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ENGINEERING -UTILITIES-2-REPORT-G1 Section A.pptx

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Engineering Utilities 2

Engineering
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ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 (10:30-12:00 TTH) GROUP 1 Members: Afidchao, Chevrone Balteng, Kenny Lee Calpi, Gabriel Falingao, Sylvester Lic-cub, Glaiza Tipal, Secille
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SANITARY/PLUMBING DESIGN-PORTABLE WATER, COMPONENTS OF PLUMBING SYSTEM & WATER HEATERS.
BASIC PRINCIPLES • The basic principles of the 1999 National Plumbing Code of the Philippines is an update of the tenets established in the “Plumbing Law of the Philippines” approved on 1June 1955 as amended on 28 November 1959. • The basic goal of the 1999 National Plumbing Code of the Philippines is to ensure the unqualified observance of the latest provisions of the plumbing and environmental laws.
PRINCIPLE NO.1: CLEAN WATER DESIGN •All premises intended for human habitation, occupancy or use shall be provided with a supply of pure and wholesome water. Neither connected with unsafe water supplies nor subject to hazards of backflow or back- siphonage.
PRINCIPLE NO.2: VOLUME AND PRESSURE •Plumbing fixtures, devices, and appurtenances shall be supplied with water in sufficient volume and the pressure adequate to enable them to function satisfactory and without undue noise under all normal conditions of use.
PRINCIPLE NO.3: EFFICIENCY • Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the minimum quality of water consistent with proper performance and cleaning.
PRINCIPLE NO. 4: EXPLOSITION • Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and installed as to prevent dangers from explosion through overheating.
PRINCIPLE NO. 5: SEWER • Every building having plumbing fixtures installed and intended for human habitation, occupancy or use on premises abutting or adjacent to a street, alley, or easement where there is public sewer, shall be connected to the sewer system.
PRINCIPLE NO. 6: PLUMBING UNIT • Each family dwelling unit or premises abutting on a sewer or with a private sewage disposal system shall have at least one water closet and one kitchen sink. Further, a lavatory and bathtub, or shower shall be installed to meet the basic requirements of sanitation and personal hygiene.
PRINCIPLE NO. 7: VENTILATION • Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth, non-absorbent material, free from concealed fouling surfaces and shall be located in ventilated enclosures.
PINCIPLE NO. 8: CLEANOUTS • The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and maintained to safeguard against fouling, deposit of solids, clogging, and with adequate cleanouts so arranged that pipes may be readily cleaned.
• All piping's of plumbing systems shall be of durable NAMPAP Approved materials, free from defective workmanship, designed and constructed by registered master plumbers to ensure satisfactory device. PRINCIPLE NO. 9: NAMPAP
PRINCIPLE NO. 10: TRAP • Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped with a water sealed trap.
PRINCIPLE NO. 11: AIR CIRCULATION • The drainage piping system shall be designed to provide adequate circulation of air free from siphonage, aspiration (inhalation/suction) or forcing of trap seals under ordinary use.
PRINCIPLE NO. 12: VENT TERMINALS • Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to pre-empt clogging and the return of foul air to the building.
PRINCIPLE NO.13: TEST • Plumbing system shall be subjected to such tests to effectively disclose all leaks and defects in the workmanship.
PRINCIPLE NO.14: SEWAGE HARM • No substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive mixtures, destroys the pipes or their joints or interfere.
PRINCIPLE NO.15: CONTAMINATION • Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of food, water, sterile goods and similar materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the fixture, device or appliance shall be connected indirectly with the building drainage system.
PRINCIPLE NO.16: LIGHT • No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment which is not properly lighted and ventilated.
PRINCIPLE NO. 17: SEPTIC TANK • If water closets or other plumbing fixtures are installed in buildings where there is no sewer within a reasonable distance, suitable provision shall be made for disposing of the building sewage by some accepted method of sewage treatment and disposal, such as a septic tank.
PRINCIPLE NO. 18: SEWAGE BACKFLOW • Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to backflow of sewage, suitable provision shall be made to prevent its overflow in the building.
PRINCIPLE NO. 19: RMP • Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable condition by Registered Master Plumbers.
PRINCIPLE NO. 20: ACCESSIBLE • All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced, to be accessible for their intended use.
PRINCIPLE NO. 21: STRUCTURAL STABILITY • Plumbing shall be installed by Registered Master Plumbers with due regard to the preservation of the strength of structural members and the prevention of damage to walls and other surfaces through fixture usage.
PRINCIPLE NO. 22: SEWAGE TREATMENT • Sewage or other waste from a plumbing system which may be deleterious to surface or sub-surface waters shall not be discharged into the ground or into any waterway, unless first rendered innocuous through subjection to some acceptable from treatment.
PLUMBING •Plumbing is defined as the art and science of installing pipes, fixtures and other apparatus to convey and supply water in buildings and to dispose and discharge waste water and other liquids, gases and other substances out of buildings in a safe, orderly, healthy and sanitary way to ensure the health and sanitation of life and property.
COMPONENTS OF PLUMBING SYSTEM
1. PIPES AND FITTINGS Your plumbing system runs throughout your home. You might have plumbing in your kitchen, basement, bathroom and even garage. The pipes and fittings include every pipe that runs throughout your home from the main water supply lines. This includes the safest plumbing pipe for your water supply. Most system have cold water and hot water pipes. Each pipe can withstand a certain temperature. These pipes and fittings can be made of a variety of materials including: • Copper • Brass • Lead • PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) • CPVC (Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride)
2. PLUMBING FIXTURES The plumbing fixtures connect to the pipes and give you access to your water supply. Plumbing fixtures include: • Sinks • Bathtubs • Hot Water Heater • Washing Machines • Dish Washers • Toilets Each fixtures needs to be properly installed and maintained to save on water usage and minimize leaks. Be sure to research how to maintain your bathroom fixtures to maximize their lifespan and decrease unwanted plumbing emergencies.
3. THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM Outside of the clogged toilet, the drainage systems is key part of your plumbing system that might cause a costly emergency. Your drains connect the plumbing fixtures to the waste removal lines and the sewage system. Be sure to avoid clogging your drains. This allows sewage and waste to pass trough freely without clogging.
WATER SOURCES • A supply of good water is more important to human survival than food. Potable is clean water that is suitable for human drinking. It must be available for drinking, cooking, and cleaning. Non potable water may be used for flushing water closets (toilets), irrigating grass and gardens, washing cars, and for any use other than drinking, cooking, or cleaning. An abundant supply of potable water that is easily distributed is vital to a prosperous economy.
• Rain and snowmelt are the sources of most of the water available for our use. When it rains or a snowfield melts, water flows into streams and rivers or soaks into the ground. • By definition, surface water is the rain that runs off the surface of the ground into streams, rivers, and lakes. • Groundwater is water found below the surface of the earth.
SURFACE WATER  Surface water readily provides much of the water needed by cities, counties, large industry, and others.  However, this source is dependent on recurring rain. During a long period of drought, the flow of water may be significantly reduced.  Reservoirs hold surface water during periods of high runoff and release water during periods of low runoff.  Surface water is typically treated to provide the potable water required. Where non-potable water may be used, no treatment of the water is necessary.
GROUND WATER  Groundwater seeps through the soil and is trapped on impervious stratum, a layer of soil or rock that water cannot pass through.  The water collects in pores of permeable stratum; a layer of porous earth that water can pass through such as sands, gravels, limestone, or basalt.  Saturated permeable stratum capable of providing a usable supply of water is known as an aquifer.
WATER TREATMENT Water quality and taste vary considerably from place to place, depending on the water source of the area, the chemical and bacteria contents of the water, and the amount and type of treatment given the water before it is put into the system. Potable water can have an objectionable odor and taste and even be cloudy and slightly muddied or colored in appearance.
SEVERAL METHODS USED TO IMPROVE WATER QUALITY AND TASTE: Problems with undesirable taste and odor are overcome by use of filtration equipment or by aeration of the water. Bacteria are destroyed by the addition of a few parts per million of chlorine. The taste of chlorine is then removed with sodium sulfite. Suspended organic matter that supports bacterial life and suspended mineral matter are removed by the addition of a flocculating and precipitating agent, such as alum, before settling or filtration.  Excessive hardness, which renders the water unsuitable for many industrial purposes, is reduced by the addition of slaked, or hydrated, lime or by an ion exchange process.
WATER TOWERS AND ELEVATED • Storage Tanks Water towers used in community systems and elevated water storage tanks used in private systems carry a reserve capacity of water. They serve many additional purposes: To introduce pressure to the water supply system To equalize supply and demand over periods of high consumption To supply water during equipment failure or maintenance To supply water for firefighting demand
THE BUILDING WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM • Plumbing codes require that a potable water supply be adequately furnished to all plumbing fixtures. • The water supply system in a building carries cold and hot water through distribution pipes and delivers it to the plumbing fixtures. The water service line carries water from a district supply pipe to the building.
MAIN PARTS OF A WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM •Building Supply •Water Meter •Building Main •Riser •Fixture Branch •Fixture Connection
BUILDING SUPPLY The building supply or water service is a large water supply pipe that carries potable water from the district or city water system or other water source to the building.
WATER METER A water meter is required by most district water supply systems to measure and record the amount of water used. It may be placed in a meter box located in the ground near the street or inside the building.
BUILDING MAIN The building main is a large pipe that serves as the principal artery of the water supply system. It carries water through the building to the furthest riser. The building main is typically run (located) in a basement, in a ceiling, in a crawl space, or below the concrete floor slab.
RISER A riser is a water supply pipe that extends vertically in the building at least one story and carries water to fixture branches. It is typically connected to the building main and runs vertically in the walls or pipe chases.
FIXTURE BRANCH A fixture branch is a water supply pipe that runs from the riser or main to the fixture being connected. In a water supply system, it is any part of a piping system other than a riser or main pipe. Fixture branch pipes supply the individual plumbing fixtures. A fixture branch is usually run in the floor or in the wall behind the fixtures.
FIXTURE CONNECTION A fixture connection runs from the fixture branch to the fixture, the terminal point of use in a plumbing system. A shut-off valve is typically located in the hot and cold water supply at the fixture connection.
GENERAL WATER DISTRIBUTION System Layout Rigid-Pipe Distribution Configuration Homerun (Manifold) Distribution Configuration Up feed and Down feed Distribution
WATER PRESSURE CONSIDERATIONS Hydrostatic Pressure Fluid (gas or liquid) molecules tend to seek equilibrium (a stability of forces). When forces acting on a fluid are unequal, molecules in the fluid move in the direction of the resultant forces. Therefore, an elementary property of any fluid at rest (not flowing) is that the force exerted on any molecule within the fluid is the same in all directions. Water Pressure Water pressure difference is the driving force behind fluid flow. Water pressure available at the water service is lost as water flows through the piping of a plumbing system. This pressure loss or pressure drop in a plumbing system is from friction loss as the water moves through the system and pressure loss as water is forced to a higher elevation (e.g., from the basement to an upper story).
WATER SUPPLY DESIGN CONCERNS Water Velocity Cavitation Cross-Connections Backflow Water Hammer Air Chambers Water Hammer Arrestors Thermal Expansion Viscosity Volume Change with Temperature Change Freezing Expanding Water Aging Pipe Insulation Testing Testing Leaks Heated Water
Water Velocity  Noise, erosion of inner pipe walls and valves, and economy of installation, operation, and maintenance dictate the minimum and maximum water velocity in a plumbing system; as a result, these have a bearing on pipe diameter. Cavitation  Cavitation is a physical phenomenon that occurs in a liquid when it experiences a drastic drop in pressure that causes the liquid to vaporize into small vapor bubbles. Cross-Connections  A cross-connection is an unsatisfactory connection or arrangement of piping that can cause nonpotable water to enter the potable water system. A cross- connection can cause used or contaminated water to mix with the water supply.
Backflow  Backflow is a type of cross- connection that occurs when contaminated water or some other liquid or substance unintentionally flows backwards into distribution pipes containing potable water. Simply, it is water flowing in the opposite direction from normal flow. Backflow can allow contaminants to enter the potable drinking water system through cross- connections. Water Hammer  A large pressure develops when fluid moving through a pipe is suddenly stopped. In a plumbing supply system, the sudden closing of a valve will cause fast-flowing water to stop quickly, resulting in a large increase in pressure that is known as water hammer. Air Chambers  Air chambers are 15 in to 5 ft long pipes or pipe-like devices. They are installed vertically above the fixture water connection and are concealed in the wall. Air is trapped within the air chamber. The trapped air is compressible, which cushions the pressure surge as the valve is closed and absorbs the hydraulic shock.
