A Structure is a convenient tool for handling a group of logically related data items. A collection of one or more variables, typically of different types, grouped together under a single name is known as structure.
A Structure is a convenient tool for handling a group of logically related data items. A collection of one or more variables, typically of different types, grouped together under a single name is known as structure.
View study notes of Function overloading .you can also visit Tutorialfocus.net to get complete description step wise of the concerned topic.Other topics and notes of C++ are also explained.
This Powerpoint presentation covers following topics of C Plus Plus:
Features of OOP
Classes in C++
Objects & Creating the Objects
Constructors & Destructors
Friend Functions & Classes
Static data members & functions
INTRODUCTION
COMPARISON BETWEEN NORMAL FUNCTION AND INLINE FUNCTION
PROS AND CONS
WHY WHEN AND HOW TO USED?
GENERAL STRUCTURE OF INLINE FUNCTION
EXAMPLE WITH PROGRAM CODE
This Presentation gives you all knowledge about #CPointers, #PointersInC.
The given slides are as follows:
1. Introduction of Pointers.
2. Systems to create a pointer in C.
3. Valid Pointer Examples in C.
4. Graphical representation of address assigning in c using pointer.
5. 1st Sample program of pointers in C.
6. Types of Pointers
7. NULL Pointer in C (Types of Pointer)
8. void Pointer in C (Types of Pointer)
9. Wild Pointer in C (Types of Pointer)
10. Changing value of variable using pointer
11. Update and Access value of variable using pointer in example.
12. Types of format specifies to print address in different format.
13. Advantages of Pointer in C.
14. Disadvantages of Pointer in C.
15. Pointers with Array using Programs. #pointerwitharray
16. Another Example of #pointerwitharray.
17. Relationship Between Arrays and Pointers.
18. Relationship Between Arrays and Pointers explanation with diagram.
19. Pointers and String. #PointersAndString
20. Function with Array Parameters using pointers.
21. Passing Pointers to Function or Pointer argument function. #PointerWithFunction
The ppt describes usage of functions in c language. Showing basic use of function and determining the differences between function call by value and function call by reference using pointer. It also includes valid use in swapping two numbers in c along with different outputs. Overall its a basic note for c language.
A function is a group of statements that together perform a task. Every C program has at least one function, which is main(), and all the most trivial programs can define additional functions. You can divide up your code into separate functions.
Everything about OOPs (Object-oriented programming) in this slide we cover the all details about object-oriented programming using C++. we also discussed why C++ is called a subset of C.
View study notes of Function overloading .you can also visit Tutorialfocus.net to get complete description step wise of the concerned topic.Other topics and notes of C++ are also explained.
This Powerpoint presentation covers following topics of C Plus Plus:
Features of OOP
Classes in C++
Objects & Creating the Objects
Constructors & Destructors
Friend Functions & Classes
Static data members & functions
INTRODUCTION
COMPARISON BETWEEN NORMAL FUNCTION AND INLINE FUNCTION
PROS AND CONS
WHY WHEN AND HOW TO USED?
GENERAL STRUCTURE OF INLINE FUNCTION
EXAMPLE WITH PROGRAM CODE
This Presentation gives you all knowledge about #CPointers, #PointersInC.
The given slides are as follows:
1. Introduction of Pointers.
2. Systems to create a pointer in C.
3. Valid Pointer Examples in C.
4. Graphical representation of address assigning in c using pointer.
5. 1st Sample program of pointers in C.
6. Types of Pointers
7. NULL Pointer in C (Types of Pointer)
8. void Pointer in C (Types of Pointer)
9. Wild Pointer in C (Types of Pointer)
10. Changing value of variable using pointer
11. Update and Access value of variable using pointer in example.
12. Types of format specifies to print address in different format.
13. Advantages of Pointer in C.
14. Disadvantages of Pointer in C.
15. Pointers with Array using Programs. #pointerwitharray
16. Another Example of #pointerwitharray.
17. Relationship Between Arrays and Pointers.
18. Relationship Between Arrays and Pointers explanation with diagram.
19. Pointers and String. #PointersAndString
20. Function with Array Parameters using pointers.
21. Passing Pointers to Function or Pointer argument function. #PointerWithFunction
The ppt describes usage of functions in c language. Showing basic use of function and determining the differences between function call by value and function call by reference using pointer. It also includes valid use in swapping two numbers in c along with different outputs. Overall its a basic note for c language.
A function is a group of statements that together perform a task. Every C program has at least one function, which is main(), and all the most trivial programs can define additional functions. You can divide up your code into separate functions.
Everything about OOPs (Object-oriented programming) in this slide we cover the all details about object-oriented programming using C++. we also discussed why C++ is called a subset of C.
● Concept of Structure and Union
● Declaration and Initialization of structure and union
● Nested structures
● Array of Structures
● Passing structure to functions
Structures-Declaring and Initializing, Nested structure, Array of Structure, Passing Structures to functions, Unions, typedef, enum, Bit fields.
Pointers: Declarations, Pointer arithmetic, Pointers and functions, call by value, Call by reference, Pointers and Arrays, Arrays of Pointers, Pointers and Structures. Meaning of static and dynamic memory allocation, Memory allocation functions.
Files: File modes, File functions, and File operations, Text and Binary files, Command Line arguments Preprocessor directives. Macros: Definition, types of Macros, Creating and implementing user defined header files
A structure is a collection of variables referenced under one name providing a convenient means of keeping related information together. The structure definition creates a format that may be used to declare structure variables in a program later. data structure in c questions and answer
Structures in Functions | Pointers to structures | Accessing structure members | Using pointer as a function argument | Array of structures | Self referential structures
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Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
2. C structures: aggregate, yet scalar
aggregate in that they hold multiple data items at one
time
named members hold data items of various types
like the notion of class/field in C or C++
– but without the data hiding features
scalar in that C treats each structure as a unit
as opposed to the “array” approach: a pointer to a collection
of members in memory
entire structures (not just pointers to structures) may be
passed as function arguments, assigned to variables, etc.
