Building Code of Nepal for Building Services that dwells deep into the legal jurisdiction and rights about designing a functional Sanitation system in the country
Water supply systems in Architecture By Minal PalveMinal Palve
This document discusses the key stages and components of a water supply system, including sources, demand assessment, treatment, and distribution to both towns and individual buildings. It covers the treatment process from screening and sedimentation to disinfection. Distribution systems can use gravity, pumping, or a combination, with layouts like grid iron or circular patterns. Building supply involves tapping main lines, meters, storage tanks, and distribution within the building.
This document discusses different types of timber flooring, including:
1. Single joist timber floors which use a single beam and strutting for spans below 3 meters.
2. Double joist timber floors which use binders and bridging joists for spans between 1.8-2.4 meters.
3. Framed or triple joist timber floors which use girders, binders, and bridging joists for spans over 7.5 meters.
Precautions for timber flooring include using a cement course below the floor, installing DPC on exterior walls and sleeper walls, and using well-seasoned timber. Floor boards are typically 100-200mm wide
Doors,Windows & Ventilator in Building ConstructionEr.Karan Chauhan
Doors, Windows & Ventilator is a part of building component which is allow to Air & light move & circulate inward & outward, with in door Human or any other material can be move inside or outside also. here types of doors & windows & ventilation are given with necessity of location, function etc.
Vaults are arched structures usually made of masonry that are used as ceilings or canopies. There are several types of vaults including barrel vaults, groin vaults, rib vaults, and fan vaults. Traditionally, vaults were constructed using stone, brick, or timber arranged in wedge-shaped pieces. Modern vaults can be constructed out of reinforced concrete and exhibit more complex geometries. Vaults provide large covered spaces using less material than other roofing methods but require skilled construction and may have issues with moisture penetration.
An introduction to Arches:-- It explains the basic understanding about Arches before students start drafting in their drawing sheets. This presentation could be shown to first year B.Architecture students to make them a clear idea about Arches.
Manual of tropical housing-koenigsbergerYashvi Dalal
This manual provides guidance on climatic design for tropical housing and buildings. It discusses key topics such as climate classification, thermal comfort, principles of thermal design, means of thermal control, lighting design, noise control, and the application of these principles for different tropical climate types. The manual aims to help architects and designers understand climatic factors and incorporate appropriate passive design strategies to optimize occupant comfort. It includes over 150 figures to illustrate climatic concepts and design techniques.
Refuse chute is a system for vertically transporting waste materials from disposal points in high-rise buildings to a collection room at the base. Originally installed in hospitals and hotels, refuse chutes can be installed in residential, commercial, and other buildings. Waste is deposited into intake hoppers located on each floor and transported through ducts to the collection point. Advantages include centralized waste collection, hygienic disposal, reduced labor and power consumption. Traps are plumbing components that retain water to prevent foul gases and vermin from entering buildings through drain pipes. Different types of traps include floor traps, gully traps, P-traps and intercepting traps.
This document discusses arches and their elements. It defines key terms like intrados, extrados, voussoirs, crown, and springing line. It describes how arches transmit loads through compression between wedge-shaped units. Arches are classified by their shape (flat, segmental, semicircular), number of centers (one-centered, two-centered), and construction material (stone, brick, concrete). Common arch types include flat arches, segmental arches, semicircular arches, and pointed Gothic arches.
Water supply systems in Architecture By Minal PalveMinal Palve
This document discusses the key stages and components of a water supply system, including sources, demand assessment, treatment, and distribution to both towns and individual buildings. It covers the treatment process from screening and sedimentation to disinfection. Distribution systems can use gravity, pumping, or a combination, with layouts like grid iron or circular patterns. Building supply involves tapping main lines, meters, storage tanks, and distribution within the building.
This document discusses different types of timber flooring, including:
1. Single joist timber floors which use a single beam and strutting for spans below 3 meters.
2. Double joist timber floors which use binders and bridging joists for spans between 1.8-2.4 meters.
3. Framed or triple joist timber floors which use girders, binders, and bridging joists for spans over 7.5 meters.
Precautions for timber flooring include using a cement course below the floor, installing DPC on exterior walls and sleeper walls, and using well-seasoned timber. Floor boards are typically 100-200mm wide
Doors,Windows & Ventilator in Building ConstructionEr.Karan Chauhan
Doors, Windows & Ventilator is a part of building component which is allow to Air & light move & circulate inward & outward, with in door Human or any other material can be move inside or outside also. here types of doors & windows & ventilation are given with necessity of location, function etc.
Vaults are arched structures usually made of masonry that are used as ceilings or canopies. There are several types of vaults including barrel vaults, groin vaults, rib vaults, and fan vaults. Traditionally, vaults were constructed using stone, brick, or timber arranged in wedge-shaped pieces. Modern vaults can be constructed out of reinforced concrete and exhibit more complex geometries. Vaults provide large covered spaces using less material than other roofing methods but require skilled construction and may have issues with moisture penetration.