Water Hammer Arrestors  Water hammer arrestors are patented devices that absorb hydraulic shock. Such devices, when installed, must be accessible for maintenance. One type should be placed at the end of the branch line between the last two fixtures served. Thermal Expansion  No matter what type of piping material is used in the water system, some expansion in the pipe will occur. This expansion must be considered in the design of the system. The amount of expansion will depend on the type of piping material and the range of temperatures that the pipe will be subjected. Viscosity  As water flows through a pipe, its viscosity (thickness) decreases with temperature decrease. Water at 40°F (4°C) is twice as viscous as water at 90°F (32°C) and four times as much at 170°F (77°C). As a result, pumping energy and cost are higher when water temperatures are lower.
Volume Change with Temperature Change  Water is the only substance that can exist as a solid, liquid, and gas at ordinary temperatures. Like most substances, water expands when it is heated. Unlike most substances, the volume of water increases when it freezes. Freezing A phase change from liquid (water) to solid (ice) results in about a 10% increase in volume. Expanding Water  Liquid water expands above 39°F (4°C). Expansion is about 4.37% from 40°F (4.4°C) to 212°F (100°C). This volumetric change from expansion (ΔV) equates to about 0.0254% per °F (0.0457% per °C).
Aging  As pipes in a plumbing system are used, their inner walls become increasingly rough. The effects of aging in a plumbing system are related to piping material, quality of water (e.g., hard versus soft), and water temperature. Pipe Insulation  Pipe insulation is applied to the outer walls of piping to reduce heat loss from the pipe or prevent condensation on the outside pipe walls. Foam and covered fiberglass insulation are common pipe insulation materials. Testing  The water supply system should be tested for leaks before it is covered with finish materials to determine if it is watertight. Tests commonly run on water systems require that it be watertight under a hydrostatic water pressure of 125 psi for a minimum of 1 hr.
Leaks A leak of just one drop per second will waste about 2700 gal (10 200 L) of water a year. Leaks not only waste money and water, they can cause damage to walls, flooring, ceilings, furniture, and electrical systems. Leaking pipes also create an environment for mold and mildew to thrive. Heated Water In modern buildings, hot water is desired for bathing, cleaning, washing, and other associated purposes. By definition, hot water is potable water that is heated to at least 120°F. Heated water below 120°F (49°C) is typically called tempered water. Hot water used for household functions such as bathing, dishwashing, and clothes washing is referred to as domestic hot water (DHW). In commercial installations, hot water used in nondomestic applications is referred to as building service hot water (BSHW).
COMPONENTS OF WATER HEATERS
STORAGE TANK WATER HEATERS– It consists tank and heating medium. Typically storage tank sizes include 30,40,50,60,65,75,80,100 and 120 gal capacity. INSTANTANIOUS WATER HEATERS – Sometimes it is called tankless water heaters or demand water heaters, supply hot water and demand. They do nor rely on standby storage in a tank or artificially boost their capacity. Instead, they have a heating device that is activated by the flow of water when a hot water valve is opened. CIRCULATING WATER HEATERS – It consists of a separate storage tank that stores water heated by a heat exchanger.
TANKLESS COIL AND INDIREST WATER HEATERS – No separate storage tank is needed in the tankless coil water heater because water is heated directly inside the boiler in hydronic water system. The indirect water heater circulates water through a heat exchanger in the boiler, but this heated the water then flows to an insulated storage tank. HEAT PUMP WATER HEATERS – It extract energy from outdoor air and use it to produce hot water very efficiently. Heat pump water heaters use an electric motor to run a compressor. SOLAR WATER HEATERS – A solar water heaters typically includes collector mounted on the roof or in a clear area of the yard, a separate storage tank near the conventional heater in the home, connecting pipes, and an electronic controller.
GROUP 2 PROPERTIES OF FLUID FLOW, FLOW RATE AND PRESSURE DROP
• Modern cities have sophisticated water delivery and wastewater treatment systems. In buildings, the plumbing system performs two primary functions: 1. water supply system - consists of the piping and fittings that supply hot and cold water from the building water supply to the fixtures, such as lavatories, bathtubs, water closets, dishwashers, clothes washers, and sinks. MODERN PLUMBING SYSTEMS
2. waste disposal system - consists of the piping and fittings required to take that water supplied to the fixtures out of the building and into the sewer line or disposal field. This system is typically referred to as a sanitary drainage system or drain, waste and vent (DWV) system.
Wastewater treatment - is also an important component of waste disposal from building plumbing systems. Although most buildings rely upon district or community water treatment plants to dispose of their sewage, some buildings and facilities operate their own operations. These are generally known as septic or on-site sewage treatment (OSST) systems.
• Plumbing system is a network of pipes, fittings, and valves that carry and control flow of supply water and wastewater to and from points of use known as fixtures. TYPES OF PLUMBING • Fixtures are components, receptacles, or pieces of equipment that use water and dispose of wastewater at the point of water use. • Piping is a series of hollow channels that carry water to and wastewater from plumbing fixtures. • Fittings are used to connect lengths of pipe in the piping network. • Valves are used to regulate or control flow of water.
WATER: THE SUBSTANCE • Any study of a plumbing system must begin with the substance it carries, water. Water is the name given to the liquid compound H2O. A molecule of water is composed of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. In a pure state, it is tasteless and odorless. • Under standard atmospheric pressure (14.696 psi, 101.04 kPa), the boiling point temperature of water is 212°F (100°C). The temperature at which water boils decreases with lower atmospheric or system pressure and increases at higher pressures. Thus, the temperature at which water boils decreases with elevation increase. For example, at standard atmospheric conditions at an elevation of 5000 ft (1524 m) above sea level, water boils at 202.4°F (94.7°C). It boils at 193.2°F (89.6°C) at 10 000 ft (3048 m) above sea level. The freezing point of water is 32°F (0°C).
FUNDAMENTAL UNITS • Several fundamental units describe the properties and behavior of water in building plumbing systems. The following are definitions of the fundamental units. Specific Weight (Density) - is weight per unit volume. Water density varies with temperature; it is most dense at 39°F (4°C). Specific Gravity - The specific gravity (s.g.) of a fluid or solid is the ratio of the specific weight of the fluid or solid to the specific weight of water at a temperature of 39°F (4°C), the temperature at which water is most dense (62.42 lb/ft3 or 1.00 kg/L). It is a comparison of its weight with the weight of an equal volume of water. Materials with a specific gravity less than 1.0 are less dense than water (e.g., oil) and will float on pure water; substances with a specific gravity more than 1.0 are denser than water and will sink. The specific gravity of water is assumed to be 1.0 at common plumbing system temperatures.  Problem: s.g. = 60.5 lb/ft3 / 62.42 lb/ft3 = 0.969
 VOLUME -the amount of space occupied by a substance. Water volume is typically expressed in cubic inches (in³) or cubic feet (ft³) in the customary system, and in cubic meters (m³) or liters (L) in the SI system. In plumbing system design, volume is commonly expressed in gallons (g or gal). There are 7.48 gallons in a cubic foot (ft³). A gallon is approximately 3.8 L.
 VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE -Volumetric flow rate (Q), frequently called the flow rate - is the volume of a substance that passes a point in a system per unit of time. - Flow rate is usually expressed in liters per second (L/s), liters per minute (L/min), or cubic meters per second (m³/s) in the SI system. In the customary system, volumetric flow rate is expressed in cubic feet per second (cfs or ft³/s), cubic feet per minute (cfm or ft³/min), gal per second (gps or g/s), and gal per minute (gpm or g/min). -Volumetric flow rate (Q) may be determined with volume (V) and time: Q = V/time
 VELOCITY -is the rate of linear motion of a substance in one direction. -The magnitude of velocity, known as speed, is usually expressed in terms of distance covered per unit of time. -In the customary system of weights and measures, velocity is expressed in inches per second (in/s) or feet per second (ft/s). -In the international system of measure (the SI system), velocity is expressed in meters per second (m/s).
• In a fluidic system such as a plumbing system, water velocity is expressed as an average velocity because water molecules each have different speeds and directions of travel; that is, water molecules flowing in the center of a pipe tend to travel faster than water molecules at or near the inner wall of the pipe.
• Average velocity (v) of a fluid (such as water) flowing through a pipe may be found by the following equations based upon average volumetric flow rate (Q) and cross-sectional area (A) or inside diameter (Di). Units must be consistent in these equations (e.g., volume, area, and diameter must be expressed in units of in, ft, m, and so on). v = Q/A = 4Q/𝝅𝑫𝟏 𝟐 • The following equation, in customary units, is useful in plumbing system design. It may be used to find the average velocity (v) of a fluid flowing through a pipe, in ft/s, based on the volumetric flow rate (Q), in gpm, and an inside diameter (Di) of the pipe, in inches: v = 0.409Q/𝑫𝟏 𝟐
PROBLEM: • Determine the average velocity for water flow in a 3⁄4 in diameter pipe, Type L copper tube (0.875 in outside diameter and 0.785 in inside diameter) carrying water at a volumetric flow rate of 10 gpm. v = 0.409Q/𝐷1 2 = (0.409 x 10 gpm)/(0.785 in)2 = 6.6 ft/s
 PRESSURE • Pressure (P) is the force per unit area exerted by liquid or gas on a surface such as the sidewall of a container or pipe. In the customary system of measure, pressure is expressed in pounds per square inch (lb/in2 or psi) or pounds per square foot (lb/ft2 or psf). In the international system (SI), pressure is expressed in • Newton per square meter or the Pascal (N/m2 or Pa). Although units of lb/in2 are dimensionally correct, the acronym “psi” will be used for pounds per square inch of gauge pressure because it is universally accepted in the plumbing industry. The acronym “psia” will be used for absolute pressure.
• Standard atmospheric pressure (Ps) is the typical barometric pressure of air at sea level and 70°F (21°C). It is equal to 14.696 psia (101 325 Pa). Atmospheric pressure varies with weather conditions and elevation. • Gauge pressure (Pg) is the pressure of a fluid (gas or liquid) excluding pressure exerted by the atmosphere. Pressure can be expressed in terms of absolute and gauge pressure: Absolute pressure (Pa) is the pressure of a fluid (gas or liquid) including pressure exerted by the atmosphere: 𝑷𝒈 + 𝑷𝒔 = 𝑷𝒂
PROBLEM: At sea level, atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psia (101 325 Pa). A pressure gauge placed at the bottom of an 8 ft (2.45 m) deep tank filled with water measures a water pressure at the tank bottom of 3.5 psi (24 130 Pa). Determine the absolute and gauge pressure. Gauge pressure at the bottom of the tank is 3.5 psi (24 130 Pa). Absolute pressure at the bottom of the tank is 18.2 psia, as found by: 𝑃 𝑔 + 𝑃𝑠 = 𝑃𝑎 3.5 psi + 14.7 psi = 18.2 psia (24,130 Pa + 101,325 Pa = 125,455 Pa)
PLUMBING??? Is an essential aspect of any modern building, from homes to commercial buildings Is responsible for the delivery of clean water and removal of waste water
BASIC COMPONENTS OF A PLUMBING SYSTEM
1. PIPES AND FITTING Responsible for the delivery of clean water and the removal of wastewater Come in different materials such as pvc, copper, and galvanized steels depends on the specific needs of plumbing system
TYPES OF PIPES
A. PVC PIPE (POLY VINYL CHLORIDE) PVC, or polyvinyl chloride, plastic is a common type of pipe in residential and commercial buildings. PVC pipes are versatile and can be used indoors, outdoors, and underground. Pros of PVC pipe • Strong and durable. • Inexpensive and cheaper than copper. • Non-toxic. • Cons of PVC pipe Requires two steps to make a connection, primer, and cement. Can only handle fluids up to 140 degrees Fahrenheit.
B. PE PIPE (POLYETHYLENE) pipes offer durable and flexible solutions for a wide range of applications. Polyethylene piping is resistant to corrosion in all ground conditions and its flexibility allows it to withstand ground movements.
