that may emanate from such indiscriminate use of the plant. V. amygdalina is a shrub or small tree of
2-5m with petiolate leaf of about 6mm in diameter and elliptic shape (Areghereore et al . 1998). The leaves are
green with a characteristic odour and bitter taste (Singha 1966). V. amygdalina has a variety of names in various
languages. In English, it is referred to as bitter leaf (Okokon & Onah 2004), in Yoruba, it is known as “Ewuro”;
it is called “Etidot”, in Efik, Ijaw and Ibibio. The Igbos call it “Onugbo” or “Olubu”, it is referred to as “Ityna”
in Tiv, “Oriwo” in Edo, and “Chusa-doki” in Hausa (Egedigwe 2010). The plant grows throughout tropical
Africa. It is drought-resistant and thrives in humid environments (Ijeh & Ejike 2011). It is grown commonly in
Benin, Nigeria, Cameroun, Gabon and DR Congo, and to a lesser extent in their neighboring countries.
It is a unique plant, so unique that every part of it has an economic importance. Its leaves are macerated and used
in cooking soup, while the extracts are used as tonic for prevention of certain illness. Vernonia amygdalina have
been shown to be valuable nutritionally. It contains significant quantities of lipids (Ejoh et al. 2007), proteins
with essential amino acids (Igile et al. 1994). It also contains carbohydrates (Eleyinmi et al. 2008) and
carotenoids, though not in large quantities (Udensi et al. 2002). Also contained in this plant are essential
elements such as calcium, iron, protein, potassium, phosphorus, manganese, copper and cobalt (Bonsi et al.
1995).
V. amygdalina also finds applications in the treatment of various ailments. It is a medicinal herb used popularly
by traditional practitioners especially in villages. The plant has been shown to be anti-helminths, blood purifier,
anti-laxative and anti-malarial. It is also used by scientists in curing joint pains associated with AIDS, diabetes,
persistent headache, fever reduction and a host of others. The roots are used for treatment of gastro-intestinal
problems, malaria, toothache and fertility problems (Momoh et al. 2010). It is also used as digestive tonic,
appetizer, and febrifuge and for topical treatment of wounds as a substitute for iodine (Iwu 1986). Dalziel (1937)
was the first to report that the root and twig of the plant are used for the treatment of gastro-intestinal problems
by the Hausas of northern Nigeria, while the decoction from leaves are used for treating malaria fever in Guinea
and cough in Ghana. Leaf decoctions are also used to treat diarrhea, dysentery and hepatitis. V. amygdalina can
2. Advances in Life Science and Technology www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-7181 (Paper) ISSN 2225-062X (Online)
Vol.11, 2013
20
also be used as a control agent against diseases in plants. The aquoues leaf extract in combination with
Azadirachta indica leaf extract is the best cure for type 2 diabetes in Nigeria (Eyong et al. ). The ash from burnt
branches can be used to control seed-borne fungi (Misari 1992). Its stem is used as chewing stick. A lot of
researches have been done on its leaf extract but the reverse is the case with the roots. The objectives of the
study therefore have been designed to find out the effects of aqueous root extract of V. amygdalina on the
haematological profile of Rattus norvegicus.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Plant Material
Fresh roots of V. amygdalina used were collected from Enugu-Ezike, Igbo Eze North Local Government of
Enugu State. Thereafter, they were transported to the Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology,
University of Nigeria, Nsukka where they were authenticated and voucher specimen kept in the herbarium
(VAR112111). The roots were taken to the Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology Physiology
Laboratory where they were washed to remove impurities and then cut into smaller sizes. The roots were air-
dried under room temperature over a period of three weeks. The dried roots were pulverized to get a coarse
powder used for the extraction. 540g of the powder was macerated in 2.16 litres of distilled water. The mixture
was stirred continuously for 10 minutes and allowed to stand for 48 hours, after which it was filtered using
Whatman filter paper (grade 1: 11 µm) and the filtrate dried into powder using a rotary evaporator (Stuart, model
RE-300, UK) at a temperature of 40o
C. The residue referred to as the crude extract was stored in an air-tight
container under refrigeration until used (Momoh et al. 2010).
