This document summarizes a study on sources of maternal health information among rural women in Karimganj district, Assam, India. The study found that the major sources of information for the women were health workers, followed by radio. Most women were aware of child immunization but knowledge was lacking around birth spacing, TT immunization during pregnancy, and provisions under the Janani Suraksha Yojana scheme. Adoption of family planning methods was low, with many women lacking knowledge. The primary source of information for maternal health was found to be local health workers during home visits.
Disclaimer: That first slide was included in the actual presentation given, and for a reason. If you get offended easily, navigate elsewhere, as I didn't filter anything.
This was a presentation given by my team in the spring of 2006 for International Business.
For our final project, our professor wanted each team to come up with a business plan that HAD to be as controversial as possible. After tossing some ideas around, we settled on this simple, yet incendiary concept: What if we created a birth control drug that could be placed in all drinkable liquids - even natural fresh water sources? And apply this drug on a global scale? For the "greater good" of the planet and humanity?
Needless to say, once the floor opened to questions, we got yelled at and heckled for about ten minute, with pretty much had the entire class ready to kill all of us.
And our professor smiled in the corner and gave us an 'A'.
If YOU have any questions about the ideas behind this presentation, feel free to ask - I believe I still remember all the possible answers we gave. =)
Female foeticide is a horrific and illegal practice that has got to be stopped. The way to do this is by implementation of stronger laws and bringing about a change in the mind-set of our countrymen – uphill tasks, but absolutely crucial nevertheless.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The reports contains the deliberations of Dalit, Adivasi, NGO and International NGO leaders working for nutrition and food security with sharing of the findings of social audits conducted in Madhya Pradesh. The convention was organized as part of NACDOR led National Campaign on Nutrition for Dignity launched in 10 states of India with the support of Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition,
Decomposing of Urban Poor / Non-Poor Differential in Childhood Malnutrition a...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The high level of childhood malnutrition due to mortality in India is a major hurdle impeding the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals–3 (SDG–3). The present study aims to quantify the contribution of factors that explain the poor/non-poor gap in malnutrition and mortality status of children 0-5 years in urban India using data from 2015-16 of fourth round National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4).
Methods
For understand the gap in child health between the urban poor and non-poor, and across the selected covariate were used the descriptive statistics. Furthermore Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition and non-liner Fairlie decomposition technique both were used to explain the factors contributing to the average gap in under nutrition between poor and non-poor children in urban India.
Disclaimer: That first slide was included in the actual presentation given, and for a reason. If you get offended easily, navigate elsewhere, as I didn't filter anything.
This was a presentation given by my team in the spring of 2006 for International Business.
For our final project, our professor wanted each team to come up with a business plan that HAD to be as controversial as possible. After tossing some ideas around, we settled on this simple, yet incendiary concept: What if we created a birth control drug that could be placed in all drinkable liquids - even natural fresh water sources? And apply this drug on a global scale? For the "greater good" of the planet and humanity?
Needless to say, once the floor opened to questions, we got yelled at and heckled for about ten minute, with pretty much had the entire class ready to kill all of us.
And our professor smiled in the corner and gave us an 'A'.
If YOU have any questions about the ideas behind this presentation, feel free to ask - I believe I still remember all the possible answers we gave. =)
Female foeticide is a horrific and illegal practice that has got to be stopped. The way to do this is by implementation of stronger laws and bringing about a change in the mind-set of our countrymen – uphill tasks, but absolutely crucial nevertheless.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The reports contains the deliberations of Dalit, Adivasi, NGO and International NGO leaders working for nutrition and food security with sharing of the findings of social audits conducted in Madhya Pradesh. The convention was organized as part of NACDOR led National Campaign on Nutrition for Dignity launched in 10 states of India with the support of Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition,
Decomposing of Urban Poor / Non-Poor Differential in Childhood Malnutrition a...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The high level of childhood malnutrition due to mortality in India is a major hurdle impeding the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals–3 (SDG–3). The present study aims to quantify the contribution of factors that explain the poor/non-poor gap in malnutrition and mortality status of children 0-5 years in urban India using data from 2015-16 of fourth round National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4).
Methods
For understand the gap in child health between the urban poor and non-poor, and across the selected covariate were used the descriptive statistics. Furthermore Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition and non-liner Fairlie decomposition technique both were used to explain the factors contributing to the average gap in under nutrition between poor and non-poor children in urban India.
Marcin PIwowarczyk, IMAS: "Na co zwracać uwagę zamawiając badania oparte na p...Marcin Piwowarczyk
Marcin Piwowarczyk, IMAS International "Na co zwracać uwagę zamawiając badania oparte na panelu?" prezentacja z Klubu Badacza PTBRiO z dnia 18 marca 2009 r.
The Impact of Poverty on Under 5 Children in Rural Communities of the West Af...GABRIEL JEREMIAH ORUIKOR
Background: Under 5 children mortality is a significant
public health issue in West Africa, where poverty is
prevalent. Poverty is a complex and multifaceted issue that
affects various aspects of life, including health outcomes.
The impact of poverty on under 5 children mortality has
been extensively studied in West Africa, and this review
aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the
findings of these studies.