An introduction to Arches:-- It explains the basic understanding about Arches before students start drafting in their drawing sheets. This presentation could be shown to first year B.Architecture students to make them a clear idea about Arches.
Manual of tropical housing-koenigsbergerYashvi Dalal
This manual provides guidance on climatic design for tropical housing and buildings. It discusses key topics such as climate classification, thermal comfort, principles of thermal design, means of thermal control, lighting design, noise control, and the application of these principles for different tropical climate types. The manual aims to help architects and designers understand climatic factors and incorporate appropriate passive design strategies to optimize occupant comfort. It includes over 150 figures to illustrate climatic concepts and design techniques.
Refuse chute is a system for vertically transporting waste materials from disposal points in high-rise buildings to a collection room at the base. Originally installed in hospitals and hotels, refuse chutes can be installed in residential, commercial, and other buildings. Waste is deposited into intake hoppers located on each floor and transported through ducts to the collection point. Advantages include centralized waste collection, hygienic disposal, reduced labor and power consumption. Traps are plumbing components that retain water to prevent foul gases and vermin from entering buildings through drain pipes. Different types of traps include floor traps, gully traps, P-traps and intercepting traps.
This document discusses arches and their elements. It defines key terms like intrados, extrados, voussoirs, crown, and springing line. It describes how arches transmit loads through compression between wedge-shaped units. Arches are classified by their shape (flat, segmental, semicircular), number of centers (one-centered, two-centered), and construction material (stone, brick, concrete). Common arch types include flat arches, segmental arches, semicircular arches, and pointed Gothic arches.
This document discusses different types of doors and windows. It describes revolving doors, sliding doors, swing doors, and collapsible steel doors. For sliding doors, it explains bypass, surface, and pocket styles. It also covers bifold doors. For revolving doors, it outlines the central mullion and radiating shutters. It notes that revolving doors are used in public buildings. The document also briefly discusses sliding and pivoted windows.
The document provides an overview of different styles of interior design including modern, contemporary, minimalist, industrial, mid-century modern, Scandinavian, traditional, transitional, French country, and bohemian. For each style, the summary discusses characteristic design elements, color palettes, furniture, and materials commonly used in that style. The document also covers the history of interior design from ancient civilizations like Mesopotamia and Egypt to modern applications of different styles.
This document discusses causes, effects, and methods of preventing dampness in buildings. It outlines several precautions that should be taken such as proper site drainage and wall thickness. Common causes of dampness include rising moisture, rain penetration, and poor drainage. Effects include breeding mosquitoes and damage to building materials. Methods of damp proofing discussed are damp proof courses, waterproof surface treatments, integral treatments during construction, cavity walls, and cement grouting of cracks. Specific materials used for damp proof courses like bitumen and mastic asphalt are also outlined.
This document discusses ventilation and air movement in buildings. It covers natural ventilation strategies like wind patterns, opening positions and sizes, and stack effect. Cross ventilation and the venturi effect are explained as ways to induce air flow. Maintaining indoor air quality by supplying fresh air and removing pollutants requires careful ventilation design considering factors like wind direction, constrictions to increase speed, and opening placement and size. Various techniques are presented, like wind scoops, jets and tunnels, to study air movement and optimize ventilation performance in buildings.
passive design strategies in composite & warm-humid climates.Janmejoy Gupta
The document discusses passive solar design considerations for mud huts in Jharkhand, India. It examines how climate impacts rural building design with a focus on the composite climate of the region. Key factors discussed include site selection, orientation, shading calculations, housing forms, window size and placement, indoor temperature balance, and settlement patterns. Climate data from Ranchi and Jamshedpur districts is analyzed to determine optimal design strategies like orientation and shading devices that minimize heat gain in summer and maximize it in winter for thermal comfort.
All About the vernacular Architecture Of Karnataka. The design of the Houses with interiors and the architecture style followed in the different types of houses of Karnataka ,i.e. Gutthu Houses and Anymane houses of Karnataka. The presentation belongs and solely based on the works of the case study dine by the students of Architecture of Poornima University
The document discusses different types of doors. It describes factors to consider in door selection like strength, durability, and cost. It also outlines standard door dimensions and technical terms. The main types of doors covered include paneled doors, glazed doors, flush solid core doors, and specialized doors like swinging, sliding, folding, and fly-proof doors. Door materials include timber, plywood, glass, metal, and concrete. The document provides details on door frames, movement types, and optimal door locations within a building.
The document discusses heat exchange processes in buildings. It defines key thermal quantities like heat, temperature, heat flow, conduction and resistance. It explains that heat flows from higher to lower temperature areas through conduction, convection and radiation. The rate of heat flow depends on the temperature difference and is measured in Watts. Convection involves heat transfer through a moving medium like air or water, while radiation depends on the temperatures and emittance of surfaces. The concept of sol-air temperature combines the heating effects of radiation and warm air. Maintaining thermal balance in a building requires accounting for various heat flows like from occupants, solar gains, conduction, ventilation and mechanical systems.
