This is an overview of C.elegans with a perspective of utilisation of AMPs present in C.elegans as Innate Immune Response. Thus, these AMPs of C.elegans could be novel antibiotics.
In this ppt one can know the diiferent softwares and several online servers for the epitope mapping.This mapping helpful for production of different vaccines and antibodies.
Gene for gene system in plant fungus interactionVinod Upadhyay
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF GENE FOR GENE SYSTEMS IN PLANT- FUNGUS INTERACTION AND THE APPLICATIONS OF AVIRULENCE GENES IN CONTROL OF PLANT PATHOGENS
This power point presentation has described role of biotechnology in management of diseases. This presentation also contains different biotechnological techniques for Treating, Diagnosing, preventing and understanding the disease.
In this ppt one can know the diiferent softwares and several online servers for the epitope mapping.This mapping helpful for production of different vaccines and antibodies.
Gene for gene system in plant fungus interactionVinod Upadhyay
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF GENE FOR GENE SYSTEMS IN PLANT- FUNGUS INTERACTION AND THE APPLICATIONS OF AVIRULENCE GENES IN CONTROL OF PLANT PATHOGENS
This power point presentation has described role of biotechnology in management of diseases. This presentation also contains different biotechnological techniques for Treating, Diagnosing, preventing and understanding the disease.
Plants have array of defense response against biotic stresses which could be either structural reinforcement, release of chemicals, and defense gene expression against invading organisms. The physical barriers are trichoms, waxy cuticle, thick cell wall. Once the pathogen overcomes the first line of defense, basal or innate defense response comes into play. Pathogens secrete some conserved molecules known as Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP/MAMP), which are recognized by transmembrane receptors present in the plasma membrane and initiate a series of signal cascade reaction which ultimately leads to activation of various defense related genes. Apart from inducing the expression of defense related genes, it also triggers a hypersensitive reaction (HR) which cause deliberate cell death at the site of infection and limit the pathogen access to water and nutrient by sacrificing a few cells in order to save the rest of the plant. Once HR is triggered, plant tissue may become highly resistant to a broad range of pathogens for an extended period of time. This phenomenon is called Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR).
Plants respond to herbivory is a similar manner as described above. The biochemical mechanisms of defense against the herbivores are wide-ranging, highly dynamic, and are mediated both by direct and indirect defenses. The defensive compounds are either produced constitutively or in response to plant damage, and affect feeding, growth, and survival of herbivores. In addition, plants also release volatile organic compounds that attract the natural enemies of the herbivores. These strategies either act independently or in conjunction with each other. However, our understanding of these defensive mechanisms is still limited. Induced resistance could be exploited as an important tool for the pest management to minimize the amounts of insecticides used for pest control. Host plant resistance to insects, particularly, induced resistance, can also be manipulated with the use of chemical elicitors of secondary metabolites, which confer resistance to insects. By understanding the mechanisms of induced resistance, we can predict the herbivores that are likely to be affected by inducing responses. The elicitors of induced responses can be sprayed on crop plants to build up the natural defense system against damage caused by herbivores. The induced responses can also be genetically engineered, so that the defensive compounds are constitutively produced in plants challenged by the herbivory. Induced resistance can be exploited for developing crop cultivars, which readily produce the inducible response upon mild infestation, and can act as one of components of integrated pest management for sustainable crop production.
Parasitic infection and immunomodulation: A possible explanation for the hygi...Apollo Hospitals
Helminthic parasites have a long history of co-evolution with human beings. The incidence of helminthic infection has significantly decreased in developed countries due to better sanitary measures. However, epidemiological data suggest a corresponding increase in the incidence of autoimmune and allergic diseases in association with a reduction in helminthic infections in these societies. The immune response to helminthic infection involves both innate and adaptive processes, with a strongly polarised Th2 response being the most characteristic feature. However, there is a concomitant increase in the functional regulatory T cell responses. This might explain the paradoxical decrease in both Th2-and Th1-mediated diseases such as allergy and immune-mediated inflammatory disorders in populations with increased incidence of helminthic infection. Parasitic infection therefore appears to confer a degree of immunomodulation, and for this reason, utilising helminthic infection as a therapeutic modality for the treatment of allergic and autoimmune disease has been proposed. Improved understanding of the immunologic responses to helminth infection allows these mechanisms to be exploited, enabling manipulation of the immune response in Th1-dominant conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease and multiple sclerosis, and providing a new approach to treatment of these and other inflammatory and allergic conditions.