C. CI PIPE (CAST IRON) • Cast-iron pipe is not frequently used today in residential plumbing, though some older homes may have cast-iron piping. Cast-iron pipe is typically used for commercial or civic piping and water distribution, as well as sewer and drain lines. Pros of cast-iron pipe • Heat-resistant. • Reduces the sound of fluids. • Strong and durable. Cons of cast-iron pipe • Subject to rust and mineral buildup. • Heavy.
D. GI PIPE (GALVANIZED IRON) Galvanized steel piping was originally introduced as an alternative to lead pipe. It was generally used for drain, waste, and vent piping before the 1980s. Now, galvanized steel is common in gas piping. Galvanized pipe has threaded connections that make it easy to connect. Pros of galvanized steel pipe • Strong and durable. • Cheaper than copper. Cons of galvanized steel pipe • Can rust and contaminate fluids with lead. • Mineral buildup can cause clogging.
E. PEX PIPE PEX, or cross-linked polyethylene, plastic piping comes in three types: A, B, and C. A is the most flexible, B is slightly less flexible, and C is the stiffest, suitable for quick repairs. Not all varieties of PEX pipe are available in all areas. Pex Pipe is used for water supply lines and generally comes in two colors: red for hot and blue for cold. Pros of PEX piping • Extremely flexible, so fewer connections and therefore fewer possibilities for leaks. • Corrosion-resistant if used properly. • Cheaper than copper. Cons of PEX piping • Requires special tools for making connections. • Cannot be used outdoors.
F. ABS PIPE • ABS, or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, is a black plastic pipe mainly used for drain, waste, and vent piping. ABS pipe can be used both indoors and outdoors, is lightweight, and is joined by using a one-step cement. Pros of ABS pipe • Strong and durable. • Can withstand cold temperatures. • Inexpensive. • Easy to connect. Cons of ABS pipe • Contains BPA, which may cause cancer.
G. COPPER PIPE • Copper pipe is the most widely used hard pipe for water supply in residential and commercial applications. There are rigid copper pipes and flexible varieties as well. It comes in three wall thicknesses: M, L, and K. Connections are made by soldering flux onto the joint where the pipe and fitting or connection meet. • Pros of copper pipes • Durable with a long life span (50+ years). • Corrosion-resistant. • Can tolerate hot and cold water. • Cons of copper pipes • Expensive. • Hard to use in tight spaces. • Must be welded together.
H. CPVC • CPVC, or chlorinated polyvinyl chloride, plastic is similar to PVC pipe and has similar uses. The added chlorine makes the plastic harder and more durable than PVC. CPVC can withstand hot fluids up to 200 degrees Fahrenheit but is more expensive than PVC. Pros of CPVC pipe • Can handle hot fluids up to 200 degrees Fahrenheit. • Cheaper than copper. • Strong and durable. Cons of CPVC pipe • More expensive than PVC. • Requires a two-step connection process, consisting of primer and cement.
I. HDPE • high-density polybutylene, or HDPE, piping is only used underground and may be required for certain types of piping per code. HDPE is flexible piping that works well in cold weather, but cannot be placed in direct sunlight. Pros of high-density polybutylene • Durable. • Corrosion-resistant. • Flexible so requires fewer connections. • Good in cold weather. • Non-toxic. Cons of high-density polybutylene • Can crack in high temperatures. • Melts in direct sunlight.
J. BLACK IRON • Black iron was used as a water supply piping but is now mainly used for gas or propane lines and fire sprinklers. Black iron pipe is strong, durable, and withstands high temperatures well. Pros of black iron pipe • Heat-resistant. • Durable. Cons of black iron pipe • Heavy. • Difficult to install.
2. PLUMBING FIXTURES Connect to the pipes and give you access to the water supply Draw fresh water and discharge wastewater down to drainage Examples: hot water heater, toilets, faucets
A. BATHTUBS used for soaking and relaxing in water. They are typically found in bathrooms, and come in a range of sizes and styles to suit different needs and preferences. Bathtub designs can include clawfoot tubs, which have a separate freestanding tub and feet; freestanding tubs, which are not attached to any walls; and built-in tubs, which are installed in a designated alcove or space. Bathtubs also come in various materials, including acrylic, porcelain, and cast iron, and can have features such as built-in jets for a massaging effect and adjustable water flow and temperature.
B. BIDETS They are typically found in bathrooms next to the toilet, and consist of a basin with a built-in nozzle for directing a stream of water. Bidets can be used for cleaning the genitals and anus after using the toilet, and offer an alternative to toilet paper. Bidet designs can include standalone units with a separate basin and seat, or attachments that can be installed on an existing toilet. Some bidets also have additional features such as adjustable water flow and temperature, air dryers, and deodorizers.
C. WATER FILTERS used for purifying drinking water. They consist of a cartridge or filter that removes impurities, and are typically found under kitchen sinks. Water filters provide clean and safe drinking water, and can be pitcher filters, faucet- mounted filters, or under-sink filters. They can also play a role in improving water quality and can be found in a range of styles and sizes. Water filters are a convenient and effective plumbing fixture that serve an important function in providing clean drinking water in the home.
D. LAUNDRY TUBS used for washing clothes. They are typically found in utility rooms or laundry rooms, and consist of a basin with a faucet for filling and draining water. Laundry tub designs can include freestanding tubs, which have a separate basin and legs; built-in tubs, which are installed in a designated alcove or space; and double tubs, which have two basins for washing and rinsing clothes. Laundry tubs also come in various materials, including stainless steel, porcelain, and acrylic, and can have features such as built-in drainboards for drying clothes and built-in storage for laundry supplies.
E. SHOWERS • They consist of a showerhead, attached to a plumbing system, which provides a flow of water for washing. Showers come in various styles, including stand-alone units with a separate showerhead and enclosure, rainfall showers with a ceiling- mounted showerhead, and steam showers with added features for a spa-like experience. • In addition to their practical use, showers can also play a role in interior design and can be found in a range of styles and designs to match the aesthetic of a home or building. Modern showers also offer a variety of features, such as adjustable water flow and temperature, massage settings, and built-in shelves and benches.
F. SINK  used for washing hands, brushing teeth, and cleaning dishes. They are typically found in kitchens and bathrooms, and come in a range of styles and sizes to suit different needs and preferences. Sink designs can include pedestal sinks, which have a separate pedestal base and basin; wall-mounted sinks, which are mounted to the wall; and undermount sinks, which are installed under the countertop.
G. TAP connections for water hoses an industry term for that sub-category of plumbing fixtures consisting of tap valves, also called water taps (British English) or faucets (American English), and their accessories, such as water spouts and shower heads.
H. FAUCETS They are typically found in kitchens and bathrooms, and come in a range of styles and designs to suit different needs and preferences. Faucet designs can include single handle faucets, which have one lever for controlling the water flow and temperature; double handle faucets, which have separate handles for hot and cold water; and touchless faucets, which are activated by a motion sensor.
I. GARBAGE DISPOSAL  used for grinding up food waste. They are typically found in kitchen sinks, and consist of a motorized grinding mechanism that is activated by a switch or button. Garbage disposals allow for food waste to be easily and conveniently disposed of, without the need for a separate trash can for food waste.
J. TOILETS • It consists of a ceramic bowl, connected to a plumbing system, which allows for the waste to be flushed away and treated. The bowl is typically located at a comfortable height for sitting, and has a seat and lid for added comfort and cleanliness. • Toilets can be divided into two main categories: gravity-fed and pressure- assisted. Gravity-fed toilets use the force of gravity to flush waste through the plumbing system, while pressure-assisted toilets use a pressurized air chamber to force waste through the pipes.
K. WATER HEATER Found in basements or utility rooms, and consist of a tank that stores and heats water. Water heaters are connected to a plumbing system, and provide hot water for showers, sinks, and appliances. Water heater designs can include storage tank heaters, which have a tank that stores and heats a supply of water; tankless heaters, which heat water on demand without the need for a tank; and solar heaters, which use energy from the sun to heat water.
3. THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM Key part of plumbing system that might cause a costly emergency For removal lines and the sewage system Its an interconnection of pipes from different part of the house of the building that leads all water and waste materials to main sewer line
TYPES OF FITTING MATERIALS IN PLUMBING SYSTEM Used in plumbing system to join pipes of same size or different sizes to regulate the flow or to measure the flow.  pipe fitting is used in plumbing system to join multiple pipes of same size or different sizes, to regulate the flow or to measure the flow. They are made up of different materials like copper, iron, brass, PVC etc.
1. ELBOW PIPE FITTING Used to change the direction of flow between two pipes Available with an angle of 22.5 °, 45 °, and 90 °
2. REDUCER PIPE FITTING Reduces the flow size from larger to smaller by reducing size of pipe. 2 types: 1. concentric- cone shape with gradual decreasing around the pipe 2. eccentric- having one edge parallel to connecting pipes due to which air accumulation is not possible
3. TEE TYPE T-shape Having one inlet and two outlets, outlets are arranged at 90° to the main line connection.
4. CROSS TYPE Contains 4 openings in 4 directions Generates more amount of stress on pipes as the temperature changes Generally used for fire sprinkler system
5. COUPLING Used to connect the pies of the same diameter Two types: 1. compression- connected between two pipes and it prevent leakage by the arrangement of gasket or rubber seals on both sides 2. slip- easier to install and it contains two pipes which are arranged as one into other
6. UNIONS Same function to coupling but this can be removed whenever needed.
7. ADAPTORS Generally used for copper and pvc One end of adapter is plain which is glued to the plain pipe end
9. OLET Used when there is standard sizes of fitting are not suitable for the requirement Sometimes the inlet pipe size is larger compared to outlet pipes in t-sections then also Olets are used
10. PLUG Generally used to close pipe opening during inspection and repairs.
11. CAP Same function with the plug but cap contains a female thread
12. VALVES Used to stop or regulate flow of fluid Types: 1. gate valve-used for isolation only 2, globe valve- used for throttling 3. check valve- used for preventing reverse flow 4. butterfly- used for isolation as well as throttling 5. diaphragm- used for isolation as well as throttling
THANK YOU !!!!!! Group names: Padua, don Sicang, elsie marie Lang-ay, Emily Badeng, mark renuel Cabay. Monroe Doyog, leon
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Shakira Baguiwen Kener Cadsi Oliver Fiayongan Mae Lanie Langcato Jhunlee Pascua Crystal Siline
WASTE • Waste is an unavoidable by-product of most human activity. Discarded as worthless, defective or of no use. Any unnecessary resource use or release of substances into the water, land or air that could harm human or the environment.
THREE TYPES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT • Solid Waste Management • Liquid Waste Management • Gaseous Waste Management
Solid waste management is a term used to refer to the process of collecting and treating solid wastes. It also offers solutions for recycling items that do not belong to garbage or trash. Waste management is about how solid waste can be changed and used as a valuable resource. Solid waste management, the collecting, treating, and disposing of solid material that is discarded because it has served its purpose or is no longer useful. The newest concept of waste management talks about 7R’s 1. Rethink 2. Refuse 3. Reduce 4. Reuse 5. Recycle 6. Regulate and 7. Research Solid Waste Management
Source Typical waste generators Types of solid wastes Residential Single and multifamily dwellings Food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, leather, yard wastes, wood, glass, metals, ashes, special wastes (e.g. bulky items, consumer electronics, white goods, batteries, oil, tires), and household hazardous wastes Industrial Light and heavy manufacturing, fabrication, construction sites, power and chemical plants Housekeeping wastes, packaging, food wastes, construction and demolition materials, hazardous wastes, ashes, special wastes Commercial Stores, hotels, restaurants, markets, office buildings, etc Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food wastes, glass, metals, special wastes, hazardous wastes Institutional Schools, hospitals, prisons, government centres Same as commercial Construction and demolition New construction sites, road repair, renovation sites, demolition of buildings Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc.