2.2 Management of Experimental Animals
Twenty albino rats of six weeks old and weighing between 115 - 184g were used for the experiment. The
animals were procured from Animal Breeding and Genetics Unit of the Department of Zoology and
Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Approval to use albino rats was obtained from the
ethical committee of University of Nigeria, Nsukka, and full protocol for animal experimentation was adhered to
during the study. They were kept in stainless wire rat cages equipped with drinkers and faecal collecting tray in a
clean fly proof experimental animal house and were fed (Chick Growers Mesh, Guinea Feed, Nigeria) and
watered ad libitum during the course of acclimatization and experimentation. The faecal droppings in the tray
were removed daily.
2.3 Methodology
The albino rats were divided into four groups A, B, C and D of 5 rats per group. Groups A, B and C were the
treatment groups while group D served as the control. Group A, B and C were given 50mg/kg, 150mg/kg and
300mg/kg of the root extracts of V. amygdalina, respectively on a daily basis for a period of 3 weeks, while
group D received equal volume of normal saline. Each extract concentration was resuspended in 1 ml of normal
saline and administered orally to the albino rats using 2ml syringe. Blood was drawn weekly from the eyes of the
albino rats with a haematocrit by inserting the tube carefully into the cantus to puncture the orbital-plexus. This
is to enable the flow of blood into the EDTA treated bottles.
2.4 Haematological Parameters
The haematological parameters such as: red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cells count (WBC) and packed
cell volume (PCV) were determined using the method of Sood (2006).
2.5 Haemoglobin Determination
Drabkin’s solution was used and this composed of 50mg of Potassium cyanide (KCN), 20 mg Potassium
ferrycyanide [K3Fe (CN)6] and 1000ml of distilled water. Spectrophotometer was used to measure the Optical
Density (OD) of the Drabkin’s solution. This was compared with the standard reagent blank in
spectrophotometer. The reading obtained was then read-off as standard graph of OD and haemoglobin.
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Haemoglobin concentration was calculated thus: Hb concentrated (g/100ml) = Optical density of test solution ×
Hb concentration standard solution / Optical density of standard × b × 1000 (Sood 2006).
2.6 Data Analysis
The data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to test for variations of the different
parameters observed in the study. Test of significance was at 0.05% probability.
3. Results
3.1 Effects of Aqueous Root Extract of V. amygdalina on the Haemoglobin Level of Rattus norvegicus
The haemoglobin level of the albino rats ranged from 16.00 ± 2.00 in week one in group D to 12.50 ± 0.50 in
group C in week two. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in haemoglobin level with respect to dosage
of administration between the treatment groups and the control group during the period of the study. However,
within the groups there was a significant decrease in haemoglobin level in group A (p<0.05) and a significant
increase in haemoglobin level in B and C (p<0.05) but in D the decrease in haemoglobin level was not
statistically significant (p>0.05) (Table 1).
3.2 The effects of Aqueous Root Extract of V. amygdalina on the Total White Blood Cell Count (WBC) of Rattus
norvegicus
There was no significant change (p > 0.05) in the WBC of the rats in treatment groups when compared with
those of the control group. Within the groups, there was significant increase (p<0.05) of white blood cell count
from week one to week three in all the groups except group D (the control) (Table 2).
3.3 Effect of Aqueous Root Extract of V. amygdalina on Red Blood Cell Count (RBC) of Rattus norvegicus
The effect of the extract on RBC was not concentration dependent as no significant change (p > 0.05) was
observed in groups A, B and C when compared with group D. Within each group, there was a significant
increase (p<0.05) of the red blood cell count of the rats from week one to week three of administration of the
extract (Table 3).
3.4 Effects of Aqueous Root Extract of V. amygdalina on Packed Cell Volume (PCV) of Rattus norvegicus
There was increase in PCV of the treatment groups compared to the control however; the increase was not
statistically significant (p > 0.05). There was no significant different (p > 0.05) observed within the groups
(Table 4).
4. Discussion
The study revealed that the effect of the root extracts on the haematological profiles of the albino rats were
dependent on the duration of consumption rather than the dosage. Considering the response of the
haematological parameters to the dose of extract, there was a decrease in the haemoglobin and increase in the
RBC for all the treatment groups. Reduction in haemoglobin might have resulted to lower oxygen supply to
different tissues, while the increase of the red blood cell count may be as a result of increased formation and
reduced destruction of red blood cells (El-Demerdash 2004).
The decreased WBC in treated groups might indicate depressed immune-response. The reduction in the total
white blood cell count could also be due to reduced production of white blood cells, re-distribution of white
blood cells from peripheral blood into the tissues or rapid destruction of white blood cells (Guton & Hall 1996).