Methods: This review is aqualitative Narrative review in
which systematic review procedures were employed to
search, select, and extract data from overviews that meet
eligibility criteria for this study. The search yielded a total of
1,245 articles; published between 2005 and 2023 in West
Africa, including Nigeria, Ghana, Mali, and Senegal. 78
articles were selected for full-text review, out of which 30
met the inclusion criteria and included in the final analysis.
The studies used different study designs, including crosssectional, cohort, and case-control studies. The sample sizes
ranged from 100 to 10,000 participants.
Results: The findings of the studies showed that poverty has
a significant impact on under 5 children mortality in West
Africa. Children from poor households were more likely to
die before their fifth birthday compared to children from
wealthier households. Poverty also affected the health
outcomes of mothers, which in turn affected the health
outcomes of their children. The studies identified various
factors that contribute to the impact of poverty on under 5
mortality, including malnutrition, lack of access to
healthcare, poor sanitation, and inadequate housing. The
studies also highlighted the role of community-level factors,
such as social support and community participation, in
mitigating the impact of poverty on under 5 mortality.
Conclusion: Poverty affects various aspects of life,
including access to healthcare, nutrition, and basic
amenities, which in turn affects the health outcomes of
children. Community-based interventions that address the
underlying causes of poverty and improve access to
healthcare and basic amenities should be strengthened,
designed better and implemented in collaboration with
stakeholders to ensure their effectiveness and sustainability.
Further research is needed to identify effective interventions
that can improve health outcomes in impoverished
communities.
Maternal Health Care Services and Its Utilization in Bihar, Indiainventionjournals
ABSTRACT: The utilization of maternal health care services is a complex phenomenon and influenced by several factors. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the utilization of maternal health services and its determinant that affects at community and regional levels by using DLHS-III. Bi-variate and multiple logistic regressions have been used for analyzing all these things. Home Delivery was found more in rural (74.1) than urban (46%), but maximum delivery was found normal in both rural (94.5%) and urban (85.4%) setting, birth that had been conducted by unskilled persons was also high in rural (94%) and urban (87%) settings. The utilization of any ANC, Institutional delivery and PNC was 59 percent, 28 percent and 26 percent respectively. There was also a large significant variation in utilization of ANC services and services at the time of delivery used in between rural and urban settings. Households’ socio-economic status, mother's education, caste and birth order was the most-important determinants associated with the use of any ANC and institutional delivery. Therefore, at community-levels, increase the utilization of maternal health services and there is also stable to focus on vulnerable section of the community (Poor and SC/ST groups) and regional-level awareness interventions.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Prof. Vibhuti Patel How inclusive is the eleventh five year plan a sectoral r...VIBHUTI PATEL
Measures to Improve the Condition of Women
Vibhuti Patel
1. Current Macro Economic Scenario
The current macroeconomic scenario has intensified feminization of poverty. A mid-term evaluation of the
Eleventh Five Year Plan from a gender perspective therefore is the need of the hour. Real wages of a large number
of women have declined. Women’s work burden in unpaid care economy (cooking, cleaning, nursing, collecting
fuel, fodder, water, etc) has increased many-fold due to withdrawal of state from social sector (Chakraborty,
2008). Privatisation of education, health and insurance has increased unpaid work of women in the working
class and lower middle class households (Hirway, 2009)—not accounted in the system of national accounting.
Gender friendly implementation of National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) in terms of skill
building, resource generation, work conditions and remuneration reaching actual women beneficiaries is still a
distant dream. While large majority of women are drowning in the ocean of market fundamentalism, they are
given small sticks in the form of Self Help Groups (SHGs) and micro finance to save themselves.
Inflation in agricultural commodities, sky rocketing prices of essential food items such as grain, vegetables
and seasonal fruits has imposed massive hardship for women. The Arjun Sengupta Committee’s Report on
Unorganized Sector Labour (2007, GoI) notes that over 394.9 million workers (more than 85 per cent of the
working population and more than 78 per cent of the workers in unorganised sector) live with an income of less
than Rs. 20 a day. 80% of the Scheduled Tribes and the Scheduled Castes, 80% of the Other Backward Classes
and 85% of Muslims belong to the categories of “poor and vulnerable,” who earn less than Rs. 20 a day. 21%
to 46% of men and 57% to 83% of women in non-agricultural sectors are employed as casual workers, who
get less than minimum wages. The unorganised work-force contributes around 60% to the national economic
output of the country.
The neoliberal economic policies of financial sector reforms; attacks on the livelihood base of the farmers,
forest people and slum dwellers; land grab in the name of creation of Special Economic Zones, massive
displacement and relocation of the masses to suit the interests of construction industry violate ‘rights’ or
‘entitlements’ of the urban and rural poor, especially women from the marginalized sections.
[[INOSR ES 11(2)134-147 Evaluation of the Infant Mortality rate at Ishaka Adv...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Evaluation of the Infant Mortality rate at Ishaka Adventist Hospital Bushenyi District
Mugaaga Paul
Department of Clinical Medicine Kampala International University, Uganda.