Source Typical waste generators Types of solid wastes Municipal services Street cleaning, landscaping, parks, beaches, other recreational areas, water and wastewater treatment plants Street sweepings, landscape and tree trimmings, general wastes from parks, beaches, and other recreational area, sludge Process Heavy and light manufacturing, refineries, chemical plants, power plants, mineral extraction and processing Industrial process wastes, scrap materials, off specification products, slag, tailings All of the above should be included as “municipal solid waste.” Agriculture Crops, orchards, vineyards, dairies, feedlots, farms Spoiled food wastes, agricultural wastes, hazardous wastes (e.g. pesticides)
MAJOR T7PES OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 1. Municipal Solid Waste(MSW) -is generated from households, offices, hotels, shops, schools and other institutions. The major components are food waste, paper, plastic, rags, metal and glass, although demolition and construction debris is often included in collected waste, as are small quantities of hazardous waste, such as electric light bulbs, batteries, automotive parts and discarded medicines and chemicals.
2. Industrial Solid Waste -is typically produced during the manufacturing products, agricultural production or during the extraction of natural resources. That is basically any process that turns raw materials into products that are sold or distributed. This can include scrap metal, excess plastic, wood chips, fly ash from power plants, construction debris.
3.Agricultural Waste and Residues - are all parts of crops that are not used for human or animal food. Crop residues consist mainly of stem, branchs, and leaves. It is estimated that on average, 80% of the plant of such crops consists of agricultural waste. Agricultural waste include rice straw, wheat straw, rice husk, and corn stover.
4. Hazardous Waste -is waste that has substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment. Types of waste that are commonly hazardous include cleaning solvents, spent acids and bases, metal fishing waste, painting waste, sludges from air and water pollution control units, and many other discarded materials.
WASTE PROCESSING AND CONTROL 1. Municipal Solid Waste (a) Collection and Transfer In many cities of the region, municipal solid waste (MSW) is gathered in a variety of containers ranging from old kerosene cans and rattan baskets to used grocery bags and plastic drums or bins. In some cities, neighbourhood-dumping areas have been designated (formally or informally) on roadsides from which bagged and loose waste is collected. Classification of Collection System classified based on • availability of collection services, • The mode of operation and • The types of waste materials collected Primary Collection -collection of solid waste from the source of generation and transportation of waste to the final site, but more often it involves transportation to communal collection bins or points, processing or transfer station Secondary Collection -collection of waste from communal bins, storage points or transfer station, and transportation to the final disposal site.
Basic Collection Scheme • Based on the availability of service 1. Communal system • The principal disadvantage of this system is that containers/collection points are located in a public place (lacking ownership by the public) which, in many situations, leads to indiscriminate disposal of waste outside the container. • Thus, the actual economy of this system mostly depends on public co-operation • It is therefore essential to pay more attention to improving the design, and operation and maintenance practices of a communal system to increase public acceptance, and to optimize optimize the productivity of this system • The use of portable storage containers maximises the productivity of labour and vehicles of such collection system 2. Block Collection • Waste generators are responsible for bringing their waste to collection vehicles • This system has low to medium labour and vehicle productivity, but it minimises the spread of waste on streets
3. Kerbside/alley This is the most common collection method in industrialised countries and in the wealthier communities of some developing countries. • Waste generators place the waste containers or bags (sacks) on the kerb or in the alley on a specific day (or specific days) for collection by external actors. • A regular and well organized collection service is essential so that generators know exactly when to leave out their waste. 4. Door to door collection This is more common in industrialized countries, but an increasing number of micro-enterprises and/or community-based organizations are forming in wealthier communities in many developing countries to perform this task. • This system has yet to receive public attention, but as with the use of bags for waste it maximizes the productivity of crew, as retrieval of containers is not required.
Collection method • Based on mode of operation 1) Hauled Container System An empty storage container (known as a drop-off box) is hauled to the storage site to replace the container that is full of waste, which is then hauled to the processing point, transfer station or disposal site 2) Stationary Container System In this system, containers used for the storage of waste remain at the point of collection. The collection vehicles generally stop alongside the storage containers, and collection crews load the waste from the storage containers into the collection vehicles and then transport the waste to the processing, transfer or disposal site
Frequency of Waste collection • quantity of waste • rate of generation • characteristics of waste • climate • density and type of housing • availability of space within the premises • size and type of storage facilities (small, large, individual or communal) • attitude of generator
(b)Material Recovery, Reuse and Recycling -recycling or recovering resources takes useful but discarded items for the next use. Plastic bags, tins, glass, and containers are often recycled automatically since, in many situations, they are likely to be scarce commodities. Traditionally, these items are processed and cleaned before they are recycled. The process aims at reducing energy loss, consumption of new material, and reduction of landfills. Most developed countries follow a strong tradition of recycling to lower volumes of waste.
c) Disposal Methods for MSW (i) Open Dumping Open dumping is the most widespread method of solid waste disposal in the region and typically involves the uncontrolled disposal of waste without measures to control leachate, dust, odour, landfill gas or vermin. In some cities, open burning of waste is practised at dumpsites. The scarcity of available land has led to the dumping of waste to very high levels; waste thickness is often over 12 metres and may be over 20 metres, which was the case of the Quezon City dumpsite in the Philippines
(ii) Sanitary Landfill this is the most popular solid waste disposal method used today. In this solid waste management method, garbage is spread out in thin layers, compacted, and covered with soil or plastic foam to contain the smell. Modern landfills typically have the bottom of the landfill covered with an impervious liner, usually made of several layers of thick plastic and sand. This liner protects the groundwater from beng contaminated because of leaching or percolation. When the landfill is full, it is covered with layers of sand, clay, topsoil, and gravel to prevent water seepage.
(iii) Composting composting is a biological process in which microorganisms, sprecially fungi, and bacteria, convert degradable organic waste into substances like humus. The finished product of compost, which resembles soil, contains high levels of carbon and nitrogen. This environmentally friendly and nutriet-rich compost serves as excellent manure, providing an ideal medium for plant growth. It can be utilized for various agricultural purposes, promoting sustainable and ecofriendly farming practices.
(iv) Incineration this method involves burning solid waste at high temperatures until it becomes ashes. Incinerators are sealed to ensure that they do not give off extreme amounts of heat to the environment when burning solid wastes. This method of solid waste management can be done by individuals, municipalities, and even institutions. The good thing about it is that it reduces the volume of waste by 80% to 90%. 2. Industrial Waste The methods employed in the disposal of industrial solid waste are broadly the same as those used to dispose of MSW and comprise open dumping, land filling (both semi-engineered and sanitary landfilling) and incineration.
3. Agricultural Waste and Residue (a) Composting- is an effective solution for managing plant residues, trimmings, manure, and other agricultural products which decompose into nutrient-rich compost. The best part is that it can be practiced in small-scale and large-scale settings- from home gardens to small farms to large agriculture organization. (b) Biogas Generation- biogas production has emerged as a highly effective waste management method, especially useful in developing country. These digesters convert waste into biogas, renewable energy source that can be used for cooking, heating, and electricity generation. (c) Mulching- agricultural solid waste used as mulch helps conserve soil moisture, suppress weed growth, and enhance nutrient retention. Mulching protects the soil erosion and temperature fluctuations, improving crop health and productivity. (d) Recycling Packaging materials – proper recycling involves collecting, sorting, and processing plastic materials to transform them into a new products or raw materials for manufacturing.
4. Biomedical Waste (a) Autoclaving- the process of autoclaving involves steam sterilization. Instead of incineration, which can expensive, autoclaving simply introduces very hot stream for a determined amount of time. At the end of the process, microorganisms have been completely destroyed. This process is particularly effective because it costs much less than other methods, and doesn’t present any personal health risk. (b) Incineration- the major benefits of incineration are that it is quick, easy and simple. It effectively removes the waste entirely, and safely removes any microorganisms. However, when burning hazardous materials, emissions can be particularly dangerous. Some states prefer for waste disposal companies to look towards incineration as their first choice, but materials must be reviewed and determined as safe to burn. (c) Microwaving- during this process, waste is shredded, mixed with water and then internally heated to kill microorganisms and other harmful elements. One of the main benefits of thus process is the shredding aspect; it lower the volume of biomedical waste, and it is reportedly more energy efficient to use this method than to incinerate. While it can’t be used for all biomedical waste, it can be utilized for a good 90% of it, just like autoclaving.
5. Radioactive Waste (a) Incineration- the combustible elements of both radioactive and other wastes can be incinerated to reduce volume. The waste is incinerated in a specially engineered kiln at temperatures up to around 1000 degree Celsius. The gases and fumes produced during incineration are treated and filtered prior to emission into the atmosphere, and emissions must conform to international standards and national regulations. (b) Compaction- is a straightforward means of reducing waste volumes and is used for processing mainly solid industrial waste. Compaction can range from low-force compaction systems( 5 tonnes) through to presses with a compaction force over 1000 tonnes, referred to as supercompactors. Volume reduction factors are typically between 3 and 10, depending on the waste material being treated.
(c) Cementation- Cementation through the use of specially formulated grouts provides a means to immobilize radioactive material that is in various forms of sludges and precipitates/gels or activated materials, as well as fragmented solids. In general the solid waste is placed into containers. The grout is then added into the container and allowed to set. Sludges and flocks are placed in a container and grouting mix, in powder form, is added. The two are mixed and left to set. In each case the container with the now monolithic block of concreted waste is then suitable for storage of concreted waste is then suitable for storage and disposal.
(d) Vitrification- The immobilization of higher level waste requires the formation of an insoluble, solid waste form that will remain stable for many thousands of years. To allow incorporation into the glass matrix the waste initially calcined(dried) to a granular powder. The product is then incorporated into molten glass, poured into a robust stainless steel canister about 1.3 meters high an allowed to cool, forming a solid matrix. The containers are then welded closed and are ready for storage and final disposal.
Liquid Waste Management - it is the handling of liquid waste activities in a systematic way way that ensures proper disposal and incineration of waste liquid waste/ wastewater or sewage disposal. -Wastewater, oil, grease, sludge, and toxic home or industrial chemicals all fall under category of liquid waste. Liquid waste disposal can be treated in a variety of methods, including dewatering, incineration, root zone and composting. But whichever technique you pick, must do it correctly.
Classification of liquid Disposal 1. Sanitary Sewage -Human waste and wash water are found in sanitary sewage, which generally comes from a house or neighborhood. Latrine, washing and bathing, laundry, toilet, and kitchen sink water are all included. Water makes up 99.9% of its make up, with 0.1% organic and inorganic contaminants. 2. Storm Sewage - Surface runof that runs into municipal sewers after severe rainstorm are referred to as storm sewage. This type of sewage frequently comprises mud, branches, and other rubbish, which must be screened away by filters at plants where sewage treatment is given. 3. Industrial sewage - industrial sewage is generated by manufacturing operations. Pharmaceutical production, paper and textile manufacturing, chemical processing, and oil and gas refining are just a few of the business that create industrial sewage. 4. Mixed Sewage - Mixed sewage is a mixture of two or three different sewage types. During its journey to the plant where sewage treatment will be given, storm mess can mingle with sanitary sewage, or else a conventional treatment of industrial wastewater form a neighboring facility.
7 methods of Liquid Waste Treatment 1. Dewatering - it works well to compact nonhazardous waste and make it more suitable for disposal. In this process, the facility generally pumps the liquid waste into a sturdy bag and removes the water, leaving only solid waste. A landfill typically does not accept free liquid, but solid, nonhazardous waste can go to the landfill for disposal. The water receives filtration and treatment as necessary.
2. Sedimentation - Sedimentation is similar to dewatering. dewatering. During sedimentation, a facility leaves its liquid waste in a sedimentation basin. As long as liquid waste flows quickly, its velocity is often enough to keep solid particles in suspension, so the design of a sedimentation basin reduces that velocity.. The facility can then remove the solids, leaving the solid sediment waste behind. Once the water and solid waste have separated, the water can undergo treatment. And the solid waste can co to a landfill.
3. Composting -alternatively, facilities can turn their liquid nonhazardous waste into compost. The facility first removes the water from the waste, leaving behind organic matter that contains nutrients like nitrogen, potassium and and sodium. Using naturally occurring microorganisms, the facility can then turn the material into organic fertilizer that will also contain these beneficial nutrients to help crops and other plants grow.
4. Incineration -sometimes facilities dispose of their hazardous waste by incinerating it. The heat from specialized furnaces can remove acids, chemicals, oils, rock tailings, slag and other waste matter, leaving only water behind. There are two types for this techniques: (a)Fluidized- bed furnace: is an industrial furnace uses pressure to cause a bed of soil particulate matter or solid-fluid mixtures to behave like a fluid. These incinerators contain one heated, bubbling bed of sand, ash or limestone with oxygen pumped in to facilitate heat combustion. (b) Multiple- hearth furnace: uses many stacked chambers to incinerate large volume of waste at different stages, all steady, consistent rates. Because the chambers are stacked, they are compact and easy to fit into cramped quarters, and they are also relatively inexpensive to build and install.