Host-pathogen Interactions, Molecular Basis and Host Defense: Pathogen Detect...QIAGEN
Host–pathogen interactions are strikingly complex during infection. This slidedeck provides an overview of the molecular basis of these intricate interactions: the impact of microbiota on innate and adaptive immunity, metabolism, and insulin resistance and host defense mechanisms. Various research tools will be introduced to simplify and streamline each step of studying the host response, enabling detection of pathogens, analysis of gene expression and regulation, epigenetic modification, genotyping and signal transduction pathway activation.
Plants have array of defense response against biotic stresses which could be either structural reinforcement, release of chemicals, and defense gene expression against invading organisms. The physical barriers are trichoms, waxy cuticle, thick cell wall. Once the pathogen overcomes the first line of defense, basal or innate defense response comes into play. Pathogens secrete some conserved molecules known as Pathogen Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP/MAMP), which are recognized by transmembrane receptors present in the plasma membrane and initiate a series of signal cascade reaction which ultimately leads to activation of various defense related genes. Apart from inducing the expression of defense related genes, it also triggers a hypersensitive reaction (HR) which cause deliberate cell death at the site of infection and limit the pathogen access to water and nutrient by sacrificing a few cells in order to save the rest of the plant. Once HR is triggered, plant tissue may become highly resistant to a broad range of pathogens for an extended period of time. This phenomenon is called Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR).
Plants respond to herbivory is a similar manner as described above. The biochemical mechanisms of defense against the herbivores are wide-ranging, highly dynamic, and are mediated both by direct and indirect defenses. The defensive compounds are either produced constitutively or in response to plant damage, and affect feeding, growth, and survival of herbivores. In addition, plants also release volatile organic compounds that attract the natural enemies of the herbivores. These strategies either act independently or in conjunction with each other. However, our understanding of these defensive mechanisms is still limited. Induced resistance could be exploited as an important tool for the pest management to minimize the amounts of insecticides used for pest control. Host plant resistance to insects, particularly, induced resistance, can also be manipulated with the use of chemical elicitors of secondary metabolites, which confer resistance to insects. By understanding the mechanisms of induced resistance, we can predict the herbivores that are likely to be affected by inducing responses. The elicitors of induced responses can be sprayed on crop plants to build up the natural defense system against damage caused by herbivores. The induced responses can also be genetically engineered, so that the defensive compounds are constitutively produced in plants challenged by the herbivory. Induced resistance can be exploited for developing crop cultivars, which readily produce the inducible response upon mild infestation, and can act as one of components of integrated pest management for sustainable crop production.
Parasitic infection and immunomodulation: A possible explanation for the hygi...Apollo Hospitals
Helminthic parasites have a long history of co-evolution with human beings. The incidence of helminthic infection has significantly decreased in developed countries due to better sanitary measures. However, epidemiological data suggest a corresponding increase in the incidence of autoimmune and allergic diseases in association with a reduction in helminthic infections in these societies. The immune response to helminthic infection involves both innate and adaptive processes, with a strongly polarised Th2 response being the most characteristic feature. However, there is a concomitant increase in the functional regulatory T cell responses. This might explain the paradoxical decrease in both Th2-and Th1-mediated diseases such as allergy and immune-mediated inflammatory disorders in populations with increased incidence of helminthic infection. Parasitic infection therefore appears to confer a degree of immunomodulation, and for this reason, utilising helminthic infection as a therapeutic modality for the treatment of allergic and autoimmune disease has been proposed. Improved understanding of the immunologic responses to helminth infection allows these mechanisms to be exploited, enabling manipulation of the immune response in Th1-dominant conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease and multiple sclerosis, and providing a new approach to treatment of these and other inflammatory and allergic conditions.
Host-pathogen Interactions, Molecular Basis and Host Defense: Pathogen Detect...QIAGEN
Host–pathogen interactions are strikingly complex during infection. This slidedeck provides an overview of the molecular basis of these intricate interactions: the impact of microbiota on innate and adaptive immunity, metabolism, and insulin resistance and host defense mechanisms. Various research tools will be introduced to simplify and streamline each step of studying the host response, enabling detection of pathogens, analysis of gene expression and regulation, epigenetic modification, genotyping and signal transduction pathway activation.
It includes general introduction to antibodies; Monoclonal antibodies; comparison between Polyclonal & Monoclonal antibodies; Hybridoma Technology & Hyridoma Selection; advantages & disadvantages of mABs; Applications of mABs; Recombinant Monoclonal antibodies production through Antibody Engineering.
Protein engineering is one of the advancing branch in both the fields of life sciences and chemistry. This slide contains the life history and work of Sir Gregory Paul Winter who is one of the Nobel Laureates in protein engineering in 2018, in brief.
i am discuss about ,
1] INTRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES
2] HISTORY OF ANTIBODIES
3] STRUCTURE OF ANTIBODIES
4] IMMUNOGLOBULIN DOMAINS
5] HEAVY CHAIN
6] LIGHT CHAIN
7] CLASSES OF ANTIBODIES
& ITS FUNCTIONS.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
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Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. Contents
● What are they?
