Abstract: Background: Immunization is one of the most cost-effective interventions with proven strategies to reach
the vulnerable populations. It is also a proven tool for controlling and eliminating life threatening infectious diseases.
It also prevents illness, disability and deaths from vaccine preventable diseases averting estimated 2-3 million deaths
each year.
Method: A descriptive survey research design was adopted, one hundred 100 nursing mothers were used for the
study. The instruments used for the study was a self-structured questionnaire. Simple random sampling technique
was used to select the sample for the study. Data collected were analysed using frequency, counts and percentage
table for demographic information.
Result: The findings of the study revealed that behaviour/attitude of healthcare workers and lack of enough
information were determinants of incomplete routine immunization, while life style, religion and belief were not
determinants of incomplete routine immunization. However, level of education, distance to health facility, life style,
religion and belief were jointly determinants of incomplete routine immunization among nursing mothers in Jericho
specialist hospital.
Conclusion: Based on the findings of the study; it is therefore recommended that State Government and
Philanthropists should assist in building more health care facilities close to the communities for easy accessibility.
Effort should be geared towards public campaign using local dialect to encourage them to complete routine
immunization. In addition, community mobilization should be strengthening especially among nursing mothers to
be fully informed about the merits of completing the routine immunization and to avert childhood morbidity and
mortality in our society.
Factors Influencing Immunization Coverage among Children 12- 23 Months of Age...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Running head MANAGERIAL REPORT FOR SUPERVISING MANAGER 1MAN.docxwlynn1
Running head: MANAGERIAL REPORT FOR SUPERVISING MANAGER
1
MANAGERIAL REPORT FOR SUPERVISING MANAGER
7
Managerial Report
HMGT 300 6380 Introduction to the U.S Health Care Sector 2205
Taneshia Davis
UMGC
Professor: Todd Price
May 31, 2020
Manager's Name and Role:
Name: The patient experience-supervising manager is Mr. Aleo Brandford
Roles:
The supervising manager ensures that all patients are fully engaged in inpatient experience activities under the supervision of highly experienced healthcare professionals. The manager also ensures that all healthcare professionals are compliant with policies, rules, and regulations that govern patients, healthcare practice, healthcare organizations, government, and the corporate world. Moreover, the supervisor conducts monitoring and evaluation of the healthcare providers to ensure they are delivering high-quality services within the set time. The manager also monitors and evaluates the healthcare systems in the organization to ensure that they are affirmative to rules, policies, and standards set for healthcare service facilities and providers as a to deliver satisfactory high-quality services. The manager, together with respective departments and personnel, initiates, improves, and implements patient experience programs that equip personnel with relevant patient experience skills, knowledge, and competencies necessary for satisfactory healthcare service provision. One other key role of the manager is the contact point for all inquiries, explanations, experiences, and feedbacks associated with patients and the healthcare facility.
Healthcare Setting:
The Minnesota Healthcare Facility is a county facility that offers preventive and curative healthcare services for in- and out-patients. It serves the entire region with all healthcare needs. It has both children and adults wings with fully functional departments and equipment. It is the only healthcare facility in rural with a population capacity of 200 per day. It is well equipped with childbirth and immunization facilities and serves the general public healthcare needs.
Managerial Issue:
Determining MeaslesSpread Rate
The manager needs to task-relevant departments to collect patient and exposed children information from children's care centers, schools, attendance lists, and health facilities. The information will help determine the rate of immunization, the number of patients, and approximate exposed children and other adults. The number of children vaccinated against measles, 21 days before its eruption should be identified from the Immunization Information System of Minnesota, and facility children's care center information System. The challenge will be on the follow up of the exposed children and administering necessary interventions. This is necessary for checking further spread of the disease in the community (Hall et al., 2017).
Impact & Details: Restrict Public Gathering
To restrict the mingling of children in healthcare faciliti.
Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Mothers in Jos North Rega...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Factors Influencing Immunization Coverage among Children 12- 23 Months of Age...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Running head MANAGERIAL REPORT FOR SUPERVISING MANAGER 1MAN.docxwlynn1
Running head: MANAGERIAL REPORT FOR SUPERVISING MANAGER
1
MANAGERIAL REPORT FOR SUPERVISING MANAGER
7
Managerial Report
HMGT 300 6380 Introduction to the U.S Health Care Sector 2205
Taneshia Davis
UMGC
Professor: Todd Price
May 31, 2020
Manager's Name and Role:
Name: The patient experience-supervising manager is Mr. Aleo Brandford
Roles:
The supervising manager ensures that all patients are fully engaged in inpatient experience activities under the supervision of highly experienced healthcare professionals. The manager also ensures that all healthcare professionals are compliant with policies, rules, and regulations that govern patients, healthcare practice, healthcare organizations, government, and the corporate world. Moreover, the supervisor conducts monitoring and evaluation of the healthcare providers to ensure they are delivering high-quality services within the set time. The manager also monitors and evaluates the healthcare systems in the organization to ensure that they are affirmative to rules, policies, and standards set for healthcare service facilities and providers as a to deliver satisfactory high-quality services. The manager, together with respective departments and personnel, initiates, improves, and implements patient experience programs that equip personnel with relevant patient experience skills, knowledge, and competencies necessary for satisfactory healthcare service provision. One other key role of the manager is the contact point for all inquiries, explanations, experiences, and feedbacks associated with patients and the healthcare facility.
Healthcare Setting:
The Minnesota Healthcare Facility is a county facility that offers preventive and curative healthcare services for in- and out-patients. It serves the entire region with all healthcare needs. It has both children and adults wings with fully functional departments and equipment. It is the only healthcare facility in rural with a population capacity of 200 per day. It is well equipped with childbirth and immunization facilities and serves the general public healthcare needs.
Managerial Issue:
Determining MeaslesSpread Rate
The manager needs to task-relevant departments to collect patient and exposed children information from children's care centers, schools, attendance lists, and health facilities. The information will help determine the rate of immunization, the number of patients, and approximate exposed children and other adults. The number of children vaccinated against measles, 21 days before its eruption should be identified from the Immunization Information System of Minnesota, and facility children's care center information System. The challenge will be on the follow up of the exposed children and administering necessary interventions. This is necessary for checking further spread of the disease in the community (Hall et al., 2017).
Impact & Details: Restrict Public Gathering
To restrict the mingling of children in healthcare faciliti.
Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Mothers in Jos North Rega...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Zika Virus: analysis, discussions and impacts in BrazilAJHSSR Journal
The ZikaDesease is increasing in Brazil since 2014. The causative vector is Aedesaegypti, which
through its bite can transmit the virus, causing microcephaly, it can causes consequences thought life. Beyond
the number of microcephaly cases growth, the Zika virus generates major problems involving the whole society
and economy of the country, such as the cost of medical treatment of the microcephalic child and his family that
will stop working to support and follow the treatment, and also to the cost of basic sanitation, as a prime factor
for mosquito control and the elaboration of public policies. Thus, the present work analyzed economic and
environmental aspects for the understanding the virus’ factors that provided the vector growth. A bibliographic
research carried out to understand the effects of the Zika virus and its economic, social and environmental
impacts. In this study, the costs related to microcephaly, the loss of income of microcephalic child’s relatives
and the country’s investment in basic sanitation were estimated
Knowledge and Practice of Immunization amongst the care-givers of 12-23 month...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
[[INOSR ES 11(2)134-147 Evaluation of the Infant Mortality rate at Ishaka Adv...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Evaluation of the Infant Mortality rate at Ishaka Adventist Hospital Bushenyi District
Mugaaga Paul
Department of Clinical Medicine Kampala International University, Uganda.
________________________________________ABSTRACT
Infant mortality is defined as the death of an infant before his or her first birthday, mainly caused by dehydration, diseases, congenital malformations and infections. The main objective of this study was to establish the determinants of infant mortality in Ishaka Adventist Hospital (IAH) in the months of April- July 2017, in Ishaka municipality in Bushenyi district. A descriptive cross sectional study design was used to determine the determinants of infant mortality in the study area. Majority of respondent (98%) were female and among them, 25.5% reported to have lost at least an infant and most of these respondents (70%) were married while 5% were widowed and among these, 40% reported to have lost an infant. Religiously, majority of the respondents (80%) were Christians, while 13% were Muslim and 7% constituted other religions including paganism, which showed the greatest infant mortality rate (71.4%). Most of the respondents (65%) attained primary level of education while 5% did not go to school at all, and the highest infant mortality rate (40%) was reported among these. The respondents who reported to have had preterm births appeared to have a higher infant mortality rate (65%) than those who did not report preterm births. A higher infant mortality rate (32.2%) was realized among respondents who reported their infants to have had such co-morbidities than those who didn’t report any co-morbidities like malaria and also a higher infant mortality rate (50%) was realized among infants who had not exclusively breastfed. Majority of respondents (80%) did not have children with birth defects while only 20% had children with birth defect, and a higher infant mortality rate of 70% was realized among these. Demographically, infant mortality rate is high among teenagers, the unemployed, the widowed, the pagans, and the uneducated. Direct determinants of infant mortality rate included preterm birth, birth defects, comorbidities and failure to breastfeed exclusively. Proximate determinants associated with infant mortality rate included teenage pregnancies, source of water, means of delivery and irregular immunization. Exclusive breast feeding for 6 months, mass immunization campaign up to grass root, intensive health education on health seeking behaviors and highlighting on dangers associated with risky behaviors and high quality monitoring and evaluation for quick action particularly for emergencies. There is also need for intersectional collaboration and initiation of income generating activities to boost their standards of living.
