INTRODUCTION
COMPARISON BETWEEN NORMAL FUNCTION AND INLINE FUNCTION
PROS AND CONS
WHY WHEN AND HOW TO USED?
GENERAL STRUCTURE OF INLINE FUNCTION
EXAMPLE WITH PROGRAM CODE
A function is a group of statements that together perform a task. Every C program has at least one function, which is main(), and all the most trivial programs can define additional functions. You can divide up your code into separate functions.
Java abstract class & abstract methods,Abstract class in java
Abstract classes are classes that contain one or more abstract methods. An abstract method is a method that is declared, but contains no implementation. Abstract classes may not be instantiated, and require subclasses to provide implementations for the abstract methods.
A function is a group of statements that together perform a task. Every C program has at least one function, which is main(), and all the most trivial programs can define additional functions. You can divide up your code into separate functions.
Java abstract class & abstract methods,Abstract class in java
Abstract classes are classes that contain one or more abstract methods. An abstract method is a method that is declared, but contains no implementation. Abstract classes may not be instantiated, and require subclasses to provide implementations for the abstract methods.
Command-line arguments are given after the name of the program in command-line shell of Operating Systems.
To pass command line arguments, we typically define main() with two arguments : first argument is the number of command line arguments and second is list of command-line arguments.
Everything about OOPs (Object-oriented programming) in this slide we cover the all details about object-oriented programming using C++. we also discussed why C++ is called a subset of C.
Constructors are special class functions which performs initialization of every object. The Compiler calls the Constructor whenever an object is created. Destructor on the other hand is used to destroy the class object.
Constructors, Destructors, call in parameterized Constructor, Multiple constructor in a class, Explicit/implicit call, Copy constructor, Dynamic Constructors and call in parameterized Constructor
Command-line arguments are given after the name of the program in command-line shell of Operating Systems.
To pass command line arguments, we typically define main() with two arguments : first argument is the number of command line arguments and second is list of command-line arguments.
Everything about OOPs (Object-oriented programming) in this slide we cover the all details about object-oriented programming using C++. we also discussed why C++ is called a subset of C.
Constructors are special class functions which performs initialization of every object. The Compiler calls the Constructor whenever an object is created. Destructor on the other hand is used to destroy the class object.
Constructors, Destructors, call in parameterized Constructor, Multiple constructor in a class, Explicit/implicit call, Copy constructor, Dynamic Constructors and call in parameterized Constructor
Guidelines to understand durable functions with .net core, c# and stateful se...Concetto Labs
How durable functions work with .Net core & stateful serverless? If you’re looking to use durable functions, then hire ASP.Net Core Development team to create a project.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. INTRODUCTION
• In C, we have used Macro function an optimized technique used by
compiler to reduce the execution time etc.
• Inline function is introduced which is an optimization technique used
by the compilers especially to reduce the execution time. We will
cover “what, why, when & how” of inline functions.
3. What is inline function :
The inline functions are a C++ enhancement feature to increase the
execution time of a program.
Functions can be instructed to compiler to make them inline so that
compiler can replace those function definition wherever those are
being called.
Compiler replaces the definition of inline functions at compile time
instead of referring function definition at runtime.
if function is big (in term of executable instruction etc) then, compiler
can ignore the “inline” request and treat the function as normal
function.
4. How to make function inline:
• To make any function as inline, start its definitions with the keyword
“inline”.
inline int add(int a, int b)
{
return (a + b);
};
5. Why to use -
• In many places we create the functions for small work/functionality
which contain simple and less number of executable instruction.
Imagine their calling overhead each time they are being called by
callers.
•
When a normal function call instruction is encountered, the program
stores the memory address of the instructions immediately following
the function call statement, loads the function being called into the
memory, copies argument values, jumps to the memory location of
the called function, executes the function codes, stores the return
value of the function, and then jumps back to the address of the
instruction that was saved just before executing the called function.
Too much run time overhead.
6. • The C++ inline function provides an alternative.
• With inline keyword, the compiler replaces the function call
statement with the function code itself (process called expansion)
and then compiles the entire code.
• Thus, with inline functions, the compiler does not have to jump to
another location to execute the function, and then jump back as the
code of the called function is already available to the calling program.
7. Pros -
1. It speeds up your program by avoiding function calling overhead.
2. It save overhead of variables push/pop on the stack, when function calling
happens.
3. It save overhead of return call from a function.
4. It increases locality of reference by utilizing instruction cache.
5. By marking it as inline, you can put a function definition in a header file
(i.e. it can be included in multiple compilation unit, without the linker
complaining)
8. Cons -
1. It increases the executable size due to code expansion.
2. C++ inlining is resolved at compile time. Which means if you change the
code of the inline function, you would need to recompile all the code using it
to make sure it will be updated
3. When used in a header, it makes your header file larger with information
which users don’t care.
4. As mentioned above it increases the executable size, which may cause
thrashing in memory. More number of page fault bringing down your
program performance.
5. Sometimes not useful for example in embedded system where large
executable size is not preferred at all due to memory constraints.
9. When to use -
Function can be made as inline as per programmer need. Some useful
recommendation are mentioned below-
1. Use inline function when performance is needed.
2. Use inline function over macros.
3. Prefer to use inline keyword outside the class with the function
definition to hide implementation details.
10. Key Points -
1. It’s just a suggestion not compulsion. Compiler may or may not inline the
functions you marked as inline. It may also decide to inline functions not marked as
inline at compilation or linking time.
2. Inline works like a copy/paste controlled by the compiler, which is quite different
from a pre-processor macro: The macro will be forcibly inlined, will pollute all the
namespaces and code, won't be easy to debug.
3. All the member function declared and defined within class are Inline by default.
So no need to define explicitly.
4. Virtual methods are not supposed to be inlinable. Still, sometimes, when the
compiler can know for sure the type of the object (i.e. the object was declared and
constructed inside the same function body), even a virtual function will be inlined
because the compiler knows exactly the type of the object.
11. • 5. Template methods/functions are not always inlined (their presence
in an header will not make them automatically inline).
6. Most of the compiler would do in-lining for recursive functions but
some compiler provides #pragmas-
microsoft c++ compiler - inline_recursion(on) and once can also control
its limit with inline_depth.
In gcc, you can also pass this in from the command-line with --max-
inline-insns-recursive
12. Program code-
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
inline int sqr(int x) output: ans is 9
{
int y;
y = x * x;
return y;
}
int main()
{
int a =3, b;
b = sqr(a);
cout <<"ans is "<<b;
return 0;
}