5. Root- Zone Treatment -is most useful for relatively clean domestic wastewaters like kitchen water and bathroom shower and sink water. This treatment is a complex method that sends liquid waste through a sedimentation tank and then through various additional filtration processes- including, ultimately, the roots of growing plants. The result is water that meets the necessary standards for release into the environment.
6. Solidification -involves adding binding agents to wastewater until the waste forms a compact, rigid, easily disposable solid. Many solidification process use lime lime ash, sawdust, cement kiln dust, lime kiln dust, gypsum, phosphate or fly dust to add bulk and rigidity to liquid waste, or they may used asphalt or cement for added reinforcement. After solidification, companies can ship the solid block of waste to approved landfills for disposal or waste-to- to-energy facilities for incineration and energy generation. -solidification is one of the cheapest methods of waste disposal, and easy to perform, but the extra solid materials tends to make for a tremendous amount of refuse.
7. Disposal -the remaining alternative is to dispose of the liquid waste as it is, often with the assistance of a professional waste management company. In this case, the facility collects its liquid waste in the appropriate drums. Then the waste management company pucks them up, transports them and disposes them according to applicable state and federal guidelines. This option is particularly appealing for companies that wish to remain compliant with regulations without investing significant time and energy into keeping up with them.
Gaseous Waste Management - refers to any waste materials that is in the form of gas, which is released into the atmosphere as a result of human activities. Gaseous waste can come from a variety of sources, including industrial processes, transportation, and agricultural practices. It can have a number of negative impacts on the environment and human health. Examples of gaseous waste: (a)Carbon dioxide(CO2) (b)Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) (c)Sulfur Oxide (SOx) (d)Volatile organic compaounds (VOCs) (e)Methane (CH4) These gaseous are emitted as byproducts of activities such as burning fossils fuels, industrial manufacturing , and waste disposal.
Methods of Gaseous Treatments 1. Settling Chambers- this method used to collect dust particles of sizes greater that loom in a place called settling chamber. The size , shape of the the particles along with density and viscosity of the gas decides the design of settling chambers.
2. Filters - filters built by fabrics are the simplest method to separate particles from gas. About 99% of matters are filtered out when their size are of the order of 0.0l micrometer. In this method the waste gas is allowed to pass through a filter bag and the particles are collected on the inside are repeatedly removed.
3. Electrostatic Method - in this method, electrostatic forces are used to move the particles to the collection surface. This is done by passing the waste gas between high voltage discharge electrodes. The majority of the panicles in the gas becomes charged and collected on electrodes. This method is the most efficient to remove all sizes of particles present in the gas waste.
4. Absorption - this method is used for mainly gaseous pollutants like carbon dioxide etc. in this method a mass of waste gases is transferred into the liquid. The most important in this method is the selection of suitable liquid. 5. Adsorption - this is different from absorption. In adsorption, gases, vapours, or liquids gather o a solid surface due to surface chemical force. The amount adsorbed substances depends directly on the internal surface area of sloid. The most important adsorbent used in industries are bauxile, silica gel, aluminum, etc.
The End !!!
ALTERNATIVE WASTE SYSTEM GROUP 5 Assayco, Coehn Bumay-et, Richard Jr. Coway, Remigie Gomesa, Marneil Pachingel, Cloissa
WASTEWATER -Wastewater contains the waste products, excrement, or other discharge from the bodies of human beings or animals, and other noxious or poisonous substances that are harmful to the public health, or to animal or aquatic life, or to the use of water for domestic water supply or for recreation. - It is a combination of the liquid and water- carried wastes from residences, commercial buildings, Industrial plants, and institutions, together with any groundwater, surface water and Storm water that has infiltrated the public sewage System.
Domestic Wastewater WASTEWATER Commercial Wastewater Industrial Wastewater Gray Water Black Water
DOMESTIC WASTEWATER -Wastewater from residences, apartments, motels, office buildings, and other similar type of building. There are two types of domestic water: gray water and black water. Gray water is wastewater that typically contains the residues of washing processes. It is generated in the bathtub, shower, sink, lavatory, and clothes washing machine. Black water is wastewater that contains fecal matter and urine. It is produced in water closets (toilets), urinals, and bidets.
COMMERCIAL WASTEWATER Commercial wastewater is nontoxic, nonhazardous wastewater from commercial and institutional food service operations and beauty salons. It is usually similar in composition to domestic wastewater, but may occasionally have one or more of its constituents exceed typical domestic ranges.
INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER Industrial wastewater is process and nonprocess wastewater from manufacturing, commercial, laboratory, and mining operations, including the runoff from areas that receive pollutants associated with industrial or commercial storage, handling, or processing.
WASTEWATER CONSTITUENTS Wastewater is mostly water by weight. Wastewater released by residents, business, and industries is approximately 99.94% water. Only about 0.06% of the wastewater is dissolved and suspended solid. The wastewater constituents of most concerns are those that have the potential to cause disease or detrimental environmental effects. These include the following: •Organisms •Inorganics • Pathogens • Nutients • Organic Matter • Solids • Oil and Grease • Gases
ON-SITE SEWAGE TREATMENT(OSST) On-site sewage treatment (OSST) systems, traditionally called septic systems, usually consist of the building sewer, which leads from the building into a septic tank and then into a distribution box that feeds the fluid (effluent) into a drainage field or disposal field. OSST systems treat wastewater from rural and suburban homes, mobile home developments, apartments, schools, retail facilities, and businesses that do not have access to a community wastewater treatment and disposal system.
An OSST system consists of a primary treatment component, such as a septic tank, and a disposal component, which is typically the drainage field. Household and human wastes flow in a pipe from the building’s sanitary drainage system to the septic tank. Inside the septic tank, anaerobic and aerobic bacteria convert the waste into minerals, gas and liquid waste called the effluent Clarified effluent leaves the septic tank and flows in a pipe to a drainage field.
PRIMARY TREATMENT EQUIPMENT Wastewater from a building is first treated in primary treatment equipment such as tanks or filters. In the primary treatment process, anaerobic digestion and settlement of solids in wastewater takes place.
SEPTIC TANK The septic tank is a watertight, covered container designed to settle out and hold solid wastes and partially treat wastewater with beneficial bacteria. It allows heavier solids to settle to the bottom of the tank and lighter particles such as grease and soap float to the top of the tank. The lighter particles form a layer known as the scum The remaining solids accumulate as sludge in the bottom of the tank
AEROBIC TANK Aerobic tanks are a substitute for a septic tank. They consist of a trash tank, an aeration chamber, and a settling chamber. Premanufactured aerobic tanks use wastewater treatment processes similar to municipal wastewater treatment processes. The clarified effluent is then usually discharged into a drainage field.
PUMP TANK A pump tank is a watertight container used to temporarily store clarified effluent before it flows into a drainage field. Wastewater is first treated in an aerobic or septic tank. The effluent then flows by gravity into the pump tank. When the level of stored effluent reaches a preset elevation, a float switch turns on the pump. The pump discharges the effluent to the drainage field several times a day. Pump tank materials are typically concrete; plastic (fiberglass and polyethylene) tanks are also used.
SAND FILTERS A sand filter is a lined, impermeable container containing a bed of granular material that provides additional treatment of effluent as it flows from the primary treatment tank to the drainage field. They are usually placed underground with the top surface covered with grass. At sites that have near-surface bedrock or a high water table, sand filters are usually constructed with aboveground concrete walls.
TRASH/GREASE TANK A trash tank is occasionally used in conjunction with an aerobic tank. The trash tank removes materials that treatment microorganisms are unable to degrade. Grease tanks are used with septic and aerobic tanks, usually in commercial applications.
CESSPOOL A cesspool is a covered underground container that receives untreated sewage directly from a building and discharges it into soil. Openings in the cesspool walls allow untreated sewage to pass through and seep into the surrounding soil. Because of health concerns tied to the discharge of raw sewage, use of a cesspool is considered unacceptable today in most applications in developed countries.
TYPES OF ON-SITE SEWAGE TREATMENT 1) Septic Tank Systems This is the most common type of on-site sewage system. It consists of a septic tank, which is a large underground container where wastewater from the building is stored and partially treated. Heavy solids settle to the bottom of the tank while greases and lighter solids float to the top. The solids stay in the tank while the wastewater is discharged to the drainfield for further treatment and dispersal.
2) Aerobic Treatment Unit(ATU) Aerobic Treatment Unit use many of the same processes as a municipal sewage plant, but on a smaller scale. An aerobic system injects oxygen into the treatment tank. The additional oxygen increases natural bacteria activity within the system that then provides additional treatment for nutrients in the effluent. Some aerobic systems may also have a pretreatment tank and a final treatment tank including disinfection to further reduce pathogen levels.
3) Mound System Mound systems are an option in areas of shallow soil depth, high groundwater, or shallow bedrock. The constructed sand mounds contains a drainfield trench. Effluent from the septic tank flows to a pump chamber where it is pumped to the mound in prescribed doses. Treatment of the effluent occurs as it discharges to the trench and filters trough the sand, and then disperses into the native soil.
4) Drip Disribution System The drip distribution system is a type of effluent dispersal that can be used in many types of drainfields. The main advantage of this system is that no large mound of soil is needed as the drip laterals are inserted into the top 6 to 12 inches of soil. The disadvantage of the drip distribution system is that it requires a large dose tank after the septic tank to accommodate the timed dose delivery of wastewater to the drip absorption area.
5) Conventional System A decentralized wastewater treatment system consisting of a septic tank and a trench or bed surface wastewater infiltration system(drainfield). A conventional septic system is typically installed at a single-family home or small business. The gravel/stone drainfield is a design that has existed for decades. The effluent is piped from the septic tank to a shallow underground trench of stone or gravel. A geofabric or similar material is then placed on top of the trench so sand, dirt, and other contaminants do not enter the clean stone.
6) Chamber System This type of system consist of a series of connected chambers. The area around and above the chambers is filled with soil. Pipes carry wastewater form the septic tank to the chambers. Inside the chambers, the wastewater comes into contact with the soil. Microbes on or near the soil treat the effluent.
7) Recirculating Sand Filter System Sand filter systems can be constructed above or below ground. Effluent flows from the septic tank to a pump chamber. It is then pumped to the sand filter. The sand filter is often PVC-lined or a concrete box filled with a sand material. Effluent is pumped under low pressure through the pipes at the top of the filter. The effluent leaves the pipes and is treated as it filters though the sand. The treated wastewater is then discharged to the drainfield.
8) Evapotranspiration System Evapotranspiration systems have unique drainfields. The base of the evapotranspiration system drainfield is lined with a watertight material. After the effluent enters the drainfield, it evaporates into the air. Unlike other septic systems designs, the effluent never filters to the soil and never reaches groundwater.
9) Constructed Wetland System A constructed wetland mimics the treatment processes that occur in natural wetlands. Wastewater flows from the septic tank and enters the wetland cell. The wastewater then passes through the media and is treated by microbes, plants, and other media that remove pathogens and nutrients. The wetland cell typically consists of an impermeable liner, and gravel and sand fill, along the with the appropriate wetland plants, which must be able to survive in a perpetually saturated environment.
10) Cluster/ Community System A cluster decentralized wastewater treatment system is under some form of common ownership and collects wastewater from two or more dwellings or buildings. It conveys the wastewater to a treatment and dispersal system located on a suitable site near the dwelling or buildings. It is common to find cluster systems in places like rural subdivisions.
SEPTIC TANK Septic tank is a receptacle or vault used to collect organic waste discharged from the house sewer. The main function of a septic tank is to liquefy and precipitate solid waste purifying odorous materials. Septic tanks are constructed of concrete, metal, fiberglass, or plastic (fiberglass and polyethylene) and are commonly placed underground with the top surface covered with grass. An access cover built into the top of the tank allows periodic inspection and removal of sludge and scum that collects in the tank.