________________________________________ABSTRACT
Infant mortality is defined as the death of an infant before his or her first birthday, mainly caused by dehydration, diseases, congenital malformations and infections. The main objective of this study was to establish the determinants of infant mortality in Ishaka Adventist Hospital (IAH) in the months of April- July 2017, in Ishaka municipality in Bushenyi district. A descriptive cross sectional study design was used to determine the determinants of infant mortality in the study area. Majority of respondent (98%) were female and among them, 25.5% reported to have lost at least an infant and most of these respondents (70%) were married while 5% were widowed and among these, 40% reported to have lost an infant. Religiously, majority of the respondents (80%) were Christians, while 13% were Muslim and 7% constituted other religions including paganism, which showed the greatest infant mortality rate (71.4%). Most of the respondents (65%) attained primary level of education while 5% did not go to school at all, and the highest infant mortality rate (40%) was reported among these. The respondents who reported to have had preterm births appeared to have a higher infant mortality rate (65%) than those who did not report preterm births. A higher infant mortality rate (32.2%) was realized among respondents who reported their infants to have had such co-morbidities than those who didn’t report any co-morbidities like malaria and also a higher infant mortality rate (50%) was realized among infants who had not exclusively breastfed. Majority of respondents (80%) did not have children with birth defects while only 20% had children with birth defect, and a higher infant mortality rate of 70% was realized among these. Demographically, infant mortality rate is high among teenagers, the unemployed, the widowed, the pagans, and the uneducated. Direct determinants of infant mortality rate included preterm birth, birth defects, comorbidities and failure to breastfeed exclusively. Proximate determinants associated with infant mortality rate included teenage pregnancies, source of water, means of delivery and irregular immunization. Exclusive breast feeding for 6 months, mass immunization campaign up to grass root, intensive health education on health seeking behaviors and highlighting on dangers associated with risky behaviors and high quality monitoring and evaluation for quick action particularly for emergencies. There is also need for intersectional collaboration and initiation of income generating activities to boost their standards of living.
Keywords: Infant mortality, Breastfeeding, Morbidity, Determinants, Respondents.
DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF SCHOOL CHILDREN OF A RURAL PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOL OF...Nezel Duque
A thesis presented to the faculty of Graduate Studies for the the Degree- Master of Arts in Education Major in Educational Administration. Request the full paper @ nezelduque21@gmail.com
Rural Women Perceptions of Digital Media Influence on Awareness Creation abou...AJSSMTJournal
This study has investigated the perception of digital media influence in awareness creation on
maternal health amongst rural women in Minna, Nigeria. Survey questionnaire was administered to a sample
of 384 respondents randomly drawn from a population of 96,886. The response was 99.2%. Findings reveal
that 109(28.61%) of the respondents rural women in Minna metropolis were very much exposed to maternal
health information on digital media with (Mean=4.14), while WhatsApp group 111(29.13%) (Mean=4.09),
whereas 107(28.08%) with (Mean= 3.88) were exposed to Internet discussion forum. However, discussion
forum and social networks appear to be the major sources of maternal health information among rural women
in Minna metropolis. Lack of local content on maternal health issues and inadequate relevant maternal health
information were revealed as the challenges to maternal health. The study recommends that digital media
should be effectively and efficiently used for maternal health improvement in Nigeria health centres.
Social development is about improving the well-being of every individual in society so they can reach their full potential.
-The success of society is linked to the well-being of each and every citizen. Social development means investing in people.
MISSION
To
create an effect
ive
framework to enable
the process of developing policies,
programmes and practices which will ensure equal rig
hts and opportunities for women
in the family, community, workplace and in
governance.
4.
OBJECTIVES
i)
Creating a conducive soci
o- cultural, economic and political
environment to enable
women enjoy
de jure
and
de facto
fundamental rights and realize their
full potential.
ii)
Mainstreaming gender in all
-round development processes/programmes/projects/
actions
.
iii)
A holistic and life
-cycle approach to women’s health for appropriate, aff
ordable and
qual
ity health care.
iv)
Improving and incentivizing access of
women/ girls
to universal and quality education.
v)
Increasing and incentivising work force participation of women in the economy
.
vi)
Equal participation in the social, political and economic spheres includi
ng the
institutions of governance and decision making.
vii)
Transforming discriminatory societal attitudes,
mindsets with community
involvement
and engagement of men
and boys
.
viii)
Developing a gender sensitive legal
-judicial system.
ix)
Elimination of all forms of vio
lence against women through strengthening of policies,
legislations
, programmes,
institutions
and community engagement
.
x)
Development
and empowerment of women
belonging to the vulnerable and
marginalized
groups
.
xi)
Building and strengthening stakeholder partici
pation and partnerships for
women
empower
ment
.
xii)
Strengthen
monitoring,
evaluation, audit and data systems to bridge
gender
gaps.