Keywords: Infant mortality, Breastfeeding, Morbidity, Determinants, Respondents.
13 Assessing Current Approaches to Childhood ImmunizatioChantellPantoja184
13
Assessing Current Approaches to Childhood Immunizations
Department of Psychology, Grand Canyon University
PSY-550: Research Methods
Dr. Shari Schwartz
May 19, 2021
Introduction
Immunization is the process in which an individual is protected against disease, and it is done via vaccination. On the other hand, vaccination is the action of a vaccine being introduced into the body to produce immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine is a product that arouses the immune system of an individual, thus the production of immunity to a particular disease. The immunity thus protects the individual from that disease. Immunity is the protection from a disease that is infectious. Child immunization is the primary public health approach in the reduction of child mortality and morbidity. Assessment of the current approaches that are linked to the immunization of a child is essential. Globally, primary immunization is estimated to prevent approximately 2.5 million childhood deaths annually from tetanus, diphtheria, measles, and pertussis (Dube et al., 2013). Immunization succession is always accompanied by rejection of public health practices, and reasons for these have never been straightforward. Some of the motivations are religious, scientific, or even political. To reduce the incidence and prevalence of vaccine-preventable diseases, vaccination programs depend on a high uptake level. Vaccination offers protection for vaccinated individuals. When there are high vaccination coverage rates, the indirect protection rate is stimulated for the overall community (Dube et al., 2013).Literature Review
Despite this massive use, immunization coverage in countries still developing has been reported to be still low. If mothers were educated on the importance of these vaccine services to their children, all the children would receive immunization as per the Expanded Program on the Immunization schedule, hence preventing mortality and morbidity. According to Thapar et al., in 2014, approximately an 18.7million children could not get the third dose of the Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus (DPT3) vaccine. The total percentage of children who are one year and below and have to receive their dosses of DPT3 vaccine is seen as a proxy indicator regarding full immunization. The DPT3 estimates assess the health system performance and measure the immunization program effectiveness regarding service delivery. These strategies are thus used in the implementation of strategies for the elimination and eradication of diseases. According to Thapar et al., the global coverage for DPT1 and DPT3 was 90% and 86%, respectively, while that of measles first dose at 86%.
The above estimates thus do not replicate the seen differences in vaccine coverage. The coverage of DPT1 and DPT3 varied from 84% and 76% in Africa and 97% and 94% in the European countries. In India, the routine has been lower than in the rest of the countries. Following the 2013 outbreak in Israel, many paren ...
13 Assessing Current Approaches to Childhood ImmunizatioCicelyBourqueju
13
Assessing Current Approaches to Childhood Immunizations
Department of Psychology, Grand Canyon University
PSY-550: Research Methods
Dr. Shari Schwartz
May 19, 2021
Introduction
Immunization is the process in which an individual is protected against disease, and it is done via vaccination. On the other hand, vaccination is the action of a vaccine being introduced into the body to produce immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine is a product that arouses the immune system of an individual, thus the production of immunity to a particular disease. The immunity thus protects the individual from that disease. Immunity is the protection from a disease that is infectious. Child immunization is the primary public health approach in the reduction of child mortality and morbidity. Assessment of the current approaches that are linked to the immunization of a child is essential. Globally, primary immunization is estimated to prevent approximately 2.5 million childhood deaths annually from tetanus, diphtheria, measles, and pertussis (Dube et al., 2013). Immunization succession is always accompanied by rejection of public health practices, and reasons for these have never been straightforward. Some of the motivations are religious, scientific, or even political. To reduce the incidence and prevalence of vaccine-preventable diseases, vaccination programs depend on a high uptake level. Vaccination offers protection for vaccinated individuals. When there are high vaccination coverage rates, the indirect protection rate is stimulated for the overall community (Dube et al., 2013).Literature Review
Despite this massive use, immunization coverage in countries still developing has been reported to be still low. If mothers were educated on the importance of these vaccine services to their children, all the children would receive immunization as per the Expanded Program on the Immunization schedule, hence preventing mortality and morbidity. According to Thapar et al., in 2014, approximately an 18.7million children could not get the third dose of the Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus (DPT3) vaccine. The total percentage of children who are one year and below and have to receive their dosses of DPT3 vaccine is seen as a proxy indicator regarding full immunization. The DPT3 estimates assess the health system performance and measure the immunization program effectiveness regarding service delivery. These strategies are thus used in the implementation of strategies for the elimination and eradication of diseases. According to Thapar et al., the global coverage for DPT1 and DPT3 was 90% and 86%, respectively, while that of measles first dose at 86%.
The above estimates thus do not replicate the seen differences in vaccine coverage. The coverage of DPT1 and DPT3 varied from 84% and 76% in Africa and 97% and 94% in the European countries. In India, the routine has been lower than in the rest of the countries. Following the 2013 outbreak in Israel, many paren ...
The field of health promotion and education is at a turning point as it steps up to address the interconnected challenges of health, equity and sustainable development. Professionals and policy makers recognize the need for an integrative thinking and practice approach to foster comprehensive and coherent action in each of these complex areas.
Coming together in one accord has over time proven its significant in
the community since the enhancement of community health is positive.
Our world need synergy to live in harmony, peace and tranquility for
the betterment of our society.
If healthy family must be maintained, then there is a need for
community dialogue.
It’s a long life process to grow or maintain a healthy community, hence,
constant nurturing and persistency is needed. For the community to
grow and develop, everyone must participate with specific role in
building a healthier, more vibrant community. The choices we make at
home, work, school, play, and worship determine most what creates
personal health and community vitality. To a large mile, it's about how
we use our time, money, and talents. But the roles we play in the
community to bring positive change is the most crucial. This is about
using your influence, skills and knowledge to create better community.
Today, our communities bereft good organization and poses the risk for
communal conflict due to selfishness among the leaders who have
become weeds and tyrants among the less privileged ones. Instead of
fostering the growth of the community, the community is running into
lost and troubled atmosphere, resulting into many displacement of
properties and lives. Thereby, giving hand to suffering and health
challenges. In our world today, there's often a gulf between the
conversations people have around the kitchen table and the
conversations we have with our leaders. We see turf battles and
fragmentation of efforts with more resources getting spent on the
symptoms of deeper problems, and less on what generates health in the
first place.
STUDIES OF PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN AND HISTOPATHOLOGY OF RATTUS NORVEGICUS...GABRIEL JEREMIAH ORUIKOR
The effects of Annona muricata fruit pulp extract have been observed which
confirms its activity against experimentally induced non-cancerous tumor.
The prostate gland provides the semen with vitamins and other nutrients thus,
maintaining its vitality during the journey up the female reproductive tract.
Diseases of the prostate gland, affect millions of people the world over,
decreasing their quality of life. Benign prostate hyperplasia, BPH, is the
medical term used to describe an enlarged prostate. It means a noncancerous
enlargement of the prostate gland. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a
progressive condition characterised by prostate enlargement accompanied by
lower urinary tract symptoms. This study follows an experimental design in
which a total of fifty five male wistar albino rats were used. These rats were
grouped into five main groups, three of these groups were further sub-divided
into three sub-groups of five rats each. The groups include; Hormone
Control, HC, five rats, Vehicle Control, VC, five rats, Test Group, TG, which
is further divided into three sub-groups of five ats each, TGa, TGb, and TGc,
Vehicle + soursop, VS, which is further divided into three sub-groups of five
rats each, VSa, VSb, and VSc and then Soursop Control, SC, which is further
divided into three sub-groups of five rats each, bringing the total of groups
and sub-groups to eleven groups. The sub-groups a, b, and c are to be
administered soursop extract at graded doses of 500mg/kg. 1000mg/kg and
2000mg/kg respectively Tumor induction was done by administering
Testosterone Propionate and Estradiol Valerate at 300pg:80µg/kg
subcutaneously in the inguinal region of the rats on alternate days for 21
days. Induction caused a very significant increase in the serum level of
prostate specific antigen (PSA) of the HC group above the normal range in
comparism to that obtained in the VC sub-groups at P≤0.05; while the
Annona muricata extracts at low dose (500mg/kg) reduced the PSA level, the
normal and high dose (1000mg/kg) inhibited (prevented) any increase in the
PSA level.