Suspended ceilings are used to conceal structural features, pipes, ducts and provide acoustic and thermal insulation. Different types of grids are used including exposed, concealed and semi-concealed grids made of materials like metal, wood or gypsum board. Proper installation requires marking locations, installing perimeter trims and hangers before laying panels or tiles. Factors like fire resistance, lighting fixtures and sprinkler head clearance must be considered during installation and design of suspended ceilings.
This document provides an overview of composite climates and guidelines for building design in these climates. It describes the nature of composite climates, which have characteristics of both hot/dry and warm/humid climates, alternating between long hot periods and shorter rainy periods. The key design criteria are resisting heat gain in summer and heat loss in winter. Recommendations include proper orientation, thick walls and roofs, courtyards, shading, insulation, and ventilation. Traditional dwellings in Delhi and a contemporary solar energy center in Gurgaon are discussed as case studies.
The document provides an overview of different types of cladding systems. It defines cladding as an exterior finishing system that protects the underlying structure and provides decorative finish. There are many types of cladding including dry wall, wet wall, weatherboard, timber, stone, external foam, metal, concrete, and brick cladding. The major purpose of cladding is to separate the indoor and outdoor environments to maintain suitable indoor conditions by keeping water out, preventing air leakage, controlling light, heat radiation and conduction, and controlling sound.
Sciography is the representation of shadows and gradations of light and shade. It is used in architecture to accurately depict shadows. The document defines sciography and explains that it studies how different objects cast shadows on surfaces based on assumptions about the light source. Specifically, it assumes the light source is the sun at a 45 degree azimuth and altitude angle, with parallel light rays. It also outlines rules for how parallel and perpendicular lines will cast shadows on parallel surfaces.
This document provides an overview of false ceilings, including their introduction, purposes, types, materials, and installation. It discusses how false ceilings can improve aesthetics, hide ducting and wires, provide insulation and acoustic improvements. The types of false ceilings covered include suspended/exposed grid, concealed grid, metal, gypsum board, fiberboard, POP, and plywood. Installation photos of concealed and exposed grid ceilings are also presented. Rates and common material suppliers are listed.
High performance building for cold climateKrishna Jhawar
This document provides details on building design for cold climates. It discusses site selection, orientation, building envelopes, and passive design techniques. Specific recommendations are made for compact plans with southern exposure, well-insulated envelopes, and passive solar techniques like trombe walls, water walls, and roof-based solar heating. The goal is to maximize solar heat gain in winter while preventing overheating in summer through features like adjustable shading and insulation. High performance buildings in cold climates aim to resist heat loss and promote solar heat gain with minimal energy usage.
Domes and vaults are architectural elements that provide covered interior spaces. Domes are rounded vaults that can be made from curved masonry segments or a shell of revolution. Vaults are ceilings constructed from materials like brick, stone or concrete arranged in an arched manner. Common types of domes include hemispherical domes, geodesic domes, and onion domes. Elements of domes include features like coffering, pendentives, and lanterns. Vaults have been used since ancient times by civilizations like the Romans and Egyptians and include styles like barrel vaults and groin vaults.
This presentation includes the types of roofs and roof covering materials. this presentation explained briefly about the pitched roofs, curved roofs and flat roofs.
A presentation on various types of tile rooifing materials and techniques for the course Appropriate Techniques from students of 4th Semester Architecture at VNIT, Nagpur (Jan-March 2015)
The Bhonga is a traditional cylindrical construction used in the Kutch district of Gujarat, India, which has high earthquake risk. A Bhonga consists of a single room with thick earthen walls and a thatched roof. Bhongas are constructed using locally available materials like mud, bamboo, and cow dung in a way that makes them earthquake resistant. The circular structure, thick walls, and lightweight materials help Bhongas withstand seismic activity common to the region.
The document discusses the construction of vaults. It begins by defining a vault and describing the basic components. It then provides details on 8 common types of vaults: barrel, groin, rib, cloister, fan, net, annular, and rampant. The history section outlines the development of vaulting techniques from ancient times through Roman, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, and modern architecture. Specific styles are discussed for English, German, and Italian Gothic vaulting. The document concludes with a case study on timbrel vaulting, highlighting Rafael Guastavino's improvements to the technique.
The document discusses plumbing services and provides definitions for key terms. It covers topics like water supply systems, drainage, fittings, and solid waste management. Specifics around estimating water needs based on population, types of water distribution, toilet systems, and requirements for different building types like schools and hospitals are outlined. Materials used for piping and drainage systems are also defined.