THE BREAKTHROUGH STRATEGY FOR ACHIEVING ALL THE MDGS INVESTING IN WOMEN AND GIRLS THE BREAKTHROUGH STRATEGY FOR ACHIEVING ALL THE MDGS Based on a speech by Jon Lomoy, Director of the OECD’s Development Co-operation Directorate, at the Helsinki High-level Symposium, United Nations 2010 Development Co-operation Forum, 4 June 2010 KEEP GIRLS IN SCHOOL 1 I believe that investing in women and girls in itself constitutes a breakthrough strategy for achieving the MDGs, and that almost any investment we make in women and girls will have multiplier effects across the Goals —Helen Clark, UNDP Administrator, 25 March 2010. W ithout a great leap forward towards achieving greater equality between women and men and increased empowerment of women and girls, none of the MDGs will be achieved. It is time to back up political promises with the investments and resources needed to do the job. Investing in women and girls has a powerful impact. It will make the world a better place for all – both women and men. Helen Clark has called it the breakthrough strategy for achieving the MDGs. The challenge is to identify how and where donor money can fuel that breakthrough strategy. There are four key areas where increased investments and attention could have catalytic and multiplier impacts on the lives of women and girls – and of future generations: • Keep girls in school to complete a quality secondary education • Urgently improve reproductive health, including access to family planning services • Increase women’s control over productive and financial assets (not just microcredit), and • Identify and support women leaders at all levels. Studies have shown that women with even a few years of primary education have better economic prospects, have fewer and healthier children, and are more likely to ensure that their own children go to school. Development would be accelerated if girls were kept in school to complete a quality secondary education. Education of girls is one of the most powerful tools for women’s empowerment, but discrimination continues to keep girls out of school. • In 2007, only 53 of the 171 countries with available data had achieved gender parity in both primary and secondary education1 . • Secondary school enrolment is very low in sub-Saharan Africa (24 percent of girls and 33 percent of boys). That means that girls are missing out – particularly when they live in rural areas and in poor households. Removing school fees and providing financial incentives for girls to attend school have proven to be effective. At the same time we need to build schools closer to remote communities, ensure that schools have quality teachers and adequate sanitary facilities and that they are safe places for girls. 1. United Nations (2009). The Millennium Development Goals Report 2009
SOCIO-CULTURAL AND BEHAVIORAL FACTORS INFLUENCING CHILDHOOD IMMUNIZATION PR...GABRIEL JEREMIAH ORUIKOR
Abstract: Background: Immunization is one of the most cost-effective interventions with proven strategies to reach
the vulnerable populations. It is also a proven tool for controlling and eliminating life threatening infectious diseases.
It also prevents illness, disability and deaths from vaccine preventable diseases averting estimated 2-3 million deaths
each year.
Method: A descriptive survey research design was adopted, one hundred 100 nursing mothers were used for the
study. The instruments used for the study was a self-structured questionnaire. Simple random sampling technique
was used to select the sample for the study. Data collected were analysed using frequency, counts and percentage
table for demographic information.
Result: The findings of the study revealed that behaviour/attitude of healthcare workers and lack of enough
information were determinants of incomplete routine immunization, while life style, religion and belief were not
determinants of incomplete routine immunization. However, level of education, distance to health facility, life style,
religion and belief were jointly determinants of incomplete routine immunization among nursing mothers in Jericho
specialist hospital.
Conclusion: Based on the findings of the study; it is therefore recommended that State Government and
Philanthropists should assist in building more health care facilities close to the communities for easy accessibility.
Effort should be geared towards public campaign using local dialect to encourage them to complete routine
immunization. In addition, community mobilization should be strengthening especially among nursing mothers to
be fully informed about the merits of completing the routine immunization and to avert childhood morbidity and
mortality in our society.
Comprehensive program for Agricultural Finance, the Automotive Sector, and Empowerment . We will define the full scope and provide a detailed two-week plan for identifying strategic partners in each area within Limpopo, including target areas.:
1. Agricultural : Supporting Primary and Secondary Agriculture
• Scope: Provide support solutions to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Tzaneen, Thohoyandou, Makhado, and Giyani.
2. Automotive Sector: Partnerships with Mechanics and Panel Beater Shops
• Scope: Develop collaborations with automotive service providers to improve service quality and business operations.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Lephalale, Mokopane, Phalaborwa, and Bela-Bela.
3. Empowerment : Focusing on Women Empowerment
• Scope: Provide business support support and training to women-owned businesses, promoting economic inclusion.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Thohoyandou, Musina, Burgersfort, and Louis Trichardt.
We will also prioritize Industrial Economic Zone areas and their priorities.
Sign up on https://profilesmes.online/welcome/
To be eligible:
1. You must have a registered business and operate in Limpopo
2. Generate revenue
3. Sectors : Agriculture ( primary and secondary) and Automative
Women and Youth are encouraged to apply even if you don't fall in those sectors.
Why Is Your BMW X3 Hood Not Responding To Release CommandsDart Auto
Experiencing difficulty opening your BMW X3's hood? This guide explores potential issues like mechanical obstruction, hood release mechanism failure, electrical problems, and emergency release malfunctions. Troubleshooting tips include basic checks, clearing obstructions, applying pressure, and using the emergency release.
Core technology of Hyundai Motor Group's EV platform 'E-GMP'Hyundai Motor Group
What’s the force behind Hyundai Motor Group's EV performance and quality?
Maximized driving performance and quick charging time through high-density battery pack and fast charging technology and applicable to various vehicle types!
Discover more about Hyundai Motor Group’s EV platform ‘E-GMP’!
Ever been troubled by the blinking sign and didn’t know what to do?
Here’s a handy guide to dashboard symbols so that you’ll never be confused again!
Save them for later and save the trouble!
𝘼𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙦𝙪𝙚 𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙏𝙧𝙖𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙞𝙨 𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙮 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙛𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙧 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙩𝙨. 𝙒𝙚 𝙝𝙖𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙪𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙣 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤𝙢𝙤𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤 𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙥𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙗𝙪𝙮 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢 𝙪𝙨.