More Related Content
Similar to SOCIO-CULTURAL AND BEHAVIORAL FACTORS INFLUENCING CHILDHOOD IMMUNIZATION PRACTICES AMONG NURSING MOTHERS IN JERICHO SPECIALIST HOSPITAL, IBADAN
Zika Virus: analysis, discussions and impacts in BrazilAJHSSR Journal
The ZikaDesease is increasing in Brazil since 2014. The causative vector is Aedesaegypti, which
through its bite can transmit the virus, causing microcephaly, it can causes consequences thought life. Beyond
the number of microcephaly cases growth, the Zika virus generates major problems involving the whole society
and economy of the country, such as the cost of medical treatment of the microcephalic child and his family that
will stop working to support and follow the treatment, and also to the cost of basic sanitation, as a prime factor
for mosquito control and the elaboration of public policies. Thus, the present work analyzed economic and
environmental aspects for the understanding the virus’ factors that provided the vector growth. A bibliographic
research carried out to understand the effects of the Zika virus and its economic, social and environmental
impacts. In this study, the costs related to microcephaly, the loss of income of microcephalic child’s relatives
and the country’s investment in basic sanitation were estimated
Knowledge and Practice of Immunization amongst the care-givers of 12-23 month...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
[[INOSR ES 11(2)134-147 Evaluation of the Infant Mortality rate at Ishaka Adv...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Evaluation of the Infant Mortality rate at Ishaka Adventist Hospital Bushenyi District
Mugaaga Paul
Department of Clinical Medicine Kampala International University, Uganda.
________________________________________ABSTRACT
Infant mortality is defined as the death of an infant before his or her first birthday, mainly caused by dehydration, diseases, congenital malformations and infections. The main objective of this study was to establish the determinants of infant mortality in Ishaka Adventist Hospital (IAH) in the months of April- July 2017, in Ishaka municipality in Bushenyi district. A descriptive cross sectional study design was used to determine the determinants of infant mortality in the study area. Majority of respondent (98%) were female and among them, 25.5% reported to have lost at least an infant and most of these respondents (70%) were married while 5% were widowed and among these, 40% reported to have lost an infant. Religiously, majority of the respondents (80%) were Christians, while 13% were Muslim and 7% constituted other religions including paganism, which showed the greatest infant mortality rate (71.4%). Most of the respondents (65%) attained primary level of education while 5% did not go to school at all, and the highest infant mortality rate (40%) was reported among these. The respondents who reported to have had preterm births appeared to have a higher infant mortality rate (65%) than those who did not report preterm births. A higher infant mortality rate (32.2%) was realized among respondents who reported their infants to have had such co-morbidities than those who didn’t report any co-morbidities like malaria and also a higher infant mortality rate (50%) was realized among infants who had not exclusively breastfed. Majority of respondents (80%) did not have children with birth defects while only 20% had children with birth defect, and a higher infant mortality rate of 70% was realized among these. Demographically, infant mortality rate is high among teenagers, the unemployed, the widowed, the pagans, and the uneducated. Direct determinants of infant mortality rate included preterm birth, birth defects, comorbidities and failure to breastfeed exclusively. Proximate determinants associated with infant mortality rate included teenage pregnancies, source of water, means of delivery and irregular immunization. Exclusive breast feeding for 6 months, mass immunization campaign up to grass root, intensive health education on health seeking behaviors and highlighting on dangers associated with risky behaviors and high quality monitoring and evaluation for quick action particularly for emergencies. There is also need for intersectional collaboration and initiation of income generating activities to boost their standards of living.
Keywords: Infant mortality, Breastfeeding, Morbidity, Determinants, Respondents.
13 Assessing Current Approaches to Childhood ImmunizatioChantellPantoja184
13
Assessing Current Approaches to Childhood Immunizations
Department of Psychology, Grand Canyon University
PSY-550: Research Methods
Dr. Shari Schwartz
May 19, 2021
Introduction
Immunization is the process in which an individual is protected against disease, and it is done via vaccination. On the other hand, vaccination is the action of a vaccine being introduced into the body to produce immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine is a product that arouses the immune system of an individual, thus the production of immunity to a particular disease. The immunity thus protects the individual from that disease. Immunity is the protection from a disease that is infectious. Child immunization is the primary public health approach in the reduction of child mortality and morbidity. Assessment of the current approaches that are linked to the immunization of a child is essential. Globally, primary immunization is estimated to prevent approximately 2.5 million childhood deaths annually from tetanus, diphtheria, measles, and pertussis (Dube et al., 2013). Immunization succession is always accompanied by rejection of public health practices, and reasons for these have never been straightforward. Some of the motivations are religious, scientific, or even political. To reduce the incidence and prevalence of vaccine-preventable diseases, vaccination programs depend on a high uptake level. Vaccination offers protection for vaccinated individuals. When there are high vaccination coverage rates, the indirect protection rate is stimulated for the overall community (Dube et al., 2013).Literature Review
Despite this massive use, immunization coverage in countries still developing has been reported to be still low. If mothers were educated on the importance of these vaccine services to their children, all the children would receive immunization as per the Expanded Program on the Immunization schedule, hence preventing mortality and morbidity. According to Thapar et al., in 2014, approximately an 18.7million children could not get the third dose of the Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus (DPT3) vaccine. The total percentage of children who are one year and below and have to receive their dosses of DPT3 vaccine is seen as a proxy indicator regarding full immunization. The DPT3 estimates assess the health system performance and measure the immunization program effectiveness regarding service delivery. These strategies are thus used in the implementation of strategies for the elimination and eradication of diseases. According to Thapar et al., the global coverage for DPT1 and DPT3 was 90% and 86%, respectively, while that of measles first dose at 86%.
The above estimates thus do not replicate the seen differences in vaccine coverage. The coverage of DPT1 and DPT3 varied from 84% and 76% in Africa and 97% and 94% in the European countries. In India, the routine has been lower than in the rest of the countries. Following the 2013 outbreak in Israel, many paren ...
13 Assessing Current Approaches to Childhood ImmunizatioCicelyBourqueju
13
Assessing Current Approaches to Childhood Immunizations
Department of Psychology, Grand Canyon University
PSY-550: Research Methods
Dr. Shari Schwartz
May 19, 2021
Introduction
Immunization is the process in which an individual is protected against disease, and it is done via vaccination. On the other hand, vaccination is the action of a vaccine being introduced into the body to produce immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine is a product that arouses the immune system of an individual, thus the production of immunity to a particular disease. The immunity thus protects the individual from that disease. Immunity is the protection from a disease that is infectious. Child immunization is the primary public health approach in the reduction of child mortality and morbidity. Assessment of the current approaches that are linked to the immunization of a child is essential. Globally, primary immunization is estimated to prevent approximately 2.5 million childhood deaths annually from tetanus, diphtheria, measles, and pertussis (Dube et al., 2013). Immunization succession is always accompanied by rejection of public health practices, and reasons for these have never been straightforward. Some of the motivations are religious, scientific, or even political. To reduce the incidence and prevalence of vaccine-preventable diseases, vaccination programs depend on a high uptake level. Vaccination offers protection for vaccinated individuals. When there are high vaccination coverage rates, the indirect protection rate is stimulated for the overall community (Dube et al., 2013).Literature Review
Despite this massive use, immunization coverage in countries still developing has been reported to be still low. If mothers were educated on the importance of these vaccine services to their children, all the children would receive immunization as per the Expanded Program on the Immunization schedule, hence preventing mortality and morbidity. According to Thapar et al., in 2014, approximately an 18.7million children could not get the third dose of the Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus (DPT3) vaccine. The total percentage of children who are one year and below and have to receive their dosses of DPT3 vaccine is seen as a proxy indicator regarding full immunization. The DPT3 estimates assess the health system performance and measure the immunization program effectiveness regarding service delivery. These strategies are thus used in the implementation of strategies for the elimination and eradication of diseases. According to Thapar et al., the global coverage for DPT1 and DPT3 was 90% and 86%, respectively, while that of measles first dose at 86%.
The above estimates thus do not replicate the seen differences in vaccine coverage. The coverage of DPT1 and DPT3 varied from 84% and 76% in Africa and 97% and 94% in the European countries. In India, the routine has been lower than in the rest of the countries. Following the 2013 outbreak in Israel, many paren ...
The field of health promotion and education is at a turning point as it steps up to address the interconnected challenges of health, equity and sustainable development. Professionals and policy makers recognize the need for an integrative thinking and practice approach to foster comprehensive and coherent action in each of these complex areas.
Similar to SOCIO-CULTURAL AND BEHAVIORAL FACTORS INFLUENCING CHILDHOOD IMMUNIZATION PRACTICES AMONG NURSING MOTHERS IN JERICHO SPECIALIST HOSPITAL, IBADAN (20)
Coming together in one accord has over time proven its significant in
the community since the enhancement of community health is positive.
Our world need synergy to live in harmony, peace and tranquility for
the betterment of our society.
If healthy family must be maintained, then there is a need for
community dialogue.