CONSTRUCTION OF SEPTIC TANK Septic Tank is constructed from either of the following materials: 1. Reinforced concrete 2. Plastered concrete hollow blocks 3. Prefabricated asbestos 4. Thin metal and plastic The most popular and widely used material for construction of septic tank is plastered hollow blocks or reinforced concrete. Others have not gained acceptance due to cost and durability.
GENERAL CONDITIONS IN CONSTRUCTING A SEPTIC TANK 1. The concrete or masonry septic tank is usually constructed in rectangular form. The reason is to retard the even flow of the waste, which is necessary, to avoid disturbing the decomposition processes inside the tank. 2. The minimum inside dimension of a septic tank is 90 cm wide by 150 cm long. 3. For effective decomposition of the organic materials inside the septic tank, a 120 cm depth of the liquid content is necessary. It is not impractical though, to construct a tank of greater depth, provided that the depth should not be deeper than the natural ground water table. 4. The inlet and outlet inverts of the septic tank shall be long turn sanitary tee. The inverts are installed in the wall of the tank at least 120 cm from its bottom floor equally spaced from both sides. 5. The invert is extended down the liquid of the tank not more than 30 cm. this is to assure smooth delivery of the incoming sewage below the scum line. Scum refers to the lighter organic materials that rises to the surface of the water.
6. The bottom of the digestion chamber should be sloped to one low point. The purpose is to gather the settles organic materials into one mass to favor the propagation of the anaerobic bacteria. 7. The septic tank, should be provided with a manhole, extended a few centimeters above the surface of the soil to overcome infiltration of surface water. This manhole will serve the purpose of cleaning, inspection and repair of the tank. 8. Septic tank for large plumbing installations are provided with suspended compartment attached to the ceiling slab of the tank. The baffle plate is extended down the bottom of the tank about 40 centimeters below the scum line. Each compartment of the tank separated by baffle plate is provided with manhole. 9. The Septic Tank, should be constructed near the surface of the ground, because the correction of the waste depends upon the extent of oxidation and the existence of anaerobic bacteria. Another kind of bacteria that split and digest the effluent is the aerobic bacteria. A kind of bacteria that survive only in the subsoil not more than 150 centimeters below the surface. Oxidation of the effluent deeper than 150 cm would become extremely difficult.
• SIZE OF SEPTIC TANK So far, there is no mathematic formula ever formulated to arrive in determining a definite size of a septic tank. However, sanitary authorities agreed in principles that: 1. For a family of 6 persons, the minimum tank capacity should be approximately 1.3 cubic meters with a minimum size of 90 centimeters wide by 150 centimeters long and 120 centimeters depth. 2. A very large tank is not advisable, because the bacterial activities would be retarded. The size of the tank is proportionally based on the number of persons expected to be served. In other words, the volume of the tank has a rational proportion with the volume of incoming waste for bacterial activities to be in favorable condition. 3. For residential installation, the practice is to allow 5 to 6 cubic feet of tank volume per person. Thus, a septic tank that will serve a family of 12 persons must have a liquid capacity of 6 x 12 = 72 cubic feet or 538 gallons. (one cubic foot is 748 gallons)
LOCATION OF SEPTIC TANK Location of the septic tank shall observe the following considerations: 1. The septic tank may be located closer to the building it will serve, providing a minimum distance of 2 meters from the outside wall. 2. As much as possible, the septic tank should not be located closer to the doors or windows. 3. Septic tank should be at least 15 meters away from any source of water supply. The farther the better.
REQUIREMENTS FOR A SATISFACTORY DISPOSAL OF HUMAN WASTE 1. There should be no contamination of ground surface that may enter into the spring or wells. 2. There should be no contamination of surface water. 3. The surface soil should not be contaminated. 4. Excreta should not be accessible to animals, flies, cockroaches, vermin and the like. 5. There should be no odor and unsightly conditions.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS In most cases septic tanks are poorly aerated or ventilated. It lacks free oxygen. Under this condition, an individual entering into septic tank for making repairs or cleaning purposes, may meet almost instant death. Septic tank may contain harmful and dangerous gases When repair work or cleaning is to be made, be sure that the septic tank is well ventilated, by removing the manhole cover few days in advance of the work. Another precaution is to supply fresh air inside the tank, while work is being done. Remember that the tank may contain inflammable gases that might be ignited to cause a terrific explosion. If light is needed to work in the dark, an electric emergency light with properly insulated cord should be used. In the absence of electric supply, a flashlight powered by dry cell battery is equally safe.
LIFE SAFETY SYSTEM GROUP 6: Baguiwen, Sheldon Karl d. cabfit, melecio w. coyupan, adelaida b. guimpatan, Marrero a. pan-ag, alzen john c.
INTRODUCTION In the context of engineering, a life safety system refers to any system designed to protect and evacuate the building population in emergencies, including fires, earthquakes, and less critical events such as power failures. These systems are primarily or exclusively designed and installed to prevent the loss of life during the course of an event and provide early warning that affect life safety. They are not necessarily intended to protect property or ensure business continuity.
KEY ELEMENTS OF LIFE SAFETY SYSTEM 1. Fire Detection Systems 2. Emergency Lighting and Exit Signs 3. Fire Suppression Systems 4. Emergency Communication Systems 5. Ventilation Systems 6. Evacuation Systems 7. Regular Maintenance and Inspection
1. FIRE DETECTION SYSTEMS • These include electronic heat and smoke detectors that can activate audible alarms and alert building occupants to the presence of fire.
EXAMPLES: A. Smoke Detectors - A device that senses smoke and it is operated by using a light sensor or a physical process to detect the presence of smoke particles in the air. -When smoke is detected, the alarm is triggered, alerting the occupants of potential danger.
B. Beam Detectors - A detection device that uses a beam of light to detect smoke. They are typically used in large, open spaces like warehouses or atriums where other types of detectors may not be as effective.
C. Flame Detectors - a sensor designed to detect and respond to the presence of a flame or fire. These detector are typically used in high-risk industries such as oil and gas, aviation, and chemical manufacturing, where quick detection of fire is critical.
2. EMERGENCY LIGHTING AND EXIT SIGNS • In the event of a power outage during an emergency, these systems provide illumination to guide occupants to safety. • Exit signs direct the flow of evacuation to the nearest safe exit.
EXAMPLES: A. LED Exit Signs - A type of emergency light system that uses Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) as the light source. They are commonly installed in buildings, especially in areas where people need clear and visible indications of emergency exits during power outages or emergencies.
B. Emergency Light Sticks and Torches - Are essential tools in emergency situations when there is a power outage or low visibility. They provide portable and reliable sources of light that can be easily carried and used during emergencies. - Also known as glow sticks or chemical light sticks, are self-contained light sources that emit light through a chemical reaction.
C. Emergency Spotlight - Also known as a portable LED floodlight, is a versatile lighting device that provides a powerful and concentrated beam of light in emergency situations. It is designed to be portable and easy to carry, allowing for flexible use in various scenarios.
3. FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS • These include systems like sprinkler systems, fire extinguishers, and other methods of suppressing a fire to control and extinguish fires.
EXAMPLES: A. Fire Sprinkler System - An active fire protection method, which is designed to control or extinguish a fire in its early stages. It consists of a water supply system that provides adequate pressure and flow rate to a water distribution piping system, to which fire sprinklers are connected.
B. CO2 Fire Extinguishers - A type of fire extinguisher that is used to extinguish Class B ( flammable liquids and gases) and Class E ( electrical) fires. -One of the main advantages is that it does not leave no residue after use, unlike other types of fire extinguishers.
C. Foam Suppression Systems - A type of fire protection system that is used to extinguish large fires, particularly those involving flammable or combustible liquids. It works by mixing water with a foaming agent to create a foam that can smother the fire. - The foam acts by cooling the fire and coating the fuel, preventing its contact with oxygen, resulting in suppression of the combustion.
4. EMERGENCY COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS • These systems allow for communication with occupants during an emergency to provide instructions and updates.
EXAMPLES: A. Public Address Systems - Also known as PA system, is an electronic system that consist of microphones, amplifiers, loudspeakers, and related equipment. Its primary purpose is to amplify and broadcast sound, allowing a speaker’s voice, music, or other audio sources to be heard by a large audience in a public or semi-public space.
B. Emergency Cell Broadcast Systems (ECBS) - Used as an alert broadcast system to disseminate emergency alerts and warnings to mobile devices. The ECBS utilizes cell broadcast services (CBS) to deliver emergency messages to mobile phones within specific geographic area.
5. VENTILATION SYSTEMS • These systems help control the spread of smoke and heat in a building during a fire, aiding in evacuation and firefighting efforts.
EXAMPLES: A. Motorized Smoke Damper - A device installed in ductwork that automatically closes when triggered by a smoke detection system. The primary purpose of a motorized smoke damper is to prevent the spread of smoke and fire through the ductwork to other parts of the building.
B. Exhaust Fan and Ventilation - A type of ventilation system that extract smokes and hot gases that helps in making it easier for occupants to evacuate and for the firefighters to access the building.
C. Emergency Escape Breathing Device (EEBD) - A type of self-contained breathing apparatus used for emergency escape in situations that are Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH). These situations can include fires, chemical spills, or any ither incident where the surrounding atmosphere is toxic or oxygen-deficient.
6. EVACUATION SYSTEMS • These systems include clearly marked exits and evacuation routes, as well as communication systems to guide occupants safely out of the building.
EXAMPLES: A. Evacuation Map - A diagram that shows the safest emergency exit routes in a building. It’s a crucial part of any building’s safety measures as it provides occupants with a quick reference on how to safely exit the building during emergency, such as a fire and earthquake.
B. Internal Emergency Escape Chutes - A specially constructed evacuation structure that provides a quick and safe way for people to evacuate from tall buildings during emergencies such as fires. - A vertical tube that runs from the top floor to the ground. It is constructed from fire-resistant materials like fiberglass, which can withstand high temperatures and prevent the spread of fire.
7. REGULAR MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION • All elements of the life safety system need to be regularly maintained and inspected to ensure they function correctly during an emergency.
IMPORTANCE OF LIFE SAFETY SYSTEMS 1. Human Preservation -The most important role of life safety systems is to protect individuals in the event of an emergency, such as a fire, earthquake, or other disaster. -These systems are design early, provide warnings, and facilitate safe evacuation.
2. Property Protection -While the primary goal of life safety systems is to save lives, they also help protect property. - Systems like fire suppression can help limit damage and potentially save a building or other assets from complete destruction.
3. Legal Compliance - Many jurisdictions require the installation of certain life safety systems by law, especially in public buildings and workplaces. Compliance with these regulations can help avoid legal penalties.
4. Reduced Liability - In the event of an incident, having a property installed and maintained life safety system can help demonstrate that the necessary precautions were taken, potentially reducing liability.
5. Peace of Mind - Knowing that a building is equipped with life safety systems can provide peace of mind to occupants, knowing that they will be alerted and able to respond in case of an emergency.
6. Business Continuity - By minimizing the potential damage and disruption caused by emergencies, life safety systems can help ensure business continuity.
CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS IN IMPLEMENTING LIFE SAFETY SYSTEMS 1. Complexity of Systems - Life safety systems such as fire alarm systems, emergency lighting, and ventilation systems, can be complex to design and install. - Engineers need to ensure these systems are reliable and effective, and this can be significant challenge, especially in a large buildings.
Solution: -Training and education are key. Professionals involved in the design, installation, and maintenance of life safety systems need to be well- trained and up-to-date with the latest technologies and standards. Using integrated systems that combine multiple functions can also reduce complexity.
2. Regulatory Compliance - Engineers must ensure that life safety systems comply with a range of regulations and standards, which can vary by country or region. This can be challenge, particularly when working on international projects.
Solution: - Regular audits and inspections can help ensure compliance. Working with knowledgeable professionals who understand the relevant regulations and standards is also important.
3. Integration with Other Systems - Life safety systems often need to be integrated with other building systems, such as HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) or electrical systems. - This integration can be complex and requires careful planning and coordination.
4. Maintenance and Testing - Once installed, life safety systems need regular maintenance and testing to ensure they remain effective. - This can be logistical challenge, particularly in a large or occupied buildings.
Solution: - Regular, scheduled maintenance is crucial. This includes testing the system, checking for damage, and replacing worn-out components. Automated monitoring systems can also alert building owners or manager to problems.
5. Technological Advancements -With the rapid pace of technological advancements, keeping up- to-date with the latest technologies and integrating them into existing systems can be challenging.
