The Burke-Litwin change model identifies 12 key organizational dimensions that influence organizational change, emphasizing the importance of understanding external factors, leadership, culture, structure, and employee values. The Porras & Robertson model categorizes organizational change as planned or unplanned and further breaks it down into first-order and second-order changes, highlighting the nature and impact of these changes. Both models are designed to enhance the effectiveness of managing organizational change.

1. Burke-Litwin change model
Approaches to Managing Organizational Change

2. Prepared By
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Manu Melwin Joy
Assistant Professor
Ilahia School of Management Studies
Kerala, India.
Phone – 9744551114
Mail – manu_melwinjoy@yahoo.com

3. Burke-Litwin change model
• The Burke-Litwin change
model revolves around
defining and establishing a
cause-and-effect relationship
between 12 organizational
dimensions that are key to
organizational change.
• Let’s take a look at how this
change model can make the
process easier.

5. Burke-Litwin change model
• External Environment: The key
external factors that have an
impact on the organization must
be identified and their direct and
indirect impact on the
organization should be clearly
established.
• Mission and Strategy: the vision,
mission and the strategy of the
organization, as defined by the
top management should be
examined in terms of the
employees’ point-of-view about
them.

6. Burke-Litwin change model
• Leadership: A study of the
leadership structure of the
organization should be carried
out, which clearly identifies the
chief role models in the
organization.
• Organizational Culture: An
organizational culture study
should seek information on the
explicit as well as the implied
rules, regulations, customs,
principles and values that
influence the organizational
behavior.

7. Burke-Litwin change model
• Structure: The study of
structure should not be
confined to hierarchical
structure; rather it should be a
function based structure
focusing on the responsibiliity ,
authority, communication,
decision making and control
structure that exists between
the people of the organization.
• Systems: Systems includes all
types of policies and procedures
with regards to both the people
and the operations of the
organization.

8. Burke-Litwin change model
• Management Practices: This
would entail a study of how well
the mangers conform to the
organization’s strategy when
dealing with employees and the
resources.
• Work Unit Climate: It is a
collective study of how the
employees think, feel and what
do they expect. The kind of
relationships the employees
share with their team members
and members of other teams is
also an important aspect of
work unit climate.

9. Burke-Litwin change model
• Tasks and Skills: This involves
understanding what a specific job
position demands and the kind of
skills and knowledge that an
employee must have in order to fulfill
the task responsibilities of that job
position. It’s important to see how
well jobs and employees have been
matched.
• Individual Values and Needs: This
dimension seeks to explore the
employee’s opinion about their work
so as to identify the quality factors
that will result in job enrichment and
better job satisfaction.

10. Burke-Litwin change model
• Motivation Level: Identifying the
motivation level of the employees
will make it easier to determine
how willingly they would put in
their efforts to achieve
organizational goals. This would
also involve identifying
motivational triggers.
• Individual and Overall
Performance: This dimension takes
into account the level of
performance, on individual and
organizational levels, in key areas
like productivity, quality, efficiency,
budget and customer satisfaction
etc.

11. Porras & Robertson Model
• Porras & Robertson outline four types of
organizational change based on the category
of change (planned or unplanned) and its
order (first or second).

12. Porras & Robertson Model
• Planned change originates with a
decision made by the organization
itself with the deliberate purpose of
improving its functioning.
• It is also common to engage an
outside resource to help in the
processes of making these
improvements.
• Planned change is typically initiated
to respond to new external
demands imposed upon the
organization.
• Planned change will often affect
many unforeseen segments of the
organization.

13. Porras & Robertson Model
• Unplanned change is change
that originates outside of the
organizational system and to
which the organization must
respond.
• This adaptive response is often
focused on the alteration of
relatively clearly defined and
narrow segments of the
organization.
• It is spontaneous, evolutionary,
fortuitous, or accidental.

14. Porras & Robertson Model
• First-order change, linear and
continuous in nature, involves
alterations in system
characteristics without any
shift in either fundamental
assumptions about key
organizational cause-and-
effect relationships or in the
basic paradigm used by the
system to guide its
functioning.

15. Porras & Robertson Model
• Second-order change is a
multi-dimensional, multi-
level, qualitative,
discontinuous, radical
organizational change
involving a paradigmatic
shift.