This document provides information about plumbing systems and components. It begins with definitions of plumbing and discusses the history of plumbing from ancient civilizations. It then describes the basic plumbing components found in modern buildings, including water supply pipes, fixtures and traps, soil and waste pipes, and storm drainage. The document provides details on water supply systems, drainage systems, and plumbing fixtures and fittings. It also discusses plumbing codes and regulations from the National Building Code of India. Finally, it includes examples of plumbing system designs for apartments and case studies.
This document discusses different types of doors and windows. It describes revolving doors, sliding doors, swing doors, and collapsible steel doors. For sliding doors, it explains bypass, surface, and pocket styles. It also covers bifold doors. For revolving doors, it outlines the central mullion and radiating shutters. It notes that revolving doors are used in public buildings. The document also briefly discusses sliding and pivoted windows.
The document provides an overview of different styles of interior design including modern, contemporary, minimalist, industrial, mid-century modern, Scandinavian, traditional, transitional, French country, and bohemian. For each style, the summary discusses characteristic design elements, color palettes, furniture, and materials commonly used in that style. The document also covers the history of interior design from ancient civilizations like Mesopotamia and Egypt to modern applications of different styles.
This document discusses causes, effects, and methods of preventing dampness in buildings. It outlines several precautions that should be taken such as proper site drainage and wall thickness. Common causes of dampness include rising moisture, rain penetration, and poor drainage. Effects include breeding mosquitoes and damage to building materials. Methods of damp proofing discussed are damp proof courses, waterproof surface treatments, integral treatments during construction, cavity walls, and cement grouting of cracks. Specific materials used for damp proof courses like bitumen and mastic asphalt are also outlined.
This document discusses ventilation and air movement in buildings. It covers natural ventilation strategies like wind patterns, opening positions and sizes, and stack effect. Cross ventilation and the venturi effect are explained as ways to induce air flow. Maintaining indoor air quality by supplying fresh air and removing pollutants requires careful ventilation design considering factors like wind direction, constrictions to increase speed, and opening placement and size. Various techniques are presented, like wind scoops, jets and tunnels, to study air movement and optimize ventilation performance in buildings.
passive design strategies in composite & warm-humid climates.Janmejoy Gupta
The document discusses passive solar design considerations for mud huts in Jharkhand, India. It examines how climate impacts rural building design with a focus on the composite climate of the region. Key factors discussed include site selection, orientation, shading calculations, housing forms, window size and placement, indoor temperature balance, and settlement patterns. Climate data from Ranchi and Jamshedpur districts is analyzed to determine optimal design strategies like orientation and shading devices that minimize heat gain in summer and maximize it in winter for thermal comfort.
All About the vernacular Architecture Of Karnataka. The design of the Houses with interiors and the architecture style followed in the different types of houses of Karnataka ,i.e. Gutthu Houses and Anymane houses of Karnataka. The presentation belongs and solely based on the works of the case study dine by the students of Architecture of Poornima University
The document discusses different types of doors. It describes factors to consider in door selection like strength, durability, and cost. It also outlines standard door dimensions and technical terms. The main types of doors covered include paneled doors, glazed doors, flush solid core doors, and specialized doors like swinging, sliding, folding, and fly-proof doors. Door materials include timber, plywood, glass, metal, and concrete. The document provides details on door frames, movement types, and optimal door locations within a building.
The document discusses heat exchange processes in buildings. It defines key thermal quantities like heat, temperature, heat flow, conduction and resistance. It explains that heat flows from higher to lower temperature areas through conduction, convection and radiation. The rate of heat flow depends on the temperature difference and is measured in Watts. Convection involves heat transfer through a moving medium like air or water, while radiation depends on the temperatures and emittance of surfaces. The concept of sol-air temperature combines the heating effects of radiation and warm air. Maintaining thermal balance in a building requires accounting for various heat flows like from occupants, solar gains, conduction, ventilation and mechanical systems.
Suspended ceilings are used to conceal structural features, pipes, ducts and provide acoustic and thermal insulation. Different types of grids are used including exposed, concealed and semi-concealed grids made of materials like metal, wood or gypsum board. Proper installation requires marking locations, installing perimeter trims and hangers before laying panels or tiles. Factors like fire resistance, lighting fixtures and sprinkler head clearance must be considered during installation and design of suspended ceilings.
This document provides an overview of composite climates and guidelines for building design in these climates. It describes the nature of composite climates, which have characteristics of both hot/dry and warm/humid climates, alternating between long hot periods and shorter rainy periods. The key design criteria are resisting heat gain in summer and heat loss in winter. Recommendations include proper orientation, thick walls and roofs, courtyards, shading, insulation, and ventilation. Traditional dwellings in Delhi and a contemporary solar energy center in Gurgaon are discussed as case studies.
The document provides an overview of different types of cladding systems. It defines cladding as an exterior finishing system that protects the underlying structure and provides decorative finish. There are many types of cladding including dry wall, wet wall, weatherboard, timber, stone, external foam, metal, concrete, and brick cladding. The major purpose of cladding is to separate the indoor and outdoor environments to maintain suitable indoor conditions by keeping water out, preventing air leakage, controlling light, heat radiation and conduction, and controlling sound.