Over the 10 years, we have gained a strong foothold in the market due to our range's high quality, competitive prices, and time-lined delivery schedules.
What Does the PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual Message Mean for You...Autohaus Service and Sales
Learn what "PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual" means for your Mercedes-Benz. This message indicates a malfunction in the parking assistance system, potentially due to sensor issues or electrical faults. Prompt attention is crucial to ensure safety and functionality. Follow steps outlined for diagnosis and repair in the owner's manual.
Things to remember while upgrading the brakes of your carjennifermiller8137
Upgrading the brakes of your car? Keep these things in mind before doing so. Additionally, start using an OBD 2 GPS tracker so that you never miss a vehicle maintenance appointment. On top of this, a car GPS tracker will also let you master good driving habits that will let you increase the operational life of your car’s brakes.
Fleet management these days is next to impossible without connected vehicle solutions. Why? Well, fleet trackers and accompanying connected vehicle management solutions tend to offer quite a few hard-to-ignore benefits to fleet managers and businesses alike. Let’s check them out!
In this presentation, we have discussed a very important feature of BMW X5 cars… the Comfort Access. Things that can significantly limit its functionality. And things that you can try to restore the functionality of such a convenient feature of your vehicle.
What Exactly Is The Common Rail Direct Injection System & How Does It WorkMotor Cars International
Learn about Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDi) - the revolutionary technology that has made diesel engines more efficient. Explore its workings, advantages like enhanced fuel efficiency and increased power output, along with drawbacks such as complexity and higher initial cost. Compare CRDi with traditional diesel engines and discover why it's the preferred choice for modern engines.
"Trans Failsafe Prog" on your BMW X5 indicates potential transmission issues requiring immediate action. This safety feature activates in response to abnormalities like low fluid levels, leaks, faulty sensors, electrical or mechanical failures, and overheating.
Symptoms like intermittent starting and key recognition errors signal potential problems with your Mercedes’ EIS. Use diagnostic steps like error code checks and spare key tests. Professional diagnosis and solutions like EIS replacement ensure safe driving. Consult a qualified technician for accurate diagnosis and repair.
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org Volume 3Issue 2 ǁ February. 2014ǁ PP.15-22
www.ijhssi.org 15 | P a g e
Sources of Maternal Health Information among Rural Women: A
Study of Karimganj District, Assam
Sucharita Chakraborty
Research Scholar, Dept of Mass communication and journalism, Assam University, India
ABSTRACT : Communication has become widely accepted all over the developing world as a potent tool for
rural development. Pregnancy and childbirth have a huge impact on the physical, mental, emotional, and
socioeconomic health of women and their families. Pregnancy related health outcomes are influenced by a
woman's health and other factors like race, ethnicity, age, education and income. The application of
communication to influence fertility is natural extension of the basic idea that the media can both inform and
motivate people. Communication efforts have become increasingly widespread in the developing world as part
of international technical assistance and government programs designed to reduce fertility. This paper is based
on a study carried out to find out the existing knowledge and awareness related to maternal health and what
communication media are used by rural women in Karimganj district as sources of information.
KEY WORDS: Development, rural development, women and maternal health.
I. DEVELOPMENT
The term development connotes overall development that involves change in social structures,
attitudes, institutions, economic growth, reduction of inequality and the eradication of poverty. Development
encompasses continuous change in a variety of aspects of human society. The dimensions of development are
extremely diverse, including economic, social, political, legal and institutional structures, technology in various
forms, the environment, religion, the arts and culture (Corbridge, 1995). It is a comprehensive and
multidimensional concept that involves the development of agriculture and allied activities, village and cottage
industries and crafts, socio-economic infrastructure, community services and facilities and, above all, human
resources in rural areas. A country can grow rapidly, but still do badly in terms of literacy, health, life
expectancy and nutrition. Development is an integrated process of expansion of substantive freedom from
famine and malnutrition, freedom from poverty, access to health care, and freedom from premature mortality
(Amartya Sen 1999). The prime goal of development is to improve the quality of life of the people by
alleviating poverty through the instrument of self-employment and wage employment programmes, and by
providing community infrastructure facilities such as drinking water, electricity, road connectivity, health
facilities and education and promoting decentralization of powers to strengthen the Panchayat raj institutions.
II. RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Rural development has been an integral part of nation‟s socio-economic and political development
(Santha Govind, G. Tamilselvi & j. Meenambigai, 2010). Srivastava (1961) opined that, “.Rural is an area,
where the people are engaged in primary industry in the sense that they produce things directly for the first time
in cooperation with nature”. Rural development is a strategy designed to improve the economic and social life
of rural poor (Agarwal 1989). India is a country of villages where about 50% of the villages have very poor
socio-economic status. Rural development is an integrated concept of growth and poverty elimination has been
of paramount concern in all the consequent five year plans. Rural Development programmes comprises of 1)
Provision of basic infrastructure facilities e.g. schools, health facilities, roads, drinking water, electrification
etc, 2) Improving agricultural productivity, 3) Provision of social services like health and education for socio-
economic development, 4) Implementation of schemes for the promotion of rural industry, providing rural
employment etc, 5) Assistance to individual families and Self Help Groups (SHG) living below poverty line by
providing productive resources through credit and subsidy.
