The document discusses methods for producing biodiesel from microalgae. Live extraction, which applies an electric field to release algal oil without rupturing cells, shows promise for commercial viability. Several companies are working to produce biodiesel from algae at large scales. The residual algae material after oil extraction can be further processed through anaerobic digestion to produce methane, or the extracted oil can undergo transesterification to produce biodiesel. Centrifugation is commonly used to separate biodiesel from glycerol after transesterification.
En el marco de la jornada Microalgas, ¿una fuente de petróleo verde?, organizada con IMDEA y celebrada el 8 de abril en EOI, Escuela de Organización Industrial, René H. Wijffels, profesor de la Universidad de Wageningen en Holanda, presenta su trabajo sobre biodiesel producido por microalgas, la factibilidad de este estudio y la biorafinería de las microalgas. Finalmente concluye con la presentación de las diversas fases de investigación hasta llegar a la producción de biocombustibles, alimentos y productos químicos.
En el marco de la jornada Microalgas, ¿una fuente de petróleo verde?, organizada con IMDEA y celebrada el 8 de abril en EOI, Escuela de Organización Industrial, René H. Wijffels, profesor de la Universidad de Wageningen en Holanda, presenta su trabajo sobre biodiesel producido por microalgas, la factibilidad de este estudio y la biorafinería de las microalgas. Finalmente concluye con la presentación de las diversas fases de investigación hasta llegar a la producción de biocombustibles, alimentos y productos químicos.
Algae.Tec is an advanced biofuels company focused on commercializing technology that produces algae to manufacture sustainable fuels such as bio diesel and green jet fuel.
Master Thesis Final Project Presentation.
Title: Microalgae growth and biomass-to-synthetic natural gas conversion through hydrothermal gasification: dynamic modeling of cultivation phase in open pond and closed reactor
In this world of concerns regarding depletion of fossil fuels, pollution control and other factors leading to threat of man kind survival a way of producing biodiesel from algae which can be a source of alternative fuel. Lots of methods and sources being used for producing biodiesel but from algae one can produce high amount of biodiesel depending on the type of species or strain selected and this way this is a viable and feasible method to produce biodiesel.....
Algae.Tec is an advanced biofuels company focused on commercializing technology that produces algae to manufacture sustainable fuels such as bio diesel and green jet fuel.
Master Thesis Final Project Presentation.
Title: Microalgae growth and biomass-to-synthetic natural gas conversion through hydrothermal gasification: dynamic modeling of cultivation phase in open pond and closed reactor
In this world of concerns regarding depletion of fossil fuels, pollution control and other factors leading to threat of man kind survival a way of producing biodiesel from algae which can be a source of alternative fuel. Lots of methods and sources being used for producing biodiesel but from algae one can produce high amount of biodiesel depending on the type of species or strain selected and this way this is a viable and feasible method to produce biodiesel.....
USP, UFRJ, Unicamp e UFMG foram consideradas as quatro melhores universidades do Brasil pelo ranking CWUR – Center for World University Rankings. Saiba mais clicando aqui: http://goo.gl/91agJj
Flue gas mitigation technology that will aid in alleviating our emissions from point sources (i.e. power plants) by supplementing growth of ALGAE to produces our transportation sector fuels.
Recent talks on biofuels have outlined their un-sustainability in the production phase; commodities such as corn, rapeseed, palm oil and soya are being grown and harvested in a way that could have negative economic, social and environmental effects, and have a global impact on land use, food security, water resources, deforestation and global markets.
Bio-fuel are the fuel of biological origin these constitute renewable from of energy.Energy crisis
Based on the current consumption of about 11.6 million tons of crude oil per day, it is expected that the entire resources can only suffice for a rather short time period.
Global warming and global climate changes
The use of oil can cause the risks of the rise of greenhouse effect, which can result in all kinds of disasters to our planet Earth and its inhabitants
Characterization of biodiesel produced by meth butanolysis of castor oileSAT Journals
Abstract Crude Castor oil was transesterified using methanol, mixtures of methanol and butanol in molar percentages and potassium hydroxide as catalyst. The optimum reaction conditions, based on the percentage yield of biodiesel, were 45 mins reaction time at 650C and 1.5w/w% catalyst. The alcohol/oil ratio and agitation rate were both held constant at 12:1 and 450rpm respectively throughout the process. The yield of biodiesel from castor oil at such optimum reaction conditions were 87.1%, 85.7 % and 81.7 for 100%, 95% and 90% methanol-butanol molar blends respectively. . The specific gravities at 150C were 0.898 and 0.902ml/g, kinematic viscosities at 400C varied from 6.4 to 7.8 cSt. The calorific values were between 10690 and 10708 cal/g and the flash points were found to be within the range 144 to 1500C. The standard specifications for biodiesel (ASTM D67651) show that the specific gravity, flash point and calorific value requirements were satisfied. The higher viscosity (above 6.0 cSt.) can be controlled by the use of additives. Alternatively, blending with petroleum diesel will lead to improvement of the flow properties of the biodiesel fuel. Keywords: Transesterification, Castor oil, methanol/butanol molar blend, Biodiesel yield.