It’s a long life process to grow or maintain a healthy community, hence,
constant nurturing and persistency is needed. For the community to
grow and develop, everyone must participate with specific role in
building a healthier, more vibrant community. The choices we make at
home, work, school, play, and worship determine most what creates
personal health and community vitality. To a large mile, it's about how
we use our time, money, and talents. But the roles we play in the
community to bring positive change is the most crucial. This is about
using your influence, skills and knowledge to create better community.
Today, our communities bereft good organization and poses the risk for
communal conflict due to selfishness among the leaders who have
become weeds and tyrants among the less privileged ones. Instead of
fostering the growth of the community, the community is running into
lost and troubled atmosphere, resulting into many displacement of
properties and lives. Thereby, giving hand to suffering and health
challenges. In our world today, there's often a gulf between the
conversations people have around the kitchen table and the
conversations we have with our leaders. We see turf battles and
fragmentation of efforts with more resources getting spent on the
symptoms of deeper problems, and less on what generates health in the
first place.
STUDIES OF PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN AND HISTOPATHOLOGY OF RATTUS NORVEGICUS...GABRIEL JEREMIAH ORUIKOR
The effects of Annona muricata fruit pulp extract have been observed which
confirms its activity against experimentally induced non-cancerous tumor.
The prostate gland provides the semen with vitamins and other nutrients thus,
maintaining its vitality during the journey up the female reproductive tract.
Diseases of the prostate gland, affect millions of people the world over,
decreasing their quality of life. Benign prostate hyperplasia, BPH, is the
medical term used to describe an enlarged prostate. It means a noncancerous
enlargement of the prostate gland. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a
progressive condition characterised by prostate enlargement accompanied by
lower urinary tract symptoms. This study follows an experimental design in
which a total of fifty five male wistar albino rats were used. These rats were
grouped into five main groups, three of these groups were further sub-divided
into three sub-groups of five rats each. The groups include; Hormone
Control, HC, five rats, Vehicle Control, VC, five rats, Test Group, TG, which
is further divided into three sub-groups of five ats each, TGa, TGb, and TGc,
Vehicle + soursop, VS, which is further divided into three sub-groups of five
rats each, VSa, VSb, and VSc and then Soursop Control, SC, which is further
divided into three sub-groups of five rats each, bringing the total of groups
and sub-groups to eleven groups. The sub-groups a, b, and c are to be
administered soursop extract at graded doses of 500mg/kg. 1000mg/kg and
2000mg/kg respectively Tumor induction was done by administering
Testosterone Propionate and Estradiol Valerate at 300pg:80µg/kg
subcutaneously in the inguinal region of the rats on alternate days for 21
days. Induction caused a very significant increase in the serum level of
prostate specific antigen (PSA) of the HC group above the normal range in
comparism to that obtained in the VC sub-groups at P≤0.05; while the
Annona muricata extracts at low dose (500mg/kg) reduced the PSA level, the
normal and high dose (1000mg/kg) inhibited (prevented) any increase in the
PSA level.
Background: Students cannot be successful in terms of their behavior, or
academic learning, without an environment that has been intentionally
created for this purpose. Classroom design is a critical element in creating an
effective learning environment. Classroom design should be intentional and
purposeful, incorporating elements such as natural light, flexible spaces,
comfortable furniture, strategic use of color, and technology that supports
learning. The objective of this project is to discover how to enhance the
learning environment for students in Cameroon by reviewing related work on
how classroom design affect learning outcomes of students.
Method: This is a narrative review study in which peer-reviewed published
research articles were reviewed. The articles were screened based on the title,
abstract and full-text articles. 40 citations were screened of which 31 were
excluded after the title and abstract were screened. 25 articles were then
retrieved for reading and after reading through, 12 articles were found to be
relevant to the critical review process of this study.
Result: Of all the design elements that make up the classroom, the
environmental variables (temperature, acoustics, and lighting) have been the
most studied individually. The SIN principles using the EB model; gives
more indepth analysis and robust outcomes of the impact classroom design
have on students' learning.
Conclusion: From literatures, it is anticipated that the built environment of
the classrooms will have a great impact on students' academic performance,
health and wellbeing. Therefore, imbibing these approaches before designing
classrooms in Cameroon and understanding factors that influence student
learning comfort; may go a long way to impact students learning outcomes.
Background: Self-medication is a wide spread practice among construction
workers who experience a range of physical injuries, pain, and
musculosketal. Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drug that is
commonly used to relive pain, fever and inflammation.
Methodology: This research aimed to investigate the side effects associated
with self-medication of diclofenac sodium among construction workers in
Rasfodd Nigeria limited Lagos, Nigeria. A Descriptive design was adopted
for this study. A total of 150 participants were surveyed using a structured
questionnaire to gather information on self-medication practices, knowledge
of diclofenac sodium side effects, and reported health outcomes.
Results: The study revealed a high prevalence of self-medication among
construction workers, with 62.7% of participants engaging in this practice.
The main reasons cited for self-medication were the easy availability of
diclofenac sodium without a prescription and the desire for immediate pain
relief. However, the study also found a lack of awareness about the potential
side effects of diclofenac sodium which is 98%, with only 2% of participants
demonstrating sufficient knowledge. Several health risks associated with
self-medication were reported, including stomach upset which is 18.7%,
headache 40% and other adverse drug interactions were recorded.
Conclusion: These findings underscore the need for comprehensive
interventions, including educational campaigns, collaboration between
healthcare professionals and construction companies, and stronger regulatory
measures to ensure responsible medication practices. By addressing these
issues, the well-being and safety of construction workers can be enhanced,
reducing the potential health risks associated with self-medication
The world today faces a myriad of urgent challenges that transcend disciplinary boundaries.
The World Economic Forum's emphasis on these multidisciplinary issues highlights the
interconnected nature of our globalized world. Solutions demand collaboration, innovation,
and integrated approaches across various sectors. By fostering partnerships between
governments, businesses, academia, and civil society, the international community can work
towards a more sustainable, equitable, and prosperous future for all. The urgency of these
challenges underscores the need for immediate action and a collective commitment to finding
solutions that transcend borders and disciplines
With respect to this, IHSRAN is calling on all academics and researchers in all disciplines to
enhance the impact of their research by publishing in the renowned IHSRA Journal of Global
Issues and Interdisciplinary Studies.
Become part of our distinguished community of intellectual leaders and contribute to shaping
the future of global comprehension. Present your manuscript today and make your mark in
the world of academia. Let's collaboratively explore the crossroads of knowledge and propel
positive transformations across various fields.
The key objectives of IHSRAN are to influence the future of Global research and policy
making while contributing to the advancement in sharing insights that bridge disciplines and
tackle the complex challenges of our interconnected world; on a global scale
MATERNAL AND FETAL OUTCOME AMONG OBSTETRIC REFERRALS: A CASE STUDY OF THE BA...GABRIEL JEREMIAH ORUIKOR
Abstract: Background: maternal/foetal mortality and morbidity could be reduced by making use of timely
consultations, an efficient referral system, basic and comprehensive emergency obstetric care to pregnant women
and their new-borns. This study was carried out in other to compare maternofoetal outcome and to evaluate the
types of delays experienced by women.
The main objective was to evaluate maternal and foetal outcome of obstetric referrals.
Method: A case control study was carried out. All pregnant women that were referred, consented and met with the
inclusion criteria were recruited as cases, while those who came to deliver on their own were recruited as the controls.
Data were collected on pretested questionnaires. The chi square test was used as nonparametric test.
Result: Most of the participants 75.4% (n=49) were found between 15-30 years. The majority (n=35, 53.8%) of
pregnant women were referred from health centres. Cases with at least one delay was twice that of the controls (cases
42, 64.6% controls 22, 33.8% p value =0.00). 6.2 %and 9.8 %babies delivered from cases and control group
respectively were born dead. Admission in the Neonatal intensive care unit was in greater proportion for the babies
delivered from cases than the controls (cases 15, 23.1% controls 9, 13.8% p value=0.175). Most of the women
delivered through ceserian section (cases 27, 41.5% controls 32, 49.2% p value =0.378). No maternal mortality was
recorded. 60% of the women spent 7-14days in the hospital.
Conclusion: for non-referred pregnant women, maternal outcome is poor but foetal outcome is better.
The Impact of Poverty on Under 5 Children in Rural Communities of the West Af...GABRIEL JEREMIAH ORUIKOR
Background: Under 5 children mortality is a significant
public health issue in West Africa, where poverty is
prevalent. Poverty is a complex and multifaceted issue that
affects various aspects of life, including health outcomes.
The impact of poverty on under 5 children mortality has
been extensively studied in West Africa, and this review
aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the
findings of these studies.
Methods: This review is aqualitative Narrative review in
which systematic review procedures were employed to
search, select, and extract data from overviews that meet
eligibility criteria for this study. The search yielded a total of
1,245 articles; published between 2005 and 2023 in West
Africa, including Nigeria, Ghana, Mali, and Senegal. 78
articles were selected for full-text review, out of which 30
met the inclusion criteria and included in the final analysis.