Interestingly, they cannot be compared using ==
(rationale: too inefficient)
2
3. Structure declarations
Combined variable and type declaration
struct tag {member-list} variable-list;
Any one of the three portions can be omitted
struct {int a, b; char *p;} x, y; /* omit tag */
variables x, y declared with members as described:
int members a, b and char pointer p.
x and y have same type, but differ from all others –
even if there is another declaration:
struct {int a, b; char *p;} z;
/* z has different type from x, y */
3 CS 3090: Safety Critical Programming in C
4. Structure declarations
struct S {int a, b; char *p;}; /* omit variables */
No variables are declared, but there is now a type struct
S that can be referred to later
struct S z; /* omit members */
Given an earlier declaration of struct S, this declares a
variable of that type
typedef struct {int a, b; char *p;} S;
/* omit both tag and variables */
This creates a simple type name S
(more convenient than struct S)
4 CS 3090: Safety Critical Programming in C
5. Recursively defined structures
Obviously, you can’t have a structure that contains an
instance of itself as a member – such a data item would
be infinitely large
But within a structure you can refer to structures of the
same type, via pointers
struct TREENODE {
char *label;
struct TREENODE *leftchild, *rightchild;
}
5 CS 3090: Safety Critical Programming in C
6. Recursively defined structures
When two structures refer to each other, one must be
declared in incomplete (prototype) fashion
struct HUMAN;
struct PET {
char name[NAME_LIMIT];
char species[NAME_LIMIT];
struct HUMAN *owner;
} fido = {″Fido″, ″Canis lupus familiaris″};
struct HUMAN {
char name[NAME_LIMIT];
We can’t initialize the owner member
struct PET pets[PET_LIMIT]; at this point,
} sam = {″Sam″, {fido}}; since it hasn’t been declared yet
6 CS 3090: Safety Critical Programming in C
7. Member access
Direct access operator s.m
subscript and dot operators have same precedence and
associate left-to-right, so we don’t need parentheses for
sam.pets[0].species
Indirect access s->m: equivalent to (*s).m
Dereference a pointer to a structure, then return a member of
that structure
Dot operator has higher precedence than indirection operator
, so parentheses are needed in (*s).m
(*fido.owner).name or fido.owner->name
. evaluated first: access owner member . and -> have equal precedence
* evaluated next: dereference pointer to HUMAN and associate left-to-right
7 CS 3090: Safety Critical Programming in C
8. Memory layout
struct COST { int amount;
char currency_type[2]; }
struct PART { char id[2];
struct COST cost;
int num_avail; }
layout of struct PART:
currency_type
id amount num_avail
cost
Here, the system uses 4-byte alignment of integers,
so amount and num_avail must be aligned
Four bytes wasted for each structure!
8 CS 3090: Safety Critical Programming in C
9. Memory layout
A better alternative (from a space perspective):
struct COST { int amount;
char currency_type; }
struct PART { struct COST cost;
char id[2];
int num_avail;
}
currency_type
amount id num_avail
cost
9 CS 3090: Safety Critical Programming in C
10. Bit fields Bit field members must be ints
If space is a serious concern, you can select the number
of bits used for each member
struct CHAR { unsigned ch: 7;
Note: This won’t work on
unsigned font: 6; machines with 16-bit ints
unsigned size: 19; };
Layout possibilities (machine-dependent):
ch font size
size font ch
10 CS 3090: Safety Critical Programming in C
11. Bit fields
Portability is an issue:
Do any bit field sizes exceed the machine’s int size?
Is there any pointer manipulation in your code that assumes a
particular layout?
Bit fields are “syntactic sugar” for more complex shifting/
masking
e.g. to get font value, mask off the ch and size bits, then shift
right by 19
This is what actually happens in the object code –
bit fields just make it look simpler at the source level
11 CS 3090: Safety Critical Programming in C
12. Structures as function arguments
Structures are scalars, so they can be returned and
passed as arguments – just like ints, chars
struct BIG changestruct(struct BIG s);
Call by value: temporary copy of structure is created
Caution: passing large structures is inefficient
– involves a lot of copying
avoid by passing a pointer to the structure instead:
void changestruct(struct BIG *s);
What if the struct argument is read-only?
Safe approach: use const
void changestruct(struct BIG const *s);
12 CS 3090: Safety Critical Programming in C
13. Unions
Like structures, but every member occupies the same
region of memory!
Structures: members are “and”ed together: “name and species
and owner”
Unions: members are “xor”ed together
union VALUE {
float f;
int i;
char *s;
};
/* either a float xor an int xor a string */
13 CS 3090: Safety Critical Programming in C
14. Unions
Up to programmer to determine how to interpret a
union (i.e. which member to access)
Often used in conjunction with a “type” variable that
indicates how to interpret the union value
enum TYPE { INT, FLOAT, STRING };
struct VARIABLE {
enum TYPE type; Access type to determine
union VALUE value; how to interpret value
};
14 CS 3090: Safety Critical Programming in C
15. Unions
Storage
size of union is the size of its largest member
avoid unions with widely varying member sizes;
for the larger data types, consider using pointers instead
Initialization
Union may only be initialized to a value appropriate for the
type of its first member
15 CS 3090: Safety Critical Programming in C