III. WOMEN AND MATERNAL HEALTH
ISSUES REGARDING HEALTH
The magnitude of women‟s reproductive health problems in India is a serious matter of concern.
Among the reproductive health parameters ‘antenatal care (ANC) and safe delivery’ have important positions
as these are directly related with maternal morbidity and mortality,
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etc. Safe motherhood means ensuring that all women receive the care they need to be safe and healthy
throughout pregnancy and childbirth. In 1996, safe motherhood and child health services were incorporated into
the Reproductive and Child Health Programme (RCH). The Safe Motherhood Initiative is a global effort that
aims to reduce deaths and illnesses among women and infants, especially in developing countries. Regional
disparities in maternal and neonatal mortality are wide. The health of Indian women is intrinsically linked to
their status in society. Research on women‟s status has found that the contributions Indian women make to
families often are overlooked, and instead they are viewed as economic burdens. The morbidity rate of women
is higher than the men in India. Due ignorance and lack of knowledge women do not know to ask whom and
where to go for privacy matters of their health. It might be for sexual affairs, using contraceptives, STD related
diseases and even for HIV test also. Realizing the adverse effects of an expansion of the human population,
organizations such as the International Planned Parenthood Federation and the population Council were
created in 1952. India became the first country to adopt an official policy to reduce population growth by
promoting family planning (John Bongarts, 1994). India‟s concern for controlling its population is reflected in
its first five year plans. In this plan, importance was given to changing the attitudes of people in favour of using
the contraceptives, spacing between child to child and to adopt family planning. During the Fourth Five Year
Plan (1969-74), an integrated approach, i.e. integrating family planning with health, maternity, child
health care and nutrition services at all levels was adopted. In 1976, a New Population Policy was
announced which aimed at direct assault on the problem, i.e. pressurizing the people to adopt family planning.
As a part of this policy, minimum marriageable age for girls was raised from 15 to 18 years and for boys from
18 to 21. A higher incidence of mortality and morbidity is found to occur among woman and girls who are poor
or low-income, less educated and belong to socially disadvantaged castes and tribes. Despite impressive
economic growth, majority of the female health indicators have not yet changed noticeably and still remain
amongst the most vulnerable members of society.
IV. OBJECTIVES
The following objectives were formulated to guide the study:
To assess the “existing” knowledge and awareness related to maternal health among rural women in
Karimganj district.
To identify the major sources of information among the rural women in Karimganj district.
V. MATERIAL AND METHODS
Study Setting
The study is located in the Karimganj district of Barak Valley, in the Southern part of Assam, a state in
the north-eastern corner of India. Together with two other neighbouring districts Silchar and Hailakandi, it
constitutes the Barak Valley zone. Total area of the district is 1809 Sq.kms. which comprises of varied
geographical features like agricultural plains, shallow wetlands, hilly terrains and forests. As per 2011 census
report the population of the valley is 3,612,581. The district is comprised of 7 blocks, because of the
convenience and limited resources like time, money and energy among these seven blocks; one village from
each block was covered for the project. Namely Masly (Badarpur block), Sadarashi (North Karimganj block),
Alongjuri (South Karimganj block), Moina (Patherkandi block), Sibergool (Lowairpoa block), Dargarbond
(R.K. Nagar block) Beratuk (Dullavchera block).
Study Sample
A list of rural married women age between 15-35 years was prepared from that area. By using
systematic random sampling procedure a total of 350 respondents were selected for the study covering fifty
respondents from each village on the basis of voter list.
Instrument for data collection
The assessment was conducted using a structured schedule. Face to face survey schedule were
administered by the researcher because of the low literacy level amongst the women in the study population.
The required information was obtained with the help of well structured and pr-tested schedule using personal
interview method. The questions in the knowledge test consisted of their awareness for antenatal checkups,
immunization, exclusive breast feeding, family planning etc. Schedule for the survey were prepared in English
and took about 15-20 minutes to complete. Most of the respondents were housewives, agricultural labourers
they were busy with farm and home activities. They were contacted individually at their residence as per
convenience.
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VI. DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
TABLE 1: Respondents awareness regarding child immunization
Mothers were asked about the immunization received by each of their eligible children, and where possible, this
information was verified by crosschecking against the child‟s vaccination card. According to the survey, 82
(23.42%) of infants received OPV, 61 (17.42%) BCG, 54 (15.42%) DPT, a slightly lower proportion of children
49 (14.0%) received the measles vaccine and 104 (29.71%) were not immunized. In the case of female children,
coverage was significantly higher among Hindus and in literate families. Knowledge about Hepatitis B was very
less.
TABLE 2: Reasons for Not Immunizing Children
Out of 104 those who were not immunized, 60 (57.69%) mothers of the children are unaware of the need for
immunization, followed by 18 (17.30%) with no faith in vaccination, 13 (12.5%) the place or time of
vaccination was not known, 8 (7.69%) family problem, and 5(4.80%) fear of side effects.
TABLE 3: Sources of information about the programme
Out of 246 major sources of information about Vaccine Preventable Diseases was mainly from health workers
158 (64.22%), followed by 57 (23.17%) radio, 14 (5.69%) newspaper, 10 (4.06%) TV, 7 (2.84) hoarding. Most
women reported that the ANM and ASHA are key facilitators for immunization and a trusted source of
information and advice on health issues.