Biodiesel is a form of diesel fuel derived from plants or animals and consisting of long-chain fatty acid esters. It is typically made by chemically reacting lipids such as animal fat (tallow), soybean oil, or some other vegetable oil with alcohol, producing a methyl, ethyl, or propyl ester.
Production of Cellulase from Trichoderma Reesei rut30Kutaibaa Akraa
Production of Cellulase from
Trichoderma Reesei Rut-30
Chris Velander, Dillon Gushard, Phillip Power, Xin Gao and Yasar Demirel*
Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE68588
Between Filth and Fortune- Urban Cattle Foraging Realities by Devi S Nair, An...Mansi Shah
This study examines cattle rearing in urban and rural settings, focusing on milk production and consumption. By exploring a case in Ahmedabad, it highlights the challenges and processes in dairy farming across different environments, emphasising the need for sustainable practices and the essential role of milk in daily consumption.
White wonder, Work developed by Eva TschoppMansi Shah
White Wonder by Eva Tschopp
A tale about our culture around the use of fertilizers and pesticides visiting small farms around Ahmedabad in Matar and Shilaj.
Transforming Brand Perception and Boosting Profitabilityaaryangarg12
In today's digital era, the dynamics of brand perception, consumer behavior, and profitability have been profoundly reshaped by the synergy of branding, social media, and website design. This research paper investigates the transformative power of these elements in influencing how individuals perceive brands and products and how this transformation can be harnessed to drive sales and profitability for businesses.
Through an exploration of brand psychology and consumer behavior, this study sheds light on the intricate ways in which effective branding strategies, strategic social media engagement, and user-centric website design contribute to altering consumers' perceptions. We delve into the principles that underlie successful brand transformations, examining how visual identity, messaging, and storytelling can captivate and resonate with target audiences.
Methodologically, this research employs a comprehensive approach, combining qualitative and quantitative analyses. Real-world case studies illustrate the impact of branding, social media campaigns, and website redesigns on consumer perception, sales figures, and profitability. We assess the various metrics, including brand awareness, customer engagement, conversion rates, and revenue growth, to measure the effectiveness of these strategies.
The results underscore the pivotal role of cohesive branding, social media influence, and website usability in shaping positive brand perceptions, influencing consumer decisions, and ultimately bolstering sales and profitability. This paper provides actionable insights and strategic recommendations for businesses seeking to leverage branding, social media, and website design as potent tools to enhance their market position and financial success.
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Get the perfect modular kitchen in Gurgaon at Finzo! We offer high-quality, custom-designed kitchens at the best prices. Wardrobes and home & office furniture are also available. Free consultation! Best Quality Luxury Modular kitchen in Gurgaon available at best price. All types of Modular Kitchens are available U Shaped Modular kitchens, L Shaped Modular Kitchen, G Shaped Modular Kitchens, Inline Modular Kitchens and Italian Modular Kitchen.
Book Formatting: Quality Control Checks for DesignersConfidence Ago
This presentation was made to help designers who work in publishing houses or format books for printing ensure quality.
Quality control is vital to every industry. This is why every department in a company need create a method they use in ensuring quality. This, perhaps, will not only improve the quality of products and bring errors to the barest minimum, but take it to a near perfect finish.
It is beyond a moot point that a good book will somewhat be judged by its cover, but the content of the book remains king. No matter how beautiful the cover, if the quality of writing or presentation is off, that will be a reason for readers not to come back to the book or recommend it.
So, this presentation points designers to some important things that may be missed by an editor that they could eventually discover and call the attention of the editor.
2. Introduction
The depletion of fossil fuels and escalation of CO2
concentration in the atmosphere has shifted the global
interest to renewable fuels.
Microalgae-derived biodiesel is a clean, sustainable
energy source due to high biomass productivity, rapid
lipid accumulation, and ability to survive in harsh
environments.
Algae biodiesel does not include sulfur and diminishes
the release of particulate matter, CO, hydrocarbons,
and SOx.
4. Extraction- “Whole
Lotta-Watta”
Problem
Harvesting, dewatering and drying have been the
main barriers of algal oil production.
“Algal cells are generally too small for traditional
means of filtration, centrifuging, or solvent
extraction.