Solution: - Ongoing training and professional development can help professionals stay up-to-date with the latest technologies. Participating in industry groups and attending conferences can also be beneficial.
6. Training and Awareness - Ensuring that all building occupants are aware of the life safety systems in place and know how to respond in an emergency is another significant challenge. - This requires regular training and communication.
7. Cost Constraints - Life safety systems can be expensive to install and maintain. - Engineers often have to work within budget constraints, which limit the options available.
ROLES OF LIFE SAFETY SYSTEM IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIES 1. Construction -In this industry, life safety systems like fire alarms, fire suppression systems, and emergency lightings are installed during the construction of buildings. They’re designed to alert occupants of an emergency, control fires, and provide safe evacuation routes.
2. Manufacturing - Factories and manufacturing plants often have extensive life safety systems in place to protect workers. These can include fire detection and suppression systems, emergency exit signs, and safety equipment like helmets and gloves. Some factories also have systems to detect harmful gases or chemicals.
3. Healthcare - Hospitals and other healthcare facilities use life safety systems to ensure the life safety of patients, staff, and visitors. These can include fire safety systems, emergency power systems, medical, gas systems, and nurse call systems.
4. Hospitality - Hotels, restaurants, and other hospitality venues use life safety systems to protect guests and staff. These can include fire detection and suppression systems, emergency lighting, and safe evacuation routes. - In larger venues, public address systems may also be used to communicate in emergencies.
5. Education - Schools, colleges, and universities use life safety systems to protect students, staff, and visitors. These can include fire detection and suppression systems, emergency lighting, and safe evacuation routes. Some institutions also have systems for lockdowns or other security emergencies.
6. Transportation - Airports, train stations, and other transportation hubs use life safety systems to protect the public. These can include fire detection and suppression systems, emergency lighting, and safe evacuation routes. Some also have systems to detect harmful substances or security threats.
7. Data Centers - These facilities, which house critical IT equipment, use life safety systems to protect against fires, which could cause significant data loss. These systems include fire detection and suppression systems, often using cleaning agents that won’t harm electronic equipment.
8. Oil and Gas - in this industry, life safety systems are crucial for preventing and responding to potential disasters. These can include fire and gas detection systems, emergency shutdown systems, and blowout preventers.
THE END……… THANK YOU FOR LISTENING……...(^_^)….

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ENGINEERING -UTILITIES-2-REPORT-G1 Section A.pptx

  • 1. ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2 (10:30-12:00 TTH) GROUP 1 Members: Afidchao, Chevrone Balteng, Kenny Lee Calpi, Gabriel Falingao, Sylvester Lic-cub, Glaiza Tipal, Secille
  • 2. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SANITARY/PLUMBING DESIGN-PORTABLE WATER, COMPONENTS OF PLUMBING SYSTEM & WATER HEATERS.
  • 3. BASIC PRINCIPLES • The basic principles of the 1999 National Plumbing Code of the Philippines is an update of the tenets established in the “Plumbing Law of the Philippines” approved on 1June 1955 as amended on 28 November 1959. • The basic goal of the 1999 National Plumbing Code of the Philippines is to ensure the unqualified observance of the latest provisions of the plumbing and environmental laws.
  • 4. PRINCIPLE NO.1: CLEAN WATER DESIGN •All premises intended for human habitation, occupancy or use shall be provided with a supply of pure and wholesome water. Neither connected with unsafe water supplies nor subject to hazards of backflow or back- siphonage.
  • 5. PRINCIPLE NO.2: VOLUME AND PRESSURE •Plumbing fixtures, devices, and appurtenances shall be supplied with water in sufficient volume and the pressure adequate to enable them to function satisfactory and without undue noise under all normal conditions of use.
  • 6. PRINCIPLE NO.3: EFFICIENCY • Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the minimum quality of water consistent with proper performance and cleaning.
  • 7. PRINCIPLE NO. 4: EXPLOSITION • Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed and installed as to prevent dangers from explosion through overheating.
  • 8. PRINCIPLE NO. 5: SEWER • Every building having plumbing fixtures installed and intended for human habitation, occupancy or use on premises abutting or adjacent to a street, alley, or easement where there is public sewer, shall be connected to the sewer system.
  • 9. PRINCIPLE NO. 6: PLUMBING UNIT • Each family dwelling unit or premises abutting on a sewer or with a private sewage disposal system shall have at least one water closet and one kitchen sink. Further, a lavatory and bathtub, or shower shall be installed to meet the basic requirements of sanitation and personal hygiene.
  • 10. PRINCIPLE NO. 7: VENTILATION • Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth, non-absorbent material, free from concealed fouling surfaces and shall be located in ventilated enclosures.
  • 11. PINCIPLE NO. 8: CLEANOUTS • The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and maintained to safeguard against fouling, deposit of solids, clogging, and with adequate cleanouts so arranged that pipes may be readily cleaned.
  • 12. • All piping's of plumbing systems shall be of durable NAMPAP Approved materials, free from defective workmanship, designed and constructed by registered master plumbers to ensure satisfactory device. PRINCIPLE NO. 9: NAMPAP
  • 13. PRINCIPLE NO. 10: TRAP • Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system shall be equipped with a water sealed trap.
  • 14. PRINCIPLE NO. 11: AIR CIRCULATION • The drainage piping system shall be designed to provide adequate circulation of air free from siphonage, aspiration (inhalation/suction) or forcing of trap seals under ordinary use.
  • 15. PRINCIPLE NO. 12: VENT TERMINALS • Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed to pre-empt clogging and the return of foul air to the building.
  • 16. PRINCIPLE NO.13: TEST • Plumbing system shall be subjected to such tests to effectively disclose all leaks and defects in the workmanship.
  • 17. PRINCIPLE NO.14: SEWAGE HARM • No substance which will clog the pipes, produce explosive mixtures, destroys the pipes or their joints or interfere.
  • 18. PRINCIPLE NO.15: CONTAMINATION • Proper protection shall be provided to prevent contamination of food, water, sterile goods and similar materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the fixture, device or appliance shall be connected indirectly with the building drainage system.
  • 19. PRINCIPLE NO.16: LIGHT • No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment which is not properly lighted and ventilated.
  • 20. PRINCIPLE NO. 17: SEPTIC TANK • If water closets or other plumbing fixtures are installed in buildings where there is no sewer within a reasonable distance, suitable provision shall be made for disposing of the building sewage by some accepted method of sewage treatment and disposal, such as a septic tank.
  • 21. PRINCIPLE NO. 18: SEWAGE BACKFLOW • Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to backflow of sewage, suitable provision shall be made to prevent its overflow in the building.
  • 22. PRINCIPLE NO. 19: RMP • Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable condition by Registered Master Plumbers.
  • 23. PRINCIPLE NO. 20: ACCESSIBLE • All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced, to be accessible for their intended use.
  • 24. PRINCIPLE NO. 21: STRUCTURAL STABILITY • Plumbing shall be installed by Registered Master Plumbers with due regard to the preservation of the strength of structural members and the prevention of damage to walls and other surfaces through fixture usage.
  • 25. PRINCIPLE NO. 22: SEWAGE TREATMENT • Sewage or other waste from a plumbing system which may be deleterious to surface or sub-surface waters shall not be discharged into the ground or into any waterway, unless first rendered innocuous through subjection to some acceptable from treatment.
  • 26. PLUMBING •Plumbing is defined as the art and science of installing pipes, fixtures and other apparatus to convey and supply water in buildings and to dispose and discharge waste water and other liquids, gases and other substances out of buildings in a safe, orderly, healthy and sanitary way to ensure the health and sanitation of life and property.
  • 28. 1. PIPES AND FITTINGS Your plumbing system runs throughout your home. You might have plumbing in your kitchen, basement, bathroom and even garage. The pipes and fittings include every pipe that runs throughout your home from the main water supply lines. This includes the safest plumbing pipe for your water supply. Most system have cold water and hot water pipes. Each pipe can withstand a certain temperature. These pipes and fittings can be made of a variety of materials including: • Copper • Brass • Lead • PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) • CPVC (Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride)
  • 29. 2. PLUMBING FIXTURES The plumbing fixtures connect to the pipes and give you access to your water supply. Plumbing fixtures include: • Sinks • Bathtubs • Hot Water Heater • Washing Machines • Dish Washers • Toilets Each fixtures needs to be properly installed and maintained to save on water usage and minimize leaks. Be sure to research how to maintain your bathroom fixtures to maximize their lifespan and decrease unwanted plumbing emergencies.
  • 30. 3. THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM Outside of the clogged toilet, the drainage systems is key part of your plumbing system that might cause a costly emergency. Your drains connect the plumbing fixtures to the waste removal lines and the sewage system. Be sure to avoid clogging your drains. This allows sewage and waste to pass trough freely without clogging.
  • 31. WATER SOURCES • A supply of good water is more important to human survival than food. Potable is clean water that is suitable for human drinking. It must be available for drinking, cooking, and cleaning. Non potable water may be used for flushing water closets (toilets), irrigating grass and gardens, washing cars, and for any use other than drinking, cooking, or cleaning. An abundant supply of potable water that is easily distributed is vital to a prosperous economy.
  • 32. • Rain and snowmelt are the sources of most of the water available for our use. When it rains or a snowfield melts, water flows into streams and rivers or soaks into the ground. • By definition, surface water is the rain that runs off the surface of the ground into streams, rivers, and lakes. • Groundwater is water found below the surface of the earth.
  • 33. SURFACE WATER  Surface water readily provides much of the water needed by cities, counties, large industry, and others.  However, this source is dependent on recurring rain. During a long period of drought, the flow of water may be significantly reduced.  Reservoirs hold surface water during periods of high runoff and release water during periods of low runoff.  Surface water is typically treated to provide the potable water required. Where non-potable water may be used, no treatment of the water is necessary.
  • 34. GROUND WATER  Groundwater seeps through the soil and is trapped on impervious stratum, a layer of soil or rock that water cannot pass through.  The water collects in pores of permeable stratum; a layer of porous earth that water can pass through such as sands, gravels, limestone, or basalt.  Saturated permeable stratum capable of providing a usable supply of water is known as an aquifer.
  • 35. WATER TREATMENT Water quality and taste vary considerably from place to place, depending on the water source of the area, the chemical and bacteria contents of the water, and the amount and type of treatment given the water before it is put into the system. Potable water can have an objectionable odor and taste and even be cloudy and slightly muddied or colored in appearance.
  • 36. SEVERAL METHODS USED TO IMPROVE WATER QUALITY AND TASTE: Problems with undesirable taste and odor are overcome by use of filtration equipment or by aeration of the water. Bacteria are destroyed by the addition of a few parts per million of chlorine. The taste of chlorine is then removed with sodium sulfite. Suspended organic matter that supports bacterial life and suspended mineral matter are removed by the addition of a flocculating and precipitating agent, such as alum, before settling or filtration.  Excessive hardness, which renders the water unsuitable for many industrial purposes, is reduced by the addition of slaked, or hydrated, lime or by an ion exchange process.
  • 37. WATER TOWERS AND ELEVATED • Storage Tanks Water towers used in community systems and elevated water storage tanks used in private systems carry a reserve capacity of water. They serve many additional purposes: To introduce pressure to the water supply system To equalize supply and demand over periods of high consumption To supply water during equipment failure or maintenance To supply water for firefighting demand
  • 38. THE BUILDING WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM • Plumbing codes require that a potable water supply be adequately furnished to all plumbing fixtures. • The water supply system in a building carries cold and hot water through distribution pipes and delivers it to the plumbing fixtures. The water service line carries water from a district supply pipe to the building.
  • 39. MAIN PARTS OF A WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM •Building Supply •Water Meter •Building Main •Riser •Fixture Branch •Fixture Connection
  • 40. BUILDING SUPPLY The building supply or water service is a large water supply pipe that carries potable water from the district or city water system or other water source to the building.
  • 41. WATER METER A water meter is required by most district water supply systems to measure and record the amount of water used. It may be placed in a meter box located in the ground near the street or inside the building.
  • 42. BUILDING MAIN The building main is a large pipe that serves as the principal artery of the water supply system. It carries water through the building to the furthest riser. The building main is typically run (located) in a basement, in a ceiling, in a crawl space, or below the concrete floor slab.