The studies used different study designs, including crosssectional, cohort, and case-control studies. The sample sizes
ranged from 100 to 10,000 participants.
Results: The findings of the studies showed that poverty has
a significant impact on under 5 children mortality in West
Africa. Children from poor households were more likely to
die before their fifth birthday compared to children from
wealthier households. Poverty also affected the health
outcomes of mothers, which in turn affected the health
outcomes of their children. The studies identified various
factors that contribute to the impact of poverty on under 5
mortality, including malnutrition, lack of access to
healthcare, poor sanitation, and inadequate housing. The
studies also highlighted the role of community-level factors,
such as social support and community participation, in
mitigating the impact of poverty on under 5 mortality.
Conclusion: Poverty affects various aspects of life,
including access to healthcare, nutrition, and basic
amenities, which in turn affects the health outcomes of
children. Community-based interventions that address the
underlying causes of poverty and improve access to
healthcare and basic amenities should be strengthened,
designed better and implemented in collaboration with
stakeholders to ensure their effectiveness and sustainability.
Further research is needed to identify effective interventions
that can improve health outcomes in impoverished
communities.
MATERNAL AND FETAL OUTCOME AMONG OBSTETRIC REFERRALS: A CASE STUDY OF THE BA...GABRIEL JEREMIAH ORUIKOR
Background: maternal/foetal mortality and morbidity could be reduced by making use of timely
consultations, an efficient referral system, basic and comprehensive emergency obstetric care to pregnant women
and their new-borns. This study was carried out in other to compare maternofoetal outcome and to evaluate the
types of delays experienced by women.
The main objective was to evaluate maternal and foetal outcome of obstetric referrals.
Method: A case control study was carried out. All pregnant women that were referred, consented and met with the
inclusion criteria were recruited as cases, while those who came to deliver on their own were recruited as the controls.
Data were collected on pretested questionnaires. The chi square test was used as nonparametric test.
Result: Most of the participants 75.4% (n=49) were found between 15-30 years. The majority (n=35, 53.8%) of
pregnant women were referred from health centres. Cases with at least one delay was twice that of the controls (cases
42, 64.6% controls 22, 33.8% p value =0.00). 6.2 %and 9.8 %babies delivered from cases and control group
respectively were born dead. Admission in the Neonatal intensive care unit was in greater proportion for the babies
delivered from cases than the controls (cases 15, 23.1% controls 9, 13.8% p value=0.175). Most of the women
delivered through ceserian section (cases 27, 41.5% controls 32, 49.2% p value =0.378). No maternal mortality was
recorded. 60% of the women spent 7-14days in the hospital.
Conclusion: for non-referred pregnant women, maternal outcome is poor but foetal outcome is better.
Keywords: Obstetrics, Referrals, Haemorrhage, Infection, Outcome.
Assessment of Mothers' Knowledge and use of Oral Rehydration Therapy for Dia...GABRIEL JEREMIAH ORUIKOR
Diarrhoea disease is the second leading cause of death in
children under 5 years old, and is responsible for killing about 300, 000
children annually in Nigeria. Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is the preferred
treatment for fluid and electrolyte losses due to diarrhoea in children with
mild to moderate dehydration. This study aimed to assess the knowledge
and use of ORT in the management of diarrhoea in children under 5 years
at Seventh Day Adventist Hospital (SDAH, Ife).
Epidemiology is the science and practice which describes and explains disease patterns in populations,
and puts this knowledge to use to improve health. The central paradigm of epidemiology is that patterns
of disease in populations may be analyzed systematically to provide understanding of the causes and
control of disease. Epidemiology seeks out the differences and similarities ('compare and contrast') in
the disease patterns of populations to gain new knowledge. Valid measurement of the frequency of
disease and factors which may influence disease, and are therefore potential explanations for the
observed patterns, is crucial to the epidemiological goal. The focus of epidemiology is on the pattern of
disease and ill-health in the population. Epidemiology combines elements of clinical, biological, social
and ecological sciences. Epidemiology is dependent on clinical practice and sciences to make a
diagnosis, the starting point of our work. The goal of epidemiology as a science is to understand the
causes of disease variation and use this to improve the health of populations and individuals. The goal of
epidemiology as a practice is preventing and controlling disease, guiding health and health care policy
and planning, and improving health care in individuals. Epidemiological variables should meet the
purposes of epidemiology. Epidemiology is based on theories.
This book is a product of a
gift that God has given to Evangelist Gabriel Jeremiah Oruikor for the
purpose of Training of children .
The writing of “SHAPING GOD`S ARROWS” itself came by a direct
inspiration of the Holy spirit to bless several thousands and Evang.
Gabriel message has encouraged countless ministers of the
Gospel and parents, in the area of Teaching and training of
children evangelists .
Proverb 22; 6 “Train up a child in the way he should go; and when
he is old, he will not depart from it.
Training children is different from teaching child, hence training
involves parent ,then it is a divine assignment with responsibility
of according assistance to shape them to develop their
personalities .The parents are not just to bring children in the
world ,but also to bring them to the knowledge of God, through
instructions and informations.
If you don`t want shame, disgrace or pain in your heart at old age
as a parent ,Read this book for deeper revelation and be obedient
to God`s instruction by training up your children and you are the
one that will eat the fruit of your children tomorrow.
Thank Evang. Gabriel for the release of the gift of the mighty
anointing of the Holy spirit UPON your life, to the body of Christ
and your Generation. Amen
Our world is filled with catastrophes and endemic
diseases. The world is suffering from spiritual
problem and it is only spiritual and not political that
we can get solution. Our political elites cannot
solve our problems but only Jesus can do it.
Apostle Paul wrote to the Christians in Colossians,
“In whatsoever ye do in word or deed, do all in
the name of the Lord Jesus, giving thanks to
God the father through Him” (Col. 3:17)
Everything we do as Christians should stem from
acts of worship. People in ministry heal the sick,
cast out demons and spend countless sessions
doing counseling for those confused or seeking
direction. Also, they spend quality time for prayer
meetings and various services.
The pastors and other ministers in the church
preach the gospel steadily to people and make
sure that church conferences, activities and
retreats is in order. We pray and fast in
preparation for impartation, we seek God’s face, kneeling to God for spiritual maturity. All these we
do in the church but how many of you worship God
in your job, places, and factories?
How many of you discuss or share the good news
about Jesus there? How many of you pastors
equip the saints not to depend on you but sent out
to share good news in their job places? Hear what,
Jesus said, “What shall I liken the men of this
generation; what are they like?
They are like unto children sitting in the market
place, and calling one to another and saying,
we are piped unto you and ye have not
danced; we have mourned to you, and ye have
not wept” (Luke 7:31-32). Can you imagine little
children in the market place, they don’t know road
to their homes; all they would do is crying for help
of direction.
That is what Jesus said, that the people in your
job places are like. That means they don’t know
Christ, but no one seeks to show them the way of
Christ. Christians today do not hold down secured
work and even try to share their faith with others.
In the beginning God created heaven and earth
and everything that is in it.
Psalm 24:1 “The earth is the Lord’s and the
fullness thereof; The world and they that dwell
therein (KJV)
Our God is the sole founder of everything that ever
existed, and even before He laid his foundation,
He had already have them programmed.
After God created man in His own image, God
ordained man to be wealthy – holistically. Look at
this scripture, Gen. 1:28; “And God blessed them
and God said unto them (man and woman), be
fruitful and multiply and replenish the earth
and subdue it; and have dominion over the
fish of the sea and over the fowl of the air and
over every living thing that moveth upon the
earth”.
From the above scripture, God originally blessed
all man’s seeds and not some seeds.
It is now a common knowledge that teenagers and
youths of our generation are faced with great
challenges. The development scored safer in the
communication and media industries is not
helping matters. Praise God where iniquity
abound, grace receives a boost, but sin being a
great hindrances to grace must be checkmate;
abounding grace must be given her place.
The creator of all things; the great master designer
God made all things beautiful in order to return
praises unto Himself. He determined the times
and seasons, gave the boundaries of human
habitations. In His love furnished His prime
creation (man) with the manual to run the affairs
of the earth while he oversees all things from the
heavens.
His love covered us from all grounds and gave us
all things freely to enjoy. And in Him all things
consists –and maintains their existence. Sexuality
being part of His fundamental bonding principles
in human co-existence must be fully understood
to be appreciated.
Relationshipisamostthingtobeengaged.God'sthe
authorofgoodrelationships.Everyhumanisina
relationship.No one can live alone without a
relationship.
Basically,arelationshipisaconnectionbetweentwo
ormorepeople.Inourlives,wehavemanydifferent
kindsofrelationshipswithourfamily,ourfriends,our
teachersand ourneighbors.Butthere are divers
categoriesofrelationship,it'sbasedonthepurpose
orthoseinvolved.Themostcommonrelationshipis
theonebetweenGodandhischildren.
