A burn is a type of injury to skin, or other tissues, caused by heat, cold, electricity, chemicals, friction, or radiation. Most burns are due to heat from hot liquids, solids, or fire. While rates are similar for males and females the underlying causes often differ.
Burns are one of the most common household injuries, especially among children. The term “burn” means more than the burning sensation associated with this injury. Burns are characterized by severe skin damage that causes the affected skin cells to die.
A burn is a type of injury to skin, or other tissues, caused by heat, cold, electricity, chemicals, friction, or radiation. Most burns are due to heat from hot liquids, solids, or fire. While rates are similar for males and females the underlying causes often differ.
Burns are one of the most common household injuries, especially among children. The term “burn” means more than the burning sensation associated with this injury. Burns are characterized by severe skin damage that causes the affected skin cells to die.
it consist definition, types of burn, its cause, scales to measure degree of burn, first aid management and supportive management along with rehabilitation therapy.
it consist definition, types of burn, its cause, scales to measure degree of burn, first aid management and supportive management along with rehabilitation therapy.
This topic is oriented mainly on the Bailey & Love - 26th edition.
This will be of immense help for the MBBS - Students for the Theory as well as Clinical application.
Brief description about what are burns, structure of skin, how we can classify burns based upon mechanism and differential diagnosis ,pathophysiology of burn, rule of 9, general and systemic response to burns, complications, fluid resuscitation, parkland formula, monitoring of resuscitation
medical surgical nursing , nursing management of burn patients, it includes definition, classification of burn injury, clinical manifestaion, assessment of burn injury , management of patient with burn, care given to the patient.
Oncology - For nursing students - tumors classification, cancer, differences between benign and malignant neoplasm,spread of cancer, pathophysiology with cancer cells, carcinogenesis, etiology, cancer screening, cancer prevention, management of cancer, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, bone marrow transplantation, oncologic emergencies
Intensive care Early Warning Scoring (EWS)
Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) Scoring
Simplified Acute Physiological Score (SAPS)
Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA)
COVID-19 disease is a highly infectious disease caused by a newly (novel) identified coronavirus. COVID-19 infected patients may have mild to
moderate respiratory symptoms and can recover without any specific medical management. But few experience severe symptoms and lead to
mortality. COVID-19 is announced by WHO as a global pandemic. It is very critical to take appropriate decisions and timely management and
prevention of the infection.
Keywords: COVID-19, Diagnostic test, Management of COVID19, Pandemic, Pathophysiology, Signs, Symptoms.
Steps in nursing process, Specific to the nursing profession
A framework for critical thinking
It’s purpose is to:
“Diagnose and treat human responses to actual or potential health problems”
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
3. Functions of Skin
Skin is the largest organ of the body
Essential for:
- Thermoregulation
- Prevention of fluid loss by evaporation
- Barrier against infection
- Protection against environment
provided by sensory information
4. Burn and Scalds
Burn
A burn is a type of injury
results from direct contact or
exposure to thermal , electrical,
chemical or radiation source are
termed Burns.
Scalds
Injuries results from moist heat
are termed as scalds
6. Thermal burns – Flame , hot liquid, semi
liquids , residential fires , explosion
Chemical burns- Acid, alkali or organic
compounds
7. Radiation burns – Radiation therapy , radioactive
substances and x-ray, Sun burn ( solar radiation),
Electrical burns
Inhalational injury – Asphyxiants ( Residential
Fire)
8. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY- Skin
Direct injury to skin devitalises the cells
( 40 O-44OC)
Cellular system Infarction
Sodium Potassium pump fails
Cellular edema
9. 3 Zones of tissue injury
Zone of Coagulation – Directly damaged
skin is coagulated and fully destroyed (
Inner)
Zone of stasis- Surrounding tissue exposed
to heat is edematous and has impaired
blood flow ( Middle zone)
Zone of Hyperemia- It consists of the tissue
that is inflammed and vasodilated ( Outer)
10. Pathophysiology - Fluid shifts
Following burn injury
Release of vasoactive substances ( histamine, kinins
catacholamines ,serotonin , leukotrins, prostaglandins)
Alters cell permeability( Na enters the cell and K exits the
cell)
Increases intercellualr and interstitial fluid further deplets
intra vascular fluid volume
Hypovolemia
11. Hypovolemia
Vital organs gets lack of blood supply
Decreased Blood supply to mesentric bed →
Intestitial ileus → Curling’s ulcer
Decreased renal blood → Oliguria
flow (Renal failure)
Toxins released from the wound along with sepsis
causes acute tubular necrosis.
Myoglobin released from muscles (in case of electric
injury or often from Eschar) is most injurious to
kidneys.
12. Pulmonary system
Inhalational injury by exposure to asphyxiants
Oxygen molecule are displaced and combined
of Hb to form carboxy haemoglobin ( CO
have 200 times more affinity towards Hb than
O2)
Injury to URT Leads to Erythema, ulceration ,
edema etc
Altered pulmonary resistance causing
pulmonary edema
14. Impaired skin integrity
Disruption of skin nerve endings , sweat glands
and hair follicles
Barrier function of skin is last
Immuno supression
Decreased Lymphocyte activity , Decrease in
immunoglobulin production ,suppression of
complement activity and an alteration of neutrophil
and macrophages function
Increase risk of infection
15. Metabolic
Hyper metabolic rate (BMR).
Negative nitrogen balance.
Electrolyte imbalance.
Deficiencies of vitamins and essential
elements.
Metabolic acidosis due to hypoxia and
lactic
16.