Average harvesting concentration (0.1-1%)
5. Attempts to Eliminate Dewatering
Forcing Water and Algae to separate from each other
“Milking” algal cell
Getting Algae to concentrate
Must have a solution to this problem:
1 technology/60 days (May 2011-Biofuels Digest)
National Algae Association-”Algae Growing,
Harvesting, Extraction Technologies”
6. New Technology!!
1. Enzymatic Hydrolosis –AER
2. PEF (Electric Pulse)-Diversified Technology
(0.1$/gal vs. 1.75$)
3. Amphphillic Solvents -Aurora Algae (US patent
7,868,195)
4. Solid-Liquid Separation-AlgaeVenture Systems
(0.007$/gal vs. 3.19$)
5. Single Step and Live Extraction-OriginOil
-Algal cell can heal itself after lysed, for
continuous process
7. We Choose Live Extraction
Apply suitable electric field to Algal culture
Volume will depict voltage necessary
---Should be around 20V, way less than PEF (10-30
kV/cm)
Electric Field caused algal cells to release a portion of
their algal oil without rupturing
8. Viable on Commercial Scale??
Cellana-Developer of algae-based feedstocks for
biofuels, animal feed, and Omega-3 nutritional oils.
Announced multi-year off-take for commercial
production (Venture w/Neste Oil)
Neste Oil-Worlds leading supplier of renewable
biodiesel
Venture to produce commercial scale amounts of
Cellana’s ReNew™ Fuel
9. Sapphire Energy
Sapphire Energy located in Columbus, NM. In 2011,
began construction of Crude Farm
10. Anaerobic Digestion Of Algae
Sludge
Used to produce methane from remaining
algae feedstock
Anaerobic microbes digest large molecular
weight carbon compounds into methane
Reduces handled waste, and recovers
unused energy in residual algae feeds
Most common algae species were:
Scenedesmus spp.
Chlorella spp.
Operated in CSTR with 20 day residence
time1,2
Terminal methanogenesis is carried out by
specialized group of anaerobic archaea.2
Use of algae for energy (methane
production has been investigated since
OPEC oil crisis of 1973
11. Methane Production
Methane production mainly influenced by
loading rate and C/N ratio of feed
High loading rates of algae volatile solids
(VS), excess algae can inhibit the digestion
Low C/N ratios, cause increased
production of ammonia. Inhibits microbe
digestion rate
Algae biomass: C/N ratio 6/1
Optimal C/N range 20/1 – 30/13
Typical feed rate for one-stage CSTR: 1.6
[kg VS/(m3 * day)]
12. Transesterification
- Transesterification is the reaction of a fat or oil with alcohol to form
esters and glycerol.
- The triglyceride is a complex molecule that plants and animals use for
storing food energy; simply it is fat.
13. Transesterification Continued
Transesterification is a multiple stage reaction, where
triglycerides are converted to diglycerides, then
diglycerides are converted to monoglycerides, and
monoglycerides are then converted to esters (biodiesel)
and glycerol (by-product).
For the transesterification reaction oil or fat and a short
chain alcohol are used as reagents in the presence of a
catalyst.
Alcohols that can be used are methanol (most preferred
due to its low cost, polar structure, and being the shortest
alcohol chain), ethanol, propanol, butanol.
The catalysts can be acid (sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid),
basic (NaOH, KOH) or enzymes. Commercially alkali-catalyzed
transesterification is most often utilized since it
is faster than acid-catalyzed transesterification.
14. Transesterification Continued
Parameters influencing the transesterification
reaction rate:
Reaction temperature
Type and amount of catalyst
Mixing intensity
Quality (purity, free fatty acid composition)
Starting materials
Water content
15. Centrifugation
Centrifugation separates suspended solids from a liquid
solution
The biodiesel droplets are separated from the glycerol
A disk centrifuge is a system of rapidly rotating
concentric inverted cones placed close together to
minimize the time to capture dense particles or liquids
while allowing forced flow to continuously add feed
and discharge liquids.
16. Centrifugation Continued
How a disk centrifuge works:
Operates in continuous mode
Feed enters on the axis of
rotation and forced to bottom
of rotating bowl
Lighter fluid flows up and out
of the centrifuge
A nozzle either ejects dense
particles or allows build up on
outer wall of the bowl
17. Centrifugation Continued
Energy intensive and inefficient harvesting have been major
drawbacks in the algae industry
Generally flow rates are > 1 L/min with a high capture rate of
90% and cost about $4.52/L
Increasing the flow rate to > 1 L/min has lower capture rates,
but can be offset by larger volumes of culture water, with high
culture density and lipid content, processed by the centrifuges
and cost $0.864/L
A recent study showed at a rate of 18 L/min by centrifugation
lowered the energy consumption by 82% when only 28.5% of
algal was harvested.
Ref. Mata et al., 2010
Halim et al., 2012
Ghasemi et al., 2012
Source 1: Yen, Hong-Wei, Brune, D.E., 2005. Anaerobic co-digestion of algal sludge and waste paper to produce methane.
Source 2: Henson, J.M., “Chapter 9, Methane.” Biofuels Engineering Process Technology. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
Source 3: Parkin, G.F., Owen, W.F., 1986. Fundamental of anaerobic-digestion of wastewater sludge. Journal of Environmental Engineering 112, 867-920.
Potential source 4: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0734975009000457