● What is their role in Healthcare system?
● Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs).
● AMPs in C.elegans.
● Conclusion.
3. What are they?
● C.elegans are unsegmented, transparent and bilaterally symmetrical
non-pathogenic species (roundworm) belongs to the phylum
“NEMATODA”.
● Length 0.8 - 1.2 mm.
● Lives in temperate soil environment.
● Feeds on bacteria.
● Two types of sex,
1. Hermaphrodites: Contains 2 ovaries, 2 oviducts, spermatheca and
single uterus. (Can produce both sperm & egg)
2. Males: Contains single lobed gonad and tail specialized for mating.
5. What are they?
Hermaphrodites ability: Either they can lay eggs and develop them externally
(or) They can fertilize the eggs inside by their own sperm.
6. Reason behind using in healthcare
● First multicellular organism to have its genome completely sequenced.
● Genes and signalling pathways are well conserved between C.elegans and
humans.
● One of simplest organism with a nervous system.
● Transparent body wall.
● Small & easy to grow.
● Can grow on agar filled petri dish.
● Can be stored by freezing with 15% glycerol at -80 C for 10 years. (35-40%
recovery after long term storage)
● Short life cycle (3 days to 2 weeks).
9. Role in Healthcare systems
● First research into molecular and developmental biology of C.elegans was
begun in 1974 by Sydney Brenner.
● Since then it has been used extensively as a model organism to study
molecular mechanisms, screening of drugs etc.
● High throughput screening of various drugs such as anti-cancers (Apoptosis
& Autophagy), anti-alzheimer's, anti-bacterials, antifungals, antivirals and
also toxicity testing.
● Extensive research is progressing till date to make use of its innate defence
mechanism of killing bacteria and fungi.
● This may lead to development of novel Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)
10. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)
● Also called host defence peptides.
● Part of Innate Immune Response found among all classes of life.
● Could be potent and novel therapeutic agents.
● They are cationic or amphiphilic alpha-helical peptide molecules.
● The mechanism involved is binding with opposite charged bacterial cell
membrane leading to change in electrochemical potential, destroying cell
morphology which results in cell death.
13. AMPs of C.elegans
Caenopores:
● They are pore forming proteins that can kill bacterias.
● Predominantly expressed in the C.elegans intestine which can be modulated
by specific pathogenic bacteria.
● Act synergistically with other AMPs while exhibiting Innate Immune
Response.
● Exact mode of action is not fully understood.
14. AMPs of C.elegans
Lysozymes:
● Second well characterized AMP in C.elegans.
● Their expression in the intestine can be induced by some pathogens.
● Secreted into the intestinal lumen to directly act on microbes.
● Resistance towards some gram positive and gram negative bacterias is
shown.
15. AMPs of C.elegans
ABF peptides:
● Slightly similar to vertebrate defensins.
● ABF-2 has demonstrated broad spectrum antimicrobial activity on gram
negative bacteria.
● Even in absence of immune challenge, ABF-1, ABF-2 & ABF-3 are
constitutively expressed.
● ABF-1 & ABF-2 are mainly expressed in pharyngeal tissues, where ABF-1 &
ABF-3 were also found in intestine.
16. AMPs of C.elegans
NLP & CNC:
● Many bacterial and fungal pathogens attack Nematodes following an initial
attachment to the cuticle.
● Expressions of NLP & CNCs were triggered by a gram positive bacteria
“Mycobacterium Nematophilum” and fungal pathogen “D. coniospora”.
● Recombinant NLP-31 shown to have antifungal activity against D.
coniospora and human opportunistic fungal pathogen aspergillus fumigatus.
17.
18. Conclusion
All these years the C.elegans have been majorly used to screen variety of drug
compounds such as anti-alzheimer's, antibiotics, anticancer, antifungals etc. But,
the families of antimicrobial peptides present in C.elegans as innate immune
response can also be the potential candidates for the development of novel
antimicrobial agents.
19. References
1. Kong C, Eng SA, Lim MP, Nathan S. Beyond Traditional Antimicrobials: A
Caenorhabditis elegans Model for Discovery of Novel Anti-infectives. Front
Microbiol. 2016;7:1956.
2. Lei J, Sun L, Huang S, Zhu C, Li P, He J, Mackey V, Coy DH, He Q. The
antimicrobial peptides and their potential clinical applications. Am J Transl
Res. 2019;11(7):3919-3931.
3. Ewbank JJ, Olivier Zugasti. C. elegans: model host and tool for antimicrobial
drug discovery. Disease Models & Mechanisms. 2011;4:300-304.