Sciography is the representation of shadows and gradations of light and shade. It is used in architecture to accurately depict shadows. The document defines sciography and explains that it studies how different objects cast shadows on surfaces based on assumptions about the light source. Specifically, it assumes the light source is the sun at a 45 degree azimuth and altitude angle, with parallel light rays. It also outlines rules for how parallel and perpendicular lines will cast shadows on parallel surfaces.
This document provides an overview of false ceilings, including their introduction, purposes, types, materials, and installation. It discusses how false ceilings can improve aesthetics, hide ducting and wires, provide insulation and acoustic improvements. The types of false ceilings covered include suspended/exposed grid, concealed grid, metal, gypsum board, fiberboard, POP, and plywood. Installation photos of concealed and exposed grid ceilings are also presented. Rates and common material suppliers are listed.
High performance building for cold climateKrishna Jhawar
This document provides details on building design for cold climates. It discusses site selection, orientation, building envelopes, and passive design techniques. Specific recommendations are made for compact plans with southern exposure, well-insulated envelopes, and passive solar techniques like trombe walls, water walls, and roof-based solar heating. The goal is to maximize solar heat gain in winter while preventing overheating in summer through features like adjustable shading and insulation. High performance buildings in cold climates aim to resist heat loss and promote solar heat gain with minimal energy usage.
Domes and vaults are architectural elements that provide covered interior spaces. Domes are rounded vaults that can be made from curved masonry segments or a shell of revolution. Vaults are ceilings constructed from materials like brick, stone or concrete arranged in an arched manner. Common types of domes include hemispherical domes, geodesic domes, and onion domes. Elements of domes include features like coffering, pendentives, and lanterns. Vaults have been used since ancient times by civilizations like the Romans and Egyptians and include styles like barrel vaults and groin vaults.
This presentation includes the types of roofs and roof covering materials. this presentation explained briefly about the pitched roofs, curved roofs and flat roofs.
A presentation on various types of tile rooifing materials and techniques for the course Appropriate Techniques from students of 4th Semester Architecture at VNIT, Nagpur (Jan-March 2015)
The Bhonga is a traditional cylindrical construction used in the Kutch district of Gujarat, India, which has high earthquake risk. A Bhonga consists of a single room with thick earthen walls and a thatched roof. Bhongas are constructed using locally available materials like mud, bamboo, and cow dung in a way that makes them earthquake resistant. The circular structure, thick walls, and lightweight materials help Bhongas withstand seismic activity common to the region.
The document discusses the construction of vaults. It begins by defining a vault and describing the basic components. It then provides details on 8 common types of vaults: barrel, groin, rib, cloister, fan, net, annular, and rampant. The history section outlines the development of vaulting techniques from ancient times through Roman, Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, and modern architecture. Specific styles are discussed for English, German, and Italian Gothic vaulting. The document concludes with a case study on timbrel vaulting, highlighting Rafael Guastavino's improvements to the technique.
The document discusses plumbing services and provides definitions for key terms. It covers topics like water supply systems, drainage, fittings, and solid waste management. Specifics around estimating water needs based on population, types of water distribution, toilet systems, and requirements for different building types like schools and hospitals are outlined. Materials used for piping and drainage systems are also defined.
This document provides information about plumbing systems and components. It begins with definitions of plumbing and discusses the history of plumbing from ancient civilizations. It then describes the basic plumbing components found in modern buildings, including water supply pipes, fixtures and traps, soil and waste pipes, and storm drainage. The document provides details on water supply systems, drainage systems, and plumbing fixtures and fittings. It also discusses plumbing codes and regulations from the National Building Code of India. Finally, it includes examples of plumbing system designs for apartments and case studies.
Plumbing_services [Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital].pptxFaizanAhmed396943
This document provides an overview of the plumbing services for Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital. It includes information on the hospital's water supply sources, storage tanks, distribution systems, and sanitation facilities. Some key details:
- The hospital sources water through daily water lorry deliveries, as there is no local groundwater. Treated water is distributed through a pressurized pumping system.
- Overhead and underground tanks provide around 500,000 liters of total water storage capacity. Distribution pipes are sized based on water demand and pressure requirements.
- Sanitation facilities include toilets, baths, sinks, and other fixtures meeting standards. Phase II was designed for universal accessibility.
The issue of supplying adequate water to meet societal needs is one of the most urgent and significant challenges faced by decision-makers.
Rainwater harvesting is an excellent means of supplementing water for both potable and non-potable purposes.
Rainwater harvesting describes processes in which precipitation that falls on a site is diverted, captured, and stored for use on-site, as opposed to allowing it to run off, evaporate, or infiltrate into the soil.