TABLE 4: Respondents awareness regarding spacing of birth
OPTION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
OPV 82 23.42
BCG 61 17.42
DPT 54 15.42
Measles 49 14.0
Total no. of fully immunized 246
Not immunized 104 29.71
Total 350
OPTION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Unaware of the need 60 57.69
No faith in vaccination 18 17.30
Place/time of vaccination was not known 13 12.5
Family problem 8 7.69
Fear of side effects 5 4.80
Total 104
OPTION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Health workers 158 64.22
Radio 57 23.17
Newspaper 14 5.69
TV 10 4.06
Hoarding 7 2.84
Folk media - -
Total 246
OPTION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Not aware 241 68.85
Less than 24 months 50 14.28
3 years 35 10.0
4 years or more 24 6.85
Total awareness 109
Total 350
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Out of 350 majority of the respondents 241(68.85%) left this matter to God and they were actually not in favour
of birth-spacing, followed by 50 (14.28%) mentioned a „too short‟ interval (less than 24 months) as ideal space
between births, 35 (10.0%) preferred 3 years, 24 (6.85%) preferred 4 years or more. Male respondents, however,
preferred to have the next birth within a comparatively shorter interval. Among the respondents who had high
school or college education, preferred a longer interval.
TABLE 5: Sources of information
Out of 109
those who are aware, health workers were the most cited source of information 64 (58.71%) followed by 40
(36.79%) radio, 5 (4.58%) TV.
TABLE 6: Respondents awareness about TT immunization during pregnancy
Most of the respondents had little knowledge on immunization and received two or more tetanus injections
while pregnant 101 (28.85%), followed by 249 (71.14%) had no knowledge at all. There were still
misconceptions among rural women in Karimganj district like sterility and many respondents considered it as
ineffective.
TABLE 7: Sources of information
Out of 101
majority of the respondents 59 (58.41%) who had more visits from health workers showed a significantly higher
immunization rate, followed by 36 (35.64%) radio, newspaper 6 (5.94%). This was due to better awareness
associated with visits from health workers.
TABLE 8: Awareness about various provisions given in JSY scheme
Majority 209 (59.71%) were aware of monetary benefits and exact amount of money given to beneficiaries,
followed by 87 (24.85%) were aware about the payment to accompanying person under scheme, 54 (15.42%)
OPTION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Health workers 64 58.71
Radio 40 36.79
TV 5 4.58
Newspaper - -
Hoarding - -
Folk media - -
Total 109
OPTION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Aware 101 28.85
Not aware 249 71.14
Total 350
OPTION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Health workers 59 58.41
Radio 36 35.64
Newspaper 6 5.94
TV - -
Hoarding - -
Folk media - -
Total 101
OPTION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Monetary benefit 209 59.71
Accompanying person 87 24.85
Accompanying person to escort
pregnant woman
54 15.42
Total 350
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respondents reported there is a provision of accompanying person to escort pregnant woman to health care
facility.
TABLE 9: Sources of information
Source of knowledge about these initiatives are predominantly ASHA/ANM 277 (79.14%), followed by 58
(16.57%) radio, 5 (1.42%) TV, hoarding 10 (2.85%). As far as source of the awareness of the scheme is
concerned, most of the mothers knew about the scheme from ASHAs. They also reported having heard about the
scheme from their relatives and friends.
TABLE 10: Respondents awareness regarding family planning
Majority respondents 297 (84.85%) said that they considered family planning for the health of the mother and
their children. Lack of knowledge of family planning was cited by 53 (15.14%) of women who do not intend to
use a method in the future.
TABLE 12: Adoption of family planning methods among the respondents
Out of 297 respondents, those who know and have children, only 95 (31.98%) respondents have adopted
permanent family planning and 202 (68.01%) respondents who disapproved of contraceptive use. Out of 95, 51
(53.68%) respondents adopted sterilization followed by 25 (26.31%) copper-t, 11 (11.57%) oral pills and 8
(8.42%) others.
TABLE 13: Sources of information
Out of 95, the main source of knowledge was health workers as reported by 47 (49.47%), followed by 31
(32.63%) radio, 8 (8.42%) TV, 7 (7.36%) hoarding, 2 (2.10%) newspaper. women with more education, and
women in the higher wealth quintiles are more likely to have been exposed to family planning messages in the
media.
OPTION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Health workers 277 79.14
Radio 58 16.57
Newspaper - -
TV 5 1.42
Hoarding 10 2.85
Folk media - -
Total 350
OPTION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Aware 297 84.85
Not aware 53 15.14
Total 350
OPTION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Sterilization 51 53.68
Copper-t 25 26.31
Oral pills 11 11.57
Others 8 8.42
Total no. of adoption 95
Not adopted 202 68.01
Total 297
OPTION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Health workers 47 49.47
Radio 31 32.63
TV 8 8.42
Hoarding 7 7.36
Newspaper 2 2.10
Folk media - -
Total 95
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TABLE 14: Respondents awareness regarding institutional delivery
Of the total respondents, majority of them 218 (62.28%) delivered at home claiming that home was best place
for giving birth and were assisted by family members, followed by only 102 (29.14%) of them gave birth at
health facilities, 30 (8.57%) in a private facility. Key reasons for not delivering in a health facility, as reported
by women, were the perception that the delivery was normal and hence it was not necessary to go to a facility,
elders‟ decision, poverty leading to non-availability of ready cash to meet immediate expenses as institutional
delivery costs too much etc.