Drugs are gotten from Animals, Plants and Minerals. By products of
animals, including humans, are a source for drugs because they contain
hormones that can be reclaimed and given to patients who need
increased hormonal levels to maintain homeostasis. For example,
Premarin is a drug that contains estrogen that is recovered from mare
urine. This is used as hormonal therapy to manage menopausal
symptoms. Insulin is another hormonal drug that is used to regulate
blood sugar levels in patients with diabetes mellitus. Insulin can be
recovered from humans using DNA technology.
A number of plants have medicinal qualities and have been used for
centuries as natural remedies for injuries and illnesses. Pharmaceutical
firms harvest these plants and transform them into drugs that have a
specific purity and strength sufficient to treat diseases. An example of a
drug that comes from a plant is digitalis. Digitalis is made from leaves
of the foxglove plant and is used to treat congestive heart failure and
cardiac arrhythmias
Basically, Clinical pharmacology is the science of drug use to manage
illnesses in humans. General medical practitioners and Clinicians of all
specialties prescribe drugs in their daily routines. Also, students in
health sciences are expected to have sound knowledge in Clinical
pharmacology because it form the basis of their studies. If drugs are not
used properly in therapeutic practices, it become very dangerous for the
effectiveness of the practice as lives would be in danger.
Dr. ORUIKOR GABRIEL JEREMIAH, decided to present a textbook
that would summarize the practice of using drugs in a simple format to
assist health sciences in the basic knowledge of drugs usage for
humans.
The book entitle “POCKET SYSTEMIC AND CLINICAL
PHARMACOLOGY FOR HEALTH SCIENCES FIRST EDITION” is
well prepared to serve its vulnerable purpose of studies in clinical
Pharmacology. However, this first edition does not cover all the
pharmacology of the human systems, its selective which include: Drugs
acting on GIT, RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, BLOOD, AND THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. It’s believed that subsequent editions would
cover other systems.
The author also discussed the principles of basic Pharmacology and
toxicology.
Its my pleasure to have a review of this book written by Dr ORUIKOR
GABRIEL JEREMIAH. I place my thumb up on this for all health
science and medical students to use this book because the approaches
here in this book are simplified ,current and comprehensive.
One of the most critical and sexiest aspects of life is the
reproductive health.
Humans are able to reproduce and increase numerically in their
kinds as a recompense of reproduction.
If life must continue, then this subject must be a priority in
everyday studies to enhance quality life and maintain the
highest level of functioning reproductively.
It is worthy of acknowledgement that many are living silently
in the world of reproductive health disaster and filled with
reproductive challenges ignorantly. While some are just
adamant of it, others are bereft of the knowledge and the right
key to obtain reproductive health.
Also there are lots of diseases and abnormally planned families
which have given rise to scarcity of resources leading to poverty
and poor life status.
It is based on the aforementioned perspectives and concepts
that the author of this book, Dr. Oruikor Gabriel Jeremiah, a
seasonal medical practitioner placed his ink here.
The book, “COMPREHENSIVE HUMAN
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH AND FAMILY PLANNING “
provide analytical and innovative approaches for the
understanding of this subject ,and as well as to create
awareness, educate and offer solutions to many of the ever
asked questions on reproductive life improvement
It is often said “Good things are always bitter to
achieve”. Natural materials played major roles in
our wellness. Fruits are good as agreed and
known by many peoples. But the true values of
some fruits are not known by many people.
Most of the contents found in some drugs used for
health care and treatment of illnesses or diseases
are derived from fruits.
The importance of maintaining good health can’t
be stressed enough. A healthy body sets the
stage for your day-to-day well-being and
determines how well you’ll age. It also allows you
to live an active and more full life, which means
you’ll have a better quality of life as you age.
Maintaining a healthy body is the best way to have
an active and full life.
A healthy body requires a mix of a balanced diet,
regular exercise, quality sleep, mindfulness and,
of course, a healthy lifestyle.
Maintaining a healthy body is the best way to have
an active and full life. It’s the most important thing
you can do to stay healthy as you age
Historically, the term “Disease” is widely known to many persons as
written by many scholars who have taken their researchers in this angle.
Disease affect members of the public which include the community. So
it’s worthy to address it in the community using community health
principles.
A disease causes us discomfort or an uneasy feeling, which may or may
not necessarily give a pain sensation. Although “disease-free” and
“being healthy” are terms that are often correlated, they are completely
different. There is more to “being healthy” than just being “diseasefree”. Certain signs and symptoms are used to diagnose a particular
disease. And, presence of a particular disease can lead to an unhealthy
life.
For people who have taken a career in Health sciences or students in
health sciences who would eventually graduate to be health
Practitioners, disease management eventually becomes their priority. So
it’s crucial and beneficial to understand the science and art of
preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the
organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public
and private, communities and individuals.
This book entitled “ MANAGEMENT OF SELECTED DISEASES IN
COMMUNITY HEALTH CARE SETTINGS 1st edition “ is well written
to enable the readers become familiar with how to promote and protect
the health of people and the communities where they live, learn, work and play.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
SOCIO-CULTURAL AND BEHAVIORAL FACTORS INFLUENCING CHILDHOOD IMMUNIZATION PRACTICES AMONG NURSING MOTHERS IN JERICHO SPECIALIST HOSPITAL, IBADAN
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SOCIO-CULTURAL AND BEHAVIORAL
FACTORS INFLUENCING CHILDHOOD
IMMUNIZATION PRACTICES AMONG
NURSING MOTHERS IN JERICHO
SPECIALIST HOSPITAL, IBADAN
1
Oruikor, G. J., 2
Jeremiah, A-F.G., 3
Durotoye, M.P, 4
YEKEEN, R.S,
1
University of Parakou, Republic of Benin: Department of medicine, faculty of medicine; Institute of Health Science,
Research and Administration of Nigeria: Department of Science and Health Research
2
Department of Microbiology, school of Science and Technology, West Africa Union University, Benin Republic
Department of Microbiology, school of Science and Technology; Clinique la Masse de figues , Cotonou: Department of
internal Medicine
3
Institute of Health Science Research and Administration: Department of science and Health Research
4
Saint Monica American University, Cameroon: Department of Nursing, School of health Science
10.5281/zenodo.10012992
https://doi.org/
DOI:
Published Date: 17-October-2023
Abstract: Background: Immunization is one of the most cost-effective interventions with proven strategies to reach
the vulnerable populations. It is also a proven tool for controlling and eliminating life threatening infectious diseases.
It also prevents illness, disability and deaths from vaccine preventable diseases averting estimated 2-3 million deaths
each year.
Method: A descriptive survey research design was adopted, one hundred 100 nursing mothers were used for the
study. The instruments used for the study was a self-structured questionnaire. Simple random sampling technique
was used to select the sample for the study. Data collected were analysed using frequency, counts and percentage
table for demographic information.
Result: The findings of the study revealed that behaviour/attitude of healthcare workers and lack of enough
information were determinants of incomplete routine immunization, while life style, religion and belief were not
determinants of incomplete routine immunization. However, level of education, distance to health facility, life style,
religion and belief were jointly determinants of incomplete routine immunization among nursing mothers in Jericho
specialist hospital.
Conclusion: Based on the findings of the study; it is therefore recommended that State Government and
Philanthropists should assist in building more health care facilities close to the communities for easy accessibility.
Effort should be geared towards public campaign using local dialect to encourage them to complete routine
immunization. In addition, community mobilization should be strengthening especially among nursing mothers to
be fully informed about the merits of completing the routine immunization and to avert childhood morbidity and
mortality in our society.
Keywords: Immunization, sociocultural, Nursing Mother's, Childhood, Behavior.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Immunization is the process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to an infectious disease, typically by the
administration of a vaccine1
. Vaccines stimulate the body own immune system to protect the person against subsequent
infection or disease. Immunization prevents diseases, disabilities, and deaths from vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs),
such as cervical cancer, diphtheria, hepatitis B, measles, mumps, whooping cough, pneumonia, poliomyelitis, diarrhea
diseases by rotavirus, rubella, and tetanus. Immunization is a key component of primary health care and an indisputable
human right. It is also one of the best health investments money can buy. Vaccines are also critical to the prevention and
control of infectious disease outbreaks. They underpin global health security and will be a vital tool in the battle against
antimicrobial resistance.
Routine immunization is one of the most important public health interventions that constitute a cost-effective strategy to
reduce both the morbidity and mortality associated with childhood infectious diseases. Immunization is an act of preventing
childhood diseases such as whooping cough, measles, diphtheria, chicken pox, poliomyelitis yellow fever and other
childhood killer diseases by given chemical substance which is the causative organism of infection to reduce virulent state.
It can be given by injection or through drops in the mouth. Immunization is the process whereby a person is made immuned
or resistant to an infectious disease typically by the administration of vaccine2
.