This document discusses rainwater harvesting (RWH), which involves collecting and storing rainwater. RWH can be done through various techniques from simple jars and pots to underground check dams. The main uses of harvested rainwater are for recharging groundwater, irrigation, drinking, industry, gardening, and livestock. RWH has advantages like being inexpensive and easy to implement using local materials and labor. Roof top RWH involves collecting rainwater from rooftops through pipes to storage tanks and can filter the water before various uses. The document provides examples of RWH being implemented in places like Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, and Pune to combat issues like water scarcity and groundwater depletion.
This document discusses water supply requirements and systems. It covers:
- Daily water requirements per person for different uses like drinking, cooking, bathing, etc.
- Factors to consider when selecting a water source like capacity, quality, distance from supply location.
- Methods of water collection, purification, storage, and distribution through pipelines.
- Types of distribution systems like branching patterns and grid patterns, and their advantages/disadvantages.
- Equipment used in plumbing like pipes, valves, taps made of different materials.
This document provides an introduction to water supply schemes. It discusses the objectives of water supply systems which are to provide wholesome drinking water, adequate quantities to meet minimum needs, provisions for emergencies, and future demands. It also covers requirements for wholesome water, properties of fluids, water demands including factors affecting per capita demand, population forecasting methods, and variations in demands. Sources of water supply are discussed including precipitation, run-off, infiltration, evaporation, groundwater, springs, and different intake structures for lakes, reservoirs, rivers and canals.
The document discusses the basic principles of sanitary and plumbing design according to the 1999 National Plumbing Code of the Philippines. It outlines 22 principles that cover topics like ensuring a clean water supply, adequate water pressure, efficient water usage, preventing dangers from water heating devices, proper sewage disposal, and ventilation of plumbing fixtures. It also provides an overview of components of a plumbing system including pipes and fittings, plumbing fixtures, and the drainage system. Additionally, it discusses water sources like surface water and groundwater, as well as various water treatment methods.
1) Rainwater harvesting collects rainwater falling on rooftops and paved areas and stores it for future use, such as cleaning, washing, bathing, and after treatment, cooking and drinking.
2) Components of rooftop rainwater harvesting systems include the catchment area, conveyance gutters or pipes, a first flush diverter, filters, and a storage tank. Runoff from paved areas can be directed into recharge wells to replenish groundwater.
3) A typical apartment complex with a roof area of 463 sqm and paved area of 151 sqm could harvest around 15,500 liters of water from a 30mm rain, meeting 1-2 days of daily water
Services report - plumbing, electrical and hvacYashna Garg
This document provides information about the water supply, drainage, and plumbing systems for a building. It discusses key aspects of water supply like pipes, valves, storage tanks, and pumps used to deliver water to fixtures. It covers water pressure and flow rates and factors that affect them. The document also summarizes drainage system components and design considerations. Additionally, it describes different types of traps and their uses in plumbing systems to prevent sewer gases from entering buildings. Finally, it lists common types of pipes used in plumbing like copper, PVC, cast iron, and their applications.
Rainwater harvesting is the collection and storage of rainwater for various uses like irrigation, domestic use, and groundwater recharge. It has become increasingly important due to rising water demand and depletion of groundwater sources. There are two main types of rainwater harvesting - rural models which use traditional structures like tanks and step wells to facilitate irrigation and drinking water, and urban models which typically involve rooftop catchment and storage tanks. The benefits of rainwater harvesting include supplementing water sources, reducing flooding and soil erosion, and replenishing groundwater through recharge.
The document discusses rainwater harvesting including its need, methods, components of domestic rainwater harvesting systems, and design of rooftop rainwater harvesting systems. It also provides a brief introduction to packaged water treatment plants (WTP) used in townships, large commercial facilities, and their necessity for on-site water treatment. Key points include:
- Rooftop and land-based rainwater harvesting techniques are discussed along with the typical components of a rooftop system including the roof catchment, gutters, downpipe, filter unit, and storage tank.
- Packaged WTPs offer pre-fabricated, ready-to-operate water treatment units that provide cost-effective and relatively easy to
This is a brief presentation about rain water harvesting, how rainwater can be used in our day to day life style and how harvesting rain water can be integrated directly into the architecture of the building.
This document provides information on rainwater harvesting and greywater reuse systems. It discusses the basic principles of how these systems work to collect and store rainwater and greywater for non-potable uses. The document also outlines the key regulatory requirements and installation considerations for these systems in the UK, as well as typical advantages and disadvantages.
water supply and sanitary installation for buildingMekuanintShitaw
The document discusses water supply and sanitary installation systems for buildings. It describes the main purposes of a water supply system as providing potable water for fixtures, sanitation, cooking, gardening, and fire protection. It then outlines various types of water supply systems such as direct connection, pumped, overhead tank, and combined systems. Selection of the system depends on factors like demand, building occupancy, aesthetics, economy, use, and maintainability. The document also discusses wastewater collection systems, including separate sanitary sewers and combined sewer systems. It describes how sanitary sewers transport wastewater from buildings to treatment facilities.