This was however increased as more of the extract was consumed. The significant increase in WBC might
indicated activation of the immune system, a normal cell-mediated immune response (El-Demerdash 2004).
The PCV of the treated rats remained relatively constant. PCV levels reflect the extent and efficiency of oxygen
uptake and transfer to the tissues of the rat (Carpenter 1975; Ots et al. 1998). The relatively constant PCV might
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indicate that the extent and efficiency of oxygen uptake and transfer to tissue of the rats was at a normal rate.
Our contrast Oboh (2001), who had reported decreased PCV, due to induced haemolysis in normal rats treated
with aqueous extracts of V. amygdalina leaves.
5. Conclusion
The root extracts of V. amygdalina had no dose-dependent significant effect on the haematological profile of R.
norvegicus. The effect observed was dependent on the time, with considerable boost observed in the WBC and
RBC of treated animals. Therefore, the extract was safe for consumption, because of the observed increase in
RBC. The increase in the WBC suggested that the root extract of V. amygladina boosted immune system.
Acknowledgement
We are indebted to the Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka for
providing laboratory space and facilities for the study. We are also thankful to Dr Christopher Nwani for reading
the initial manuscript. There is no conflict of interest among the authors.
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Table 1. Effects of aqueous root extract of V. amygdalina on haemoglobin level of Rattus norvegicus
GROUPS DOSAGE (MG/KG) WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3
A 50 15.75 ± 0.25
a2
14.00 ± 1.00
a1
14.40 ± 1.10
a1
B 150 15.50 ± 0.50
a2
13.00 ± 0.00
a1
15.5 ± 0.75
a2
C 300 15.50 ± 1.50
a2
12.50 ± 0.50
a1
14.35 ± 0.45
a2
D Normal saline 16.00 ± 2.00
a1
15.30 ± 1.30
a1
15.50 ± 0.50
a1
Data expressed as Mean ± SD. Mean values in a column with different alphabets are significantly different (p <
0.05). Mean values in a row with different figures are significantly different (p < 0.05).
Table 2: Effects of aqueous root extract of V. amygdalina on white blood cell count of Rattus norvegicus
GROUPS DOSAGE (MG/KG) WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3
A 50 1900 ± 100
a2
1560 ± 120
a1
3150 ± 350
a3
B 150 3200 ± 1350
a2
2820 ± 950
a1
3200 ± 1200
a2
C 300 1860 ± 40
a1
1800 ± 180
a1
2300 ± 1000
a2
D Normal saline 3325 ± 1325
a1
3300 ± 1300
a1
3400 ± 900
a1
Data expressed as Mean ± SD. Mean values in a column with different alphabets are significantly different (p <
0.05). Mean values in a row with different figures are significantly different (p < 0.05)
6. Advances in Life Science and Technology www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-7181 (Paper) ISSN 2225-062X (Online)
Vol.11, 2013
24
Table 3. Effect of aqueous root extract of V. amygdalina on red blood cell count (RBC) of Rattus norvegicus
GROUPS DOSAGE (MG/KG) WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3
A 50 195.00 ± 5.00
a1
220.00 ± 20.00
a2
267.50 ± 22.50
a3
B 150 200.00 ± 10.00
a1
210.00 ± 10.00
a1
272.50 ± 2.50
a2
C 300 184.00 ± 14.00
a1
190.00 ± 10.00
a1
276.00 ± 44.50
a2
D Normal saline 152.50 ± 37.50
a1
150.00 ± 40.00
a1
185.00 ± 65.00
a2
Data expressed as Mean ± SD. Mean values in a column with different alphabets are significantly different (p <
0.05). Mean values in a row with different figures are significantly different (p < 0.05)
Table 4. Effects of aqueous root extract of V. amygdalina on packed cell volume (PCV) of Rattus norvegicus
GROUPS DOSAGE
(MG/KG)
WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEKS 3
A 50 38.00 ± 1.00
a1
41.00 ± 3.00
a1
39.00 ± 1.00
a1
B 150 38.00 ± 1.00
a1
38.50 ± 0.50
a1
40.50 ± 3.50
a1
C 300 38.50 ± 0.50
a2
38.00 ± 1.00
a2
40.50 ± 1.50
a2
D Normal saline 38.00 ± 1.00
a1
38.87 ± 0.78
a1
39.00 ± 1.00
a1
Data expressed as Mean ± SD. Mean values in a column with different alphabets are significantly different (p <
0.05). Mean values in a row with different figures are significantly different (p < 0.05).
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