Globally, it is reported that 22.6 million infants under 1 year of age were partially protected against vaccine preventable
diseases such as poliomyelitis, tuberculosis, whooping cough, diphtheria, Tetanus, Hepatitis B, measles, haemophilus,
pneumonia3
. However, a child is considered fully vaccinated if he/she has received: a Bacillus Callmete Guerrin (BCG)
vaccination against Tuberculosis, at least three doses of polio vaccine and also expected to receive one dose of the measles
vaccine; three doses of the pentavalent vaccine (DPT-Hep BHi-b) to prevent diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, haemophilus
influenza type b, and hepatitis B. A child should also receive 3 (Three) doses of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV)
and one dose of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) also included in the infant routine immunization3
.
Over 27 million children who live mainly in disadvantaged rural communities are not reached by routine immunization
services and significant variations in coverage exist between and within regions and countries. In the rural communities of
the developing countries, where good coverage has not been attained, reaching children not yet vaccinated has proved
difficult due to several limiting factors leading to annual increase in death of children4
. Nigeria like many countries in the
African region is making efforts to strengthen its health system in general and routine immunization services in particular
to reduce diseases burden vaccine preventable diseases, and put routine immunization high on the agenda and its agenda is
committed to revert and contribute towards achieving the millennium Development Goals (MDGs) of having child mortality
reduce by 2015. In comparison with developed World, immunization coverage of antigens such as tuberculosis,
poliomyelitis, hepatitis B, diphtheria, pertusis, tetanus, heamophilus influenza type B (Hib), pneumococcal, measles and
yellow fever has improved significantly, while Nigeria immunization coverage experienced partial improvement due to
multiple factors, such as biological, epidemiological, social, economic and logistical factors.
Immunization remains one of the most important public health interventions and cost-effective strategies to reduce child
mortality and morbidity associated with childhood infectious diseases, but despite amazing progress in reaching more
children over the years, many children are still not getting to complete their schedules of routine immunization before their
first year of life5
.
The Andersen behavioral model for utilization of health care was the theory of choice for this study; this theory was designed
to test the hypothesis of inequality of access to health care services in the United States. According to Andersen and
Newman6
, the model addresses concerns of some groups, especially minority ethnic groups and other groups that live in
inner cities and rural communities, who receive inadequate health care compared to the rest of the population. This model
has become one of the most widely used theories in predicting the use of health care services worldwide and is based on
three characteristics: predisposing factors, enabling factors, and need factors.
The enabling factors are bio-socio-demographic characteristics of individuals that exist prior to their illness. In the context
of the current study, social structures (education, occupation, ethnicity, social networks, social interactions, and culture),
health beliefs (attitudes, values, and knowledge) that people have about and toward the health care system, and demographic
factors (age and gender) may predispose parental/caregivers to use or not use health care services, including RI services,
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which will affect the completion of the RI schedule positively or negatively. The Andersen model provides for predisposing
factors at the community level that are acknowledged to affect the use of health services6
. These factors, linked to the
community level, consist of the demographic profile of the community, their collective values, and their cultural beliefs and
political perspectives. The cultural characteristics of men and women in a society include stereotypical behavior of each
gender in that community, tribe, or religion that shapes a parent’s attitude to RI and the use of health services generally.
Parents or caregivers who have an appropriate understanding, including positive attitudes and behaviors regarding the
usefulness and efficacy of health care services or RI, would be predicted to be more likely to use these services6
.
Enabling factors relate to the individuals and community’s ability to afford services, either in the form of health insurance,
personal income earning such as periodic income from salary or other sources, the extent and quality of social relationships,
and the availability of the health resources within geographical regions6
. Need factors are based on either perceived or
evaluated need. Perceived need is based on the how individuals view their general health and functional state and their
personal experiences from previous illnesses. Perceived need is the basis on which a decision will be made whether the
symptoms are of sufficient magnitude to warrant seeking professional help. Evaluated need is based on medical
investigations including laboratory and clinical judgments of the examining physician to decide the health need of the
individual patient. For the purpose of this study, perceived need was used because the data source did not collect data on
evaluated need6
.
The Andersen model is particularly suitable for this study because it takes into account the factors and characteristics of
society at different levels and how these factors influence the way individuals and communities seek health care services,
including RI services. These factors impact parents/caregiver’s behavior towards completion or noncompeting of
immunization schedules6
. The 2013 NDHS7
included questions regarding culturally sensitive factors that influence the use
of immunization and other health services. The survey results provided valuable insight into the cultural dimensions that
impact caregivers parents ability to access and utilize immunization and other health services across diverse socioeconomic,
religious, and tribal groups in a multi-ethnic and multi-religious country like Nigeria7
.
The Andersen model’s theoretical framework is based on how both socioeconomic and demographic variables influence
access and utilization of immunization and other health services, either positively or negatively. The Andersen model was
a highly suitable choice to explore the research questions posed in this study.
The Health Belief Model (HBM) by Rosenstock, Strecher, and Becker9
and Rational Choice Theory (RCT) by Coleman (as
cited by Ritzer10
), have been adopted in analyzing immunization of children in rural Nigeria.
The Health Belief Model focuses on six constructs to predict the behavior of actors in regard to health care, namely:
perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy.
Rosenstock, Strecher, and Becker8
noted that people are likely to take a particular health-related action if they (a) feel that
it is possible to avoid the negative health condition; (b) have an expectation that by taking the recommended action, the
condition can be avoided; and (c) believe that they can successfully take the recommended health-related action. The model
explicitly recognizes that individuals are motivated to act on the basis of their understanding of the situation as it relates to
the constructs9,11
.
The World Health Organization (WHO)13
started the global effort to use vaccination as a public health intervention in 1974
when it launched the EPI. Since then, immunization has remained one of the most cost-effective public health interventions
for reducing global child morbidity and mortality13
. There have been several efforts over the years to increase EPI coverage
globally, such as the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization, universal childhood immunization; millennium
development goals (MDGs); Global Immunization Vision and Strategy; and most recently, the Global Vaccine Action
Plan13
.
These efforts, combined with specific regional efforts, such as the WHO African regional office EPI strategic plans of
action, implemented in the periods 2001-2005 and 2006-2009, and the Reaching Every District approach, plus individual
national EPI efforts, have raised global immunization coverage. For example, three doses of the diphtheria tetanus-pertussis
(DTP3) vaccine at 12 months of age rose from 5% coverage in 1974 to 85% in 2010. Despite this global progress, sub-
Saharan Africa attained only 77% DTP3 coverage by 201013,14
.
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Despite the efforts of National programme on Immunization and other international agencies such as WHO and UNICEF,
reasons such as long distance to health facilities, belief and perception, restricted mothers towards infant immunization, and
some mothers believe that immunization is one of the methods in family planning15
. Many children living in rural
communities in Nigeria are not reached by routine immunization services because of several limiting factors of which some
Communities in Ibadan house similar peculiarity due to geographical and other socio-cultural factors such as transportation
problem and level of awareness among others. It is also noted that some nursing mothers in these Communities do not
always complete the immunization schedule of their children due to various excuses such as distance of health facilities to
their home, non-encouraging attitude of some health workers and non-availability of health personnel during emergencies,
especially in rural health facilities.
2. METHOD
Study design: A descriptive survey design was used in this study to ascertain the socio cultural and behavioural factors
affecting childhood immunization practices among nursing mothers.
Study setting: This research was carried out in Jericho specialist hospital, it was formally called general hospital, Jericho
before it was changed to Jericho specialist hospital in the year 2007. It is a public healthcare organization which is located
at Jericho, Ibadan South West Local Government, Oyo State. It was established on 1/1/1976. It is licensed by the Nigerian
Ministry of Health. It is registered as a Secondary Health Care Centre. The hospital is open on Monday to Sunday on a
24/7-hour basis.
Population study: The population of this study consisted of all nursing mothers, totalling 253 in Jericho specialist hospital,
Ibadan. They are all from Out-patients Department. All questionnaire was shared and filled. Mothers who were not nursing
at the time of this study were excluded.
Sample size: A sample of 100 respondents were drawn randomly to represent the entire population study.The formula used
to determine sample size was
Z2
X P(1-P) / e2
÷ 1 + (Z2
X P(1P)/e2
N
Study Instrument: The self-design questionnaire was used to collect information from nursing mothers in Jericho specialist
hospital, Ibadan. The question was in four (4) sections which encompassed variables such as Demographic characteristics,
Knowledge of mothers on immunization, Attitude of mothers towards immunization and Behaviour of health workers. The
questionnaire was comprised of close ended questions formulated by the researcher based on the objective of the study.
Validity of the research Instruments: The validity of the research instrument (questionnaires) was established through
face and content validity criteria. The questionnaire was presented to the supervisor, who made the necessary corrections.
This process was to ensure the reliability and validity of the instruments.
Method of data collection: The questionnaire was self-administered and collected after responses from respondents. The
data collection took 3 (Three) days and a total of 100 copies of questionnaire were distributed and collected.