This document discusses rainwater harvesting systems. It defines rainwater harvesting as collecting and storing rainwater from surfaces like rooftops or land. There are several types of rainwater harvesting systems, including rooftop catchments, ground catchments, and rock catchments. The typical components of a rainwater harvesting system are catchment areas, gutters, filters, storage tanks, and first flush diverters to improve water quality. Rainwater harvesting provides benefits like independent water supplies during droughts and reducing flood risks while providing potable water. On average, a 10m x 12m roof could collect over 67,000 liters of rainwater annually in a location with 800mm of annual rainfall.
Urbanization has led to migration to cities, creating problems of water supply and wastewater management. Most cities discharge partially treated or untreated wastewater, polluting water bodies. Domestic sewage is the main source of water pollution in India. The regular water quality monitoring reveals coliform counts exceeding safe levels. Historically, waste was disposed manually but this was replaced by water carriage systems, mixing waste with water in closed conduits. This system avoids odors and disease but requires treatment of large wastewater volumes and a water supply. Sewer design considers flow, materials, patterns and characteristics to efficiently transport and treat wastewater.
Similar to Building Services Sanitation building code (20)
This is an introduction to how Rhino a 3d cad modelling software can be integrated with Revit to create free forms and generate specialized designs for any perspective.
This presentation goes into brief about how the population of a given locality can be measured using population measuring tools also it gives a brief about the different methods of population forecasting.
It explains the types and terminologies of the methods of population forecasting.
This is an indepth presentation on the anthropometrical data of commercial complexes and malls in the field of architecture. It contains analysis, critical review and description of different things related with malls
This document presents the concept and design for the Pul Chowk Campus school. The concept is based on the principles of alchemy, representing the soul, body, and mind with three academic blocks arranged in a triangular formation around a central garden, symbolizing the philosopher's stone. Floor plans and sections are provided for the academic blocks, auditorium, gymnasium, swimming pool, administration block, library, dining hall, and other facilities. 3D renderings demonstrate the exterior and some interior spaces of the proposed school design.
The Reims Cathedral was constructed between 1211-1345 in the Gothic architectural style. It was commissioned by the Catholic Church to honor the Virgin Mary. Some key facts:
- Construction began under Jean d'Orbais and continued under successive architects until completion.
- It has hosted numerous French royal coronations, commemorating the legend of Clovis I's baptism.
- The interior features Gothic architectural elements like ribbed vaulting and flying buttresses, and houses important stained glass.
- It sustained damage during World Wars I and II but has since been restored. A recent fire caused roof damage but relics were mostly saved.
Boudhanath Stupa is one of the largest stupas in Nepal, located in Kathmandu. According to mythology, it was founded in the 6th century CE by the Nepalese Licchavi king Shivadeva. In the 8th century, Tibetan Emperor Trisong Detsen expanded the stupa. In the 1950s, many Tibetan refugees fled to the area around Boudhanath after the Chinese occupation of Tibet. The stupa was damaged in the 2015 Nepal earthquake but was repaired at a cost of $2.1 million. It reopened in November 2016 after reconstruction. The unique architecture of the stupa represents Buddhist cosmology through its mandala-style design and symbolic numbers
GEMS school was established in 1984 in Lalitpur with 78 students. It later constructed a new campus in Dhapakhel designed by architect Anju Malla Pradhan in a neoclassical style. The campus includes academic blocks, a hostel, laboratories, sports facilities and more divided into zones. While the design provides symmetry, lighting and separation of facilities, improvements could include addressing congestion and better connecting zones as the school expands further.
Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation dataSpatial Genetics
Genetic diversity within and among populations is essential for species persistence. While targets and indicators for genetic diversity are captured in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, assessing genetic diversity across many species at national and regional scales remains challenging. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) need accessible tools for reliable and efficient monitoring at relevant scales. Here, we describe how Earth Observation satellites (EO) make essential contributions to enable, accelerate, and improve genetic diversity monitoring and preservation. Specifically, we introduce a workflow integrating EO into existing genetic diversity monitoring strategies and present a set of examples where EO data is or can be integrated to improve assessment, monitoring, and conservation. We describe how available EO data can be integrated in innovative ways to support calculation of the genetic diversity indicators of the GBF monitoring framework and to inform management and monitoring decisions, especially in areas with limited research infrastructure or access. We also describe novel, integrative approaches to improve the indicators that can be implemented with the coming generation of EO data, and new capabilities that will provide unprecedented detail to characterize the changes to Earth’s surface and their implications for biodiversity, on a global scale.
The modification of an existing product or the formulation of a new product to fill a newly identified market niche or customer need are both examples of product development. This study generally developed and conducted the formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay conducted by the researchers. Specifically, it answered the acceptability level in terms of taste, texture, flavor, odor, and color also the overall acceptability of enriched aramang baked products. The study used the frequency distribution for evaluators to determine the acceptability of enriched aramang baked products enriched with malunggay. As per sensory evaluation conducted by the researchers, it was proven that aramang baked products enriched with malunggay was acceptable in terms of Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color, and Texture. Based on the results of sensory evaluation of enriched aramang baked products proven that three (3) treatments were all highly acceptable in terms of variable Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color and Textures conducted by the researchers.