17. Psychological response
Can vary from fear to psychosis
In addition separation from family
during admission in hospital
21. Classification According to Depth
First-degree partial thickness Burns (mild): ( Superficial )
epidermis is involved . Eg . Sun burn
Pain, erythema & slight swelling, no blisters
Tissue damage usually minimal, no scarring
Pain resolves in 48-72 hours
Second degree partial thickness Burns: It appears wet .
It involves entire epidermis & variable dermis
Vesicles and blisters characteristic
Extremely painful due to exposed nerve endings
Heal in 7-14 days if without infection
22. 3rd degrees Partial thickness burns
Damage through out the dermis
Dry and may be brown , black or ivory
Denaturated skin is called Eschar
Burn tissue is not painful as a result of damage to the
nerve endings
4th degree full thickness burns
Involves skin , fat muscles and sometimes bone also
Appears tarred or may be completely burned away
Amputation is common with this injury
23. Clinical manifestations and
Assessment
Blisters over the skin
Oliguria ( < 0.5 ml/kg/1hour).
Decreased GI motility
Absence of bowel sounds , stool,
flatus
Nausea
Vomiting
Abdominal distension )
28. Emergency care phase
Time between the initial injury and 36-48
hours after injury
Fluid resuscitation
Airway , Breathing is a major concern
Assessment is important
Burn severity
Burn depth
Burn Size
Burn Location
29. Burn severity (American Burn
Association
Major burn injury – 20-25% TBSA or
burns involves the face , eyes ,ears
,hands , feet and perineum resulting
functional cosmetic disability
Moderate Burn injury – 15-20 %TBSA
Minor Burn injury – 10-15% TBSA
30. Burn depth
Superficial burns – No much
complication
Deep Burn- Produces severe injury. It
causes systemic effects , contractures
etc
Size of the Burn – Determined by
Rule of Nine
31.
32. Burn location
Burns to head and chest- Pulmonary
complication, facial burns, corneal abrasion
circumferential burns ( chest)
Burns in Ears – Auricular chondritis or
infection
Burns of hands and joints – Vocational
disability , circumferential burns
Burns to perineum – Infection
34. 1.Maintain and protect airway
Assess the oropharynx for any clinical
manifestations
Administer 100% oxygen if inhalational
injury ( Tight fitting mask continuous until
CarboxicHb level is reduced to 15%)
35. 2.Restore Haemodynamic
stability
Start IV line ( Subclavian, Internal and
external Jugular or femoral vein)
Fluid resuscitation – To restore the
functions of vital organs
36. First 24 hours Second 24 hours
FORMUL
A
Electrolyte Colloid Dextros
e
Electrolyte Colloid Dextrose
Evans NS
1 ml/kg/% of
burn
1
ml/kg/%
of burn
2000ml ½ of the Ist
24 hours
½ of the
Ist 24
hours
2000ml
Brooke RL 1.5ml/kg/%
of burn
.5ml/kg/
% of
burn
2000ml ½ - ¾ of
the
Ist 24
hour
½ - ¾ of
the Ist 24
hours
2000ml
Modified
brooke
RL 2 ml/kg/%
of burn
None None None 0.3-
.0.5ml/kg/
% of burn
Titrate to
maintain
urine
output
Parkland RL 4ml/kg/% of
burn
None None None 0.3-
.0.5ml/kg/
% of burn
Hypertoni
c saline
Fluid
containing
250meq of Na
to maintain
None None
37. 3.Minimising pain
IV narcotics
NSAID
TT
Clean the wound , Follow aseptic
techniques
Cover the wound with with sterile towel
4. Wound care
38. Acute phase ( 48-72 hours)
1. Prevention of infection
Auto contamination should be avoided
Follow aseptic techniques
PPE
Antibiotics
39. 2.Metabolic support
Aggressive nutritional Support ( energy,
healing ,prevention of harmful effects of
catabolism )
Oral intake , enteral tube feeding,
peripheral parenteral nutrition (TPN)
40. 3.Minimizes the pain
Narcotics
NSAID
Inhalational analgesics
Patient controlled analgesics
Other modalities – Hypnosis, Play
therapy, Bio feed back, Music therapy
etc
41. 4.Wound care
Daily wound care involves cleansing ,
debridement , ESCHAR -removal of
dead tissue and dressing of the wound
1% of silver sulphadioxide , Mafenide
acetate are used.
Grafting (Allograft, Autograft,Xenograft )
43. Management -Rehabilitation
Minimizes functional loss
Early wound excision
Exercise – Ambulation , active exercises
Splinting and positioning ( all three
phases)-
Static and dynamic splinting
Control of scar
Hypertrophic scarring results from
deposition of collagen
Use Custom fit anti burn support
44. Complications
Shock
Pulmonary complications due to
inhalational injury
ARF
Infection and sepsis
Curling’s ulcer
Extensive scarring and disability
Psychological trauma
Cancer ( Marjolins ulcer – 21 years )
45. Nurses role/ Goals in Burns
rehabilitation
Promoting activity tolerance
Improving body image and self concept
Monitoring and managing potential
complications
Prevent contractures of the shoulders and hips
and also to maintain their ranges.
Educate care givers on passive stretches.
Improve functional activities such as walking,
sit to stand, rolling in bed etc.
46. Purposes of medico legal
cases- Burns
To ensure that the burn patient understand the
nature of treatment including the potential
complications
To indicate that the burns patients decision
was made without pressure.
To protect the burn patient against
unauthorised procedures
To protect the hospital staff / hospital informed
consent to be taken ..
47. Circumstances requiring a permit –
Get consent to do all procedures
including admission
Consent issues – Burn patient or the
responsible adult relative of the patient
signs the consent form of the hospital