TABLE 15: Sources of information
Out of 132 those who are aware about institutional delivery, the main source of knowledge was health workers
as reported by 79 (59.84%), followed by 44 (33.3%) radio, 6 (4.54%) TV, 3 (2.27%) newspaper. JSY seeks to
promote institutional delivery by providing a cash incentive to mothers who deliver their babies in a health
facility.
TABLE 16: Respondents awareness regarding anti/post natal check up
The prevalence of anti/post natal care coverage is still low among rural women in Karimganj district. The results
show a discouraging picture of antenatal care utilization by respondents. Among those who did obtain care only
about 82 (23.42%) received antenatal care before the sixth months of gestation from a medically trained
provider (i.e. Doctor/ nurse/ midwife) while majority 268 (76.57%) did not obtain any care.
TABLE 17: Sources of information
OPTION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Home 218 62.28
Government facility 102 29.14
Private facility 30 8.57
Total no. of institutional delivery 132
Total 350
OPTION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Health workers 79 59.84
Radio 44 33.3
TV 6 4.54
Newspaper 3 2.27
Hoarding - -
Folk media - -
Total 132
OPTION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Aware 82 23.42
Not aware 268 76.57
Total 350
OPTION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Health workers 41 50.00
Radio 27 32.92
Newspaper 8 9.75
TV 6 7.31
Hoarding - -
Folk media - -
Total 82
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About anti/post natal care, out of 82 the majority of the respondents 41 (50.00%) reported hearing about these
through health workers, followed by 27 (32.92%) radio, 8 (9.75%) newspaper, 6 (7.31%) TV.
TABLE 18: Respondents awareness regarding initiation of breast-feeding
Women in rural areas of Karimganj district have a very positive attitude toward the initiation of breastfeeding.
About 208 (59.42%) of the children below 3 years were breastfed after one hour of birth followed by 90
(25.71%) six hours later, 52 (14.85%) twelve hours later or more. Majority of the women had admitted that
someone had helped them out in initiating breastfeeding. Many sources have been responsible for this initiation.
TABLE 19: Sources of information
Majority 271 (77.42%) of the mothers were influenced not only by health workers but also elderly female
family members like mother, mother-in law/ Grandma, regarding exclusive breast feeding 44 (12.57%) radio
followed by, 18 (5.14%) newspaper, 10 (2.85%) TV, 7 (2.00%) hoarding.
VII. DISCUSSION
The above findings revealed a number of similar previous research findings about the realities of
communication in the rural sector. Low literacy level among rural women in Karimganj district is one of the
major barriers to exposure to the print media. The study has also showed the relative unimportance of the mass
media, with the exception of radio, as sources of information and the importance of such interpersonal
communication channels such as health workers (ASHA/ANM) and relatives. In context of rural women in
karimganj district it is gratifying to note from the findings of this study that radio and health workers (ASHA)
are major sources of information regarding maternal health issues among the rural women. Radio happens to be
an exceptionally powerful mass medium for the rural people though television claims to have a wider influence
on the imagination of the people.
The influence of mass media has been offset to an extent by the intervention of government/non-
governmental workers at the door-to-door level. It was observed that rural women in villages are now becoming
increasingly dependent on interpersonal communication and are more interested in meetings and group
discussions in comparison to utilizing other modern tools of media. It is true that modern mass media are
flourishing but these are not performing the expected role among the rural people due to several reasons like
illiteracy, poverty, lack electricity and many others. Folk media are part and parcel of rural people, but their
viewership/utilization is getting reduced. With regard to the awareness about the health issues, it is revealed that
the role of folk media as source of information is insignificant.
OPTION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
After one hour 208 59.42
Six hours later 90 25.71
Twelve hours later or more 52 14.85
Total 350
OPTION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Health workers 271 77.42
Radio 44 12.57
Newspaper 18 5.14
TV 10 2.85
Hoarding 7 2.00
Folk media - -
Total 350
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Yet since a considerable number of respondents said that they are interested in folk media, the
potentialities of folk media cannot be underestimated/ undermined. From the analysis, it is event that any
strategy for effectively communicating development programmes to rural women in Karimganj district must
combine both folk/mass media, particularly radio, with interpersonal interaction. Such a strategy will not only
complements the power of the mass media to widely disseminate messages but also can create awareness among
rural women of karimganj district for development.
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[2] Linden, Ank (1989). 'Communication Assistance for Third World Communities: Going Dutch'. Media Development No. 3, pp. 4-36.
[3] MacBride, Sean et. al. (1981). Many Voices, One World. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press.
[4] Menon, Vijay (1986). What Hope for Development Communication?' Media Development No. 2, pp. 5-6.
[5] Rogers, Everett (1976). 'Communication and Development: The Passing of the Dominant Paradigm". In Everett Rogers (Ed.).
Communication and Development: Critical Perspectives. London: Sage, pp. 121-148.
[6] Ugboajah, Frank (1986). 'Communication as Technology in Rural Development". Africa Media Review, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-19.
Backer, T. E., Rogers, E. M. and Sopory P. (1992) Designing Health Communication Campaigns, publication Sage.