Earth Day How has technology changed our life?
Thinkers/Inquiry • How has our ability to think and inquire helped to advance technology?
Vocabulary • Nature Deficit Disorder~ A condition that some people maintain is a spreading affliction especially affecting youth but also their adult counterparts, characterized by an excessive lack of familiarity with the outdoors and the natural world. • Precautionary Principle~ The approach whereby any possible risk associated with the introduction of a new technology is largely avoided, until a full understanding of its impact on health, environment and other areas is available.
What is technology? • Brainstorm a list of technology that you use everyday that your parents or grandparents did not have. • Compare your list with a partner.
Download the Latest OSHA 10 Answers PDF : oyetrade.comNarendra Jayas
Latest OSHA 10 Test Question and Answers PDF for Construction and General Industry Exam.
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To Help OSHA 10 trainees to pass their pre-test and post-test we have prepared set of 390 question and answers called OSHA 10 Answers in downloadable PDF format. The OSHA 10 Answers question bank is prepared by our in-house highly experienced safety professionals and trainers. The OSHA 10 Answers document consists of 390 MCQ type question and answers updated for year 2024 exams.
2. Importanceof Water
2
1. Household purpose: drinking, bathing, washing, cleanliness,
cooking, and kitchen garden nursery etc.
2. Irrigation purpose
3. Power generation: electricity production
4. Transportation: navigation boating.
5. Recreation: swimming lawn hydrant
6. Furnishing: fire protection,
7. Air-conditioning: heating cooling
8. Sanitation: Sewage disposal, street cleaning
9. Industrial uses: dyeing, etc.
3. WATERSUPPLY
SOURCES
1) Well Water
Well water provides water supply to
residences For basic use, farms and small
sectors such as Schools, offices or other minor
areas.
2) Municipal Water systems
Municipal water systems that provide potable
water to a wide array of commercial property
and domestic use buildings including
apartments, condominiums, duplex housing,
and single family dwellings
7. Consumerconsumption:
7
• Consumer consumption is assessed by determining the amount of water that actually is used by consumers, based on
three levels of usage as follows:
• 1) Average daily consumption (ADC): Each municipal water system services a defined population as determined by
census figures.
• 2) Maximum Daily Consumption (MDC): This value represents the single day within a year-long period on which the
consumption rate was the highest.
• 3) Instantaneous flow demand: There are generally two peak periods in the day when consumption is greatest:
between 7 a.m. to 9 a.m. and between 5 p.m. to 7 p.m. The water supply superintendent, or a person of equal
responsibility, has to predict these rates in order to control the amount of water delivered to the water distribution
system and water pressure such that any given tap can supply water at the desired pressure.
• Fire flow demand: At any time, the municipal water supply system should be able to deliver needed fire flows to
representative fire risks throughout the municipality from properly located fire hydrants
8. Water StorageTanks
8
• Should be strong enough to take vertical load and natural pressure of water
when both full and empty.
• Should be water tight and have a manhole od dim 450mm x 450mm for access and
repairs
• Should be constructed with non-corrosive, non-toxic material
• Should have vent pipe (to prevent negative pressure when water is drawn out) ,
overflow pipe (to indicate the tank is full) and washout pipe (to empty all
water from the bottom when needed)
• Overflow pipe or vent pipe should not be directly connected to the drain gully
trap or sewer to avoid contamination. (These connections should be discharged
over properly designed drains with a minimum air gap of 75-100 mm )
• Top of the tank should be leveled to prevent any stagnation on top
• Overflow pipe and vent pipe should be covered with wire mesh of 1.5mm wire
gauge to prevent contamination of insects
9. 9
Underground water storage tanks
Underground water storage tanks are tanks at below ground level that collects the
water from city main at the hours of supply. Later the water collected is pumped to the
overhead tank for use within the building.
10. Underground WaterStorageRequirements
10
• For normal building with reliable public supply, the capacity of underground tank should be 12-24 hrs.' of daily
water demand.
• Capacity of underground tank should be the net difference between the peak and the flow during the hours of
supply.
• Provisions should be made supply interruptions due to repair work or power failure.
• Should be watertight and not leak when empty or full. Also no ingress of subsoil water.
• Manhole cover should be 30 cm higher than ground level or highest flood level in the locality in order to avoid entry
of surface water from top.
• Should not be located near sewers, septic tanks, soak pits and oil tanks to avoid contamination due to seepage or
leakage. (min clearance distance is 5m.)
• Overflow pipes should also be higher than ground level to avoid the entry of surface water through overflow pipes.
• Walls and slabs should be designed to take load from building, traffic and water pressure when both empty and full.