Method of data analysis: The data was collected, tabulated each as related to the research question. The data was analysed
using tables, percentages, and frequency distribution.
Ethical consideration: A letter of consent for the research was submitted at the Hospital's ethical board office, the same
was approved and signed May, 2023.
For the participants, verbal consent was issued, after orientation on the research. No form of compulsion was placed on
them, but allowed to willingly accept.
3. RESULTS
Frequency, percentage and charts were used as a source of data representation. A total of 100 questionnaires were distributed
and all questionnaires were reviewed back for analysis. The research from the findings are presented as follows;
Table 1 below shows the demographic characteristics of the respondents. A total of 100 nursing mothers participated in the
study, the majority of the participants were between the age of 21-30(54%), followed by those aged 31-40(31%). Also, the
ethnicity shows that 84% are Yoruba followed by hausa 7%.
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TABLE 1: DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY POPULATION
Age
Less than 20
21-30
31-40
41-50
Total
Frequency
4
50
31
11
100
Percentage
4%
54%
31%
11%
100%
Ethnicity
Igbo
Hausa
Yoruba
Nupe
Edo
Ighala
Afiama
1
7
84
3
2
2
1
1%
7%
84%
3%
2%
2%
1%
Religion
Islam
Christianity
Total
55
45
100
55%
45%
100%
Number of children
1
2
3
4
5
Total
37
33
22
7
1
100
37%
33%
22%
7%
1%
100%
Does your religion support childhood
immunization?
Yes
No
Total
100
-
100
100%
-
100%
The study below provide information that the beginning and completion period of child vaccination is 90% yes, and 10%
no, child immunization is important for your child’s health 100% yes, force to take immunization 2%, 98%, taking
immunization for all your child/children 99% yes and 1% no ,child allergies on vaccine, 17% yes and 83% no, is any
reaction in past there any serious 11% yes 89% no, can the disease be prevented by vaccine 11% yes ,89% no ,positive
attitude towards immunization 93%, 7% no, concern about the adverse effect of vaccination 70% ,30%, is getting vaccine
a good way to protect your child 98%yes,2%. The result shows that 90% of nursing mother have adequate knowledge on
immunization practice.
Table 2: knowledge of mothers on immunization (N=100)
Questions/Options Frequency Percentage
Do you know about the beginning and completion period of child vaccination?
Yes
No
Total
90
10
100
90%
10%
100%
Do you feel childhood immunization is important for your child’s health?
Yes
No
Total
100
-
100
100%
-
100%
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Are you being forced to take immunization?
Yes
No
Total
2
98
100
2%
98%
100%
Do you take immunization for all your child/children?
Yes
No
Total
99
1
100
99%
1%
100%
Does your child have allergy to immunization or vaccines?
Yes
No
Total
17
83
100
17%
83%
100%
Has the child had a serious reaction to vaccine in the past?
Yes
No
Total
89
11
100
89%
11%
100%
Do you think disease can be prevented through vaccination?
Yes
No
Total
96
4
100
96%
4%
100%
Do you have a positive attitude toward vaccination?
Yes
No
Total
93
7
100
93%
7%
100%
Are you concerned about the side effects of vaccination?
Yes
No
Total
70
30
100
70%
30%
100%
Does getting a vaccine a good way to protect your child?
Yes
No
Total
98
2
100
98%
2%
100%
Do you think your child do not need to take vaccine for disease that are not common
anymore?
Yes
No
Total
81
19
100
81%
19%
100%
Are you afraid that new vaccines are more risky than older vaccine?
Yes
No
Total
59
41
100
59%
41%
100%
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The table below shows the attitudes of mothers towards immunization, 91% of mothers says they do remember their child’s
next appointment while 9% says no, 72% says they’ve never delayed their child’s immunization while 28% said yes, 99%
of the using mothers says they do take along their immunization card and 1% says no, 52% of nursing mothers says their
child has received immunization for the past 4 weeks while 48% says no, and finally 89% of nursing mothers do complete
their child immunization while 11% of them don’t .
Table 3: attitude of mothers towards immunization
Question/Option Frequency Percentage
Do you remember the date of the next appointment of vaccination for your child?
Yes
No
Total
91
9
100
91%
9%
100%
Have you ever delayed your child's immunization?
Yes
No
Total
28
72
100
28%
72%
100%
Do you take along your immunization card?
Yes
No
Total
99
1
100
99%
1%
100%
Has the child received immunization for the past four weeks?
Yes
No
Total
52
48
100
52%
48%
100%
Do you complete immunization for your child/ children?
Yes
No
Total
89
11
100
89%
11%
100%
The table below shows what nursing mothers think of the behaviour of healthcare workers. 95% of the nursing mothers
says the information they receive from the healthcare workers about vaccination is reliable and trustworthy and 5% says
no, 86% of the nursing mothers says the healthcare workers give them enough information about the next vaccine before
giving them, 93% of mothers says the healthcare workers encourages them to take immunization while 7% says no, and
68% of the nursing mothers says the behaviour of some healthcare workers makes them angry which makes them not to
come for the next appointment while 32% says no.
TABLE 4. BEHAVIOR OF HEALTHCARE WORKERS
Question/Option Frequency Percentage
Does information you receive about vaccines from the healthcare workers reliable or
trustworthy?
Yes
No
Total
95
5
100
95%
5%
100%
Do the health workers give enough information about the next vaccine to take before
giving?
Yes
No
Total
86
14
100
86%
14%
100%
Do the health workers encourages you to take the immunization?
Yes
No 93 93%
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Total 7
100
7%
100%
Do the behaviour of some healthcare workers makes you angry which makes you not
to come for the next appointment?
Yes
No
Total
68
32
100
68%
32%
100%
4. DISCUSSION
This study shows that 90% of nursing mothers are quite aware and knowledgeable about immunization and it is adequately
practised. This is in accordance to Streefland16
who revealed in his study that majority of parents would have positive
attitude towards immunization services to prevents their children from getting infected by vaccine-preventable diseases,
despite being aware of their side effects. The result of this study is in credence with the studies of Al-Zaharani17
that shows
positive correction in attitude.
One of the major factors contributing to the low patronage of immunization services in the past was the attitude of the clinic
staff18,19,20
. In this study, we examined this in order to assess the extent to which staff’s attitudes have changed over the
years. The present study revealed that community members then had different views about staff. Staff/mother relationship
had changed in a positive direction, so that it then contributes to the demand for immunization.
Furthermore, the study showed that there was strong social demand and culturally-grounded active demand for
immunization in this part of Nigeria contrary to the earlier findings of low use of immunization services in the study area
Odutola et al.21
. Nevertheless, there were some mothers who defaulted. It was not that defaulters did not accept vaccination;
rather, most of them started the use of the technology but dropped out for some reasons, whether due to time constraints,
forgetting appointments, travelled, economic activities or gender dynamics; as consistent with Jegede and Owunmi18
. These
factors thus played significant roles in the immunization uptake.
Earlier data in the study area also highlighted these problems, suggesting that the problems still persisted even a decade
later. Studies from other parts of the world have also emerged with similar findings Odutola et al; Oladokun et al. and Duru
et al21,22,23
.This suggests that common factors affect immunization uptake worldwide with the exception of some cultural
practices localized to specific environment which may complicate the process of resolving the problems24
.
5. CONCLUSION
Based on the findings in this study, it was concluded that behaviour/attitude of healthcare workers and lack of enough
information were determinants of incomplete routine immunization, while religion or belief did not determine incomplete
routine immunization among nursing mothers in Jericho specialist hospital, Ibadan. Rural women in Nigeria required more
information on immunization practices. Health professionals should provide preventive information at various clinics.
Continuous reinforcement of educational information on immunization practices is a priority to increase knowledge and
participation.
6. RECOMMENDATION
Therefore, it is recommended that:
Government and Philanthropists should build more health care facilities close to the reaching health care facilities for
immunization.
⚫ Effort should be geared towards public campaign using local dialect to discourage incomplete routine immunization in
the community.
⚫ Community mobilization should be strengthening especially among nursing mothers to be fully informed about the
merits of completing the routine immunization.
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⚫ There should be sensitization of Community and religion leaders towards adequate completion of childhood
immunization, so as to avert childhood morbidity and mortality.
⚫ There will be a need to create more jingles on air in English and other dialects to promote knowledge on the
immunization schedule and the various vaccines that should be taken.
⚫ Fliers and billboards with relevant information on immunization should be produced and widely distributed.
Strength: Open ended questions were used to.obtain data and the questions were interpreted to the local language for those
who didnot have a good understanding of the English language
Limitations: The study was conducted within three days and the sample size is less than the calculated.
Suggestion for Further Studies
There is need to further investigate the impact cultural and behavioural factors affecting nursing mothers across most
hospital both federal, state and private hospital across in Nigeria making it a cross- sectional studies to the level of awareness
of immunization attitudes towards immunization.
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