  • 43. RISER A riser is a water supply pipe that extends vertically in the building at least one story and carries water to fixture branches. It is typically connected to the building main and runs vertically in the walls or pipe chases.
  • 44. FIXTURE BRANCH A fixture branch is a water supply pipe that runs from the riser or main to the fixture being connected. In a water supply system, it is any part of a piping system other than a riser or main pipe. Fixture branch pipes supply the individual plumbing fixtures. A fixture branch is usually run in the floor or in the wall behind the fixtures.
  • 45. FIXTURE CONNECTION A fixture connection runs from the fixture branch to the fixture, the terminal point of use in a plumbing system. A shut-off valve is typically located in the hot and cold water supply at the fixture connection.
  • 46. GENERAL WATER DISTRIBUTION System Layout Rigid-Pipe Distribution Configuration Homerun (Manifold) Distribution Configuration Up feed and Down feed Distribution
  • 47. WATER PRESSURE CONSIDERATIONS Hydrostatic Pressure Fluid (gas or liquid) molecules tend to seek equilibrium (a stability of forces). When forces acting on a fluid are unequal, molecules in the fluid move in the direction of the resultant forces. Therefore, an elementary property of any fluid at rest (not flowing) is that the force exerted on any molecule within the fluid is the same in all directions. Water Pressure Water pressure difference is the driving force behind fluid flow. Water pressure available at the water service is lost as water flows through the piping of a plumbing system. This pressure loss or pressure drop in a plumbing system is from friction loss as the water moves through the system and pressure loss as water is forced to a higher elevation (e.g., from the basement to an upper story).
  • 48. WATER SUPPLY DESIGN CONCERNS Water Velocity Cavitation Cross-Connections Backflow Water Hammer Air Chambers Water Hammer Arrestors Thermal Expansion Viscosity Volume Change with Temperature Change Freezing Expanding Water Aging Pipe Insulation Testing Testing Leaks Heated Water
  • 49. Water Velocity  Noise, erosion of inner pipe walls and valves, and economy of installation, operation, and maintenance dictate the minimum and maximum water velocity in a plumbing system; as a result, these have a bearing on pipe diameter. Cavitation  Cavitation is a physical phenomenon that occurs in a liquid when it experiences a drastic drop in pressure that causes the liquid to vaporize into small vapor bubbles. Cross-Connections  A cross-connection is an unsatisfactory connection or arrangement of piping that can cause nonpotable water to enter the potable water system. A cross- connection can cause used or contaminated water to mix with the water supply.
  • 50. Backflow  Backflow is a type of cross- connection that occurs when contaminated water or some other liquid or substance unintentionally flows backwards into distribution pipes containing potable water. Simply, it is water flowing in the opposite direction from normal flow. Backflow can allow contaminants to enter the potable drinking water system through cross- connections. Water Hammer  A large pressure develops when fluid moving through a pipe is suddenly stopped. In a plumbing supply system, the sudden closing of a valve will cause fast-flowing water to stop quickly, resulting in a large increase in pressure that is known as water hammer. Air Chambers  Air chambers are 15 in to 5 ft long pipes or pipe-like devices. They are installed vertically above the fixture water connection and are concealed in the wall. Air is trapped within the air chamber. The trapped air is compressible, which cushions the pressure surge as the valve is closed and absorbs the hydraulic shock.
  • 51. Water Hammer Arrestors  Water hammer arrestors are patented devices that absorb hydraulic shock. Such devices, when installed, must be accessible for maintenance. One type should be placed at the end of the branch line between the last two fixtures served. Thermal Expansion  No matter what type of piping material is used in the water system, some expansion in the pipe will occur. This expansion must be considered in the design of the system. The amount of expansion will depend on the type of piping material and the range of temperatures that the pipe will be subjected. Viscosity  As water flows through a pipe, its viscosity (thickness) decreases with temperature decrease. Water at 40°F (4°C) is twice as viscous as water at 90°F (32°C) and four times as much at 170°F (77°C). As a result, pumping energy and cost are higher when water temperatures are lower.
  • 52. Volume Change with Temperature Change  Water is the only substance that can exist as a solid, liquid, and gas at ordinary temperatures. Like most substances, water expands when it is heated. Unlike most substances, the volume of water increases when it freezes. Freezing A phase change from liquid (water) to solid (ice) results in about a 10% increase in volume. Expanding Water  Liquid water expands above 39°F (4°C). Expansion is about 4.37% from 40°F (4.4°C) to 212°F (100°C). This volumetric change from expansion (ΔV) equates to about 0.0254% per °F (0.0457% per °C).
  • 53. Aging  As pipes in a plumbing system are used, their inner walls become increasingly rough. The effects of aging in a plumbing system are related to piping material, quality of water (e.g., hard versus soft), and water temperature. Pipe Insulation  Pipe insulation is applied to the outer walls of piping to reduce heat loss from the pipe or prevent condensation on the outside pipe walls. Foam and covered fiberglass insulation are common pipe insulation materials. Testing  The water supply system should be tested for leaks before it is covered with finish materials to determine if it is watertight. Tests commonly run on water systems require that it be watertight under a hydrostatic water pressure of 125 psi for a minimum of 1 hr.
  • 54. Leaks A leak of just one drop per second will waste about 2700 gal (10 200 L) of water a year. Leaks not only waste money and water, they can cause damage to walls, flooring, ceilings, furniture, and electrical systems. Leaking pipes also create an environment for mold and mildew to thrive. Heated Water In modern buildings, hot water is desired for bathing, cleaning, washing, and other associated purposes. By definition, hot water is potable water that is heated to at least 120°F. Heated water below 120°F (49°C) is typically called tempered water. Hot water used for household functions such as bathing, dishwashing, and clothes washing is referred to as domestic hot water (DHW). In commercial installations, hot water used in nondomestic applications is referred to as building service hot water (BSHW).
  • 56. STORAGE TANK WATER HEATERS– It consists tank and heating medium. Typically storage tank sizes include 30,40,50,60,65,75,80,100 and 120 gal capacity. INSTANTANIOUS WATER HEATERS – Sometimes it is called tankless water heaters or demand water heaters, supply hot water and demand. They do nor rely on standby storage in a tank or artificially boost their capacity. Instead, they have a heating device that is activated by the flow of water when a hot water valve is opened. CIRCULATING WATER HEATERS – It consists of a separate storage tank that stores water heated by a heat exchanger.
  • 57. TANKLESS COIL AND INDIREST WATER HEATERS – No separate storage tank is needed in the tankless coil water heater because water is heated directly inside the boiler in hydronic water system. The indirect water heater circulates water through a heat exchanger in the boiler, but this heated the water then flows to an insulated storage tank. HEAT PUMP WATER HEATERS – It extract energy from outdoor air and use it to produce hot water very efficiently. Heat pump water heaters use an electric motor to run a compressor. SOLAR WATER HEATERS – A solar water heaters typically includes collector mounted on the roof or in a clear area of the yard, a separate storage tank near the conventional heater in the home, connecting pipes, and an electronic controller.
  • 58. GROUP 2 PROPERTIES OF FLUID FLOW, FLOW RATE AND PRESSURE DROP
  • 59. • Modern cities have sophisticated water delivery and wastewater treatment systems. In buildings, the plumbing system performs two primary functions: 1. water supply system - consists of the piping and fittings that supply hot and cold water from the building water supply to the fixtures, such as lavatories, bathtubs, water closets, dishwashers, clothes washers, and sinks. MODERN PLUMBING SYSTEMS
  • 60. 2. waste disposal system - consists of the piping and fittings required to take that water supplied to the fixtures out of the building and into the sewer line or disposal field. This system is typically referred to as a sanitary drainage system or drain, waste and vent (DWV) system.
  • 61. Wastewater treatment - is also an important component of waste disposal from building plumbing systems. Although most buildings rely upon district or community water treatment plants to dispose of their sewage, some buildings and facilities operate their own operations. These are generally known as septic or on-site sewage treatment (OSST) systems.
  • 62. • Plumbing system is a network of pipes, fittings, and valves that carry and control flow of supply water and wastewater to and from points of use known as fixtures. TYPES OF PLUMBING • Fixtures are components, receptacles, or pieces of equipment that use water and dispose of wastewater at the point of water use. • Piping is a series of hollow channels that carry water to and wastewater from plumbing fixtures. • Fittings are used to connect lengths of pipe in the piping network. • Valves are used to regulate or control flow of water.
  • 63. WATER: THE SUBSTANCE • Any study of a plumbing system must begin with the substance it carries, water. Water is the name given to the liquid compound H2O. A molecule of water is composed of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. In a pure state, it is tasteless and odorless. • Under standard atmospheric pressure (14.696 psi, 101.04 kPa), the boiling point temperature of water is 212°F (100°C). The temperature at which water boils decreases with lower atmospheric or system pressure and increases at higher pressures. Thus, the temperature at which water boils decreases with elevation increase. For example, at standard atmospheric conditions at an elevation of 5000 ft (1524 m) above sea level, water boils at 202.4°F (94.7°C). It boils at 193.2°F (89.6°C) at 10 000 ft (3048 m) above sea level. The freezing point of water is 32°F (0°C).
  • 64. FUNDAMENTAL UNITS • Several fundamental units describe the properties and behavior of water in building plumbing systems. The following are definitions of the fundamental units. Specific Weight (Density) - is weight per unit volume. Water density varies with temperature; it is most dense at 39°F (4°C). Specific Gravity - The specific gravity (s.g.) of a fluid or solid is the ratio of the specific weight of the fluid or solid to the specific weight of water at a temperature of 39°F (4°C), the temperature at which water is most dense (62.42 lb/ft3 or 1.00 kg/L). It is a comparison of its weight with the weight of an equal volume of water. Materials with a specific gravity less than 1.0 are less dense than water (e.g., oil) and will float on pure water; substances with a specific gravity more than 1.0 are denser than water and will sink. The specific gravity of water is assumed to be 1.0 at common plumbing system temperatures.  Problem: s.g. = 60.5 lb/ft3 / 62.42 lb/ft3 = 0.969
  • 65.  VOLUME -the amount of space occupied by a substance. Water volume is typically expressed in cubic inches (in³) or cubic feet (ft³) in the customary system, and in cubic meters (m³) or liters (L) in the SI system. In plumbing system design, volume is commonly expressed in gallons (g or gal). There are 7.48 gallons in a cubic foot (ft³). A gallon is approximately 3.8 L.
  • 66.  VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE -Volumetric flow rate (Q), frequently called the flow rate - is the volume of a substance that passes a point in a system per unit of time. - Flow rate is usually expressed in liters per second (L/s), liters per minute (L/min), or cubic meters per second (m³/s) in the SI system. In the customary system, volumetric flow rate is expressed in cubic feet per second (cfs or ft³/s), cubic feet per minute (cfm or ft³/min), gal per second (gps or g/s), and gal per minute (gpm or g/min). -Volumetric flow rate (Q) may be determined with volume (V) and time: Q = V/time
  • 67.  VELOCITY -is the rate of linear motion of a substance in one direction. -The magnitude of velocity, known as speed, is usually expressed in terms of distance covered per unit of time. -In the customary system of weights and measures, velocity is expressed in inches per second (in/s) or feet per second (ft/s). -In the international system of measure (the SI system), velocity is expressed in meters per second (m/s).
  • 68. • In a fluidic system such as a plumbing system, water velocity is expressed as an average velocity because water molecules each have different speeds and directions of travel; that is, water molecules flowing in the center of a pipe tend to travel faster than water molecules at or near the inner wall of the pipe.
  • 69. • Average velocity (v) of a fluid (such as water) flowing through a pipe may be found by the following equations based upon average volumetric flow rate (Q) and cross-sectional area (A) or inside diameter (Di). Units must be consistent in these equations (e.g., volume, area, and diameter must be expressed in units of in, ft, m, and so on). v = Q/A = 4Q/𝝅𝑫𝟏 𝟐 • The following equation, in customary units, is useful in plumbing system design. It may be used to find the average velocity (v) of a fluid flowing through a pipe, in ft/s, based on the volumetric flow rate (Q), in gpm, and an inside diameter (Di) of the pipe, in inches: v = 0.409Q/𝑫𝟏 𝟐
  • 70. PROBLEM: • Determine the average velocity for water flow in a 3⁄4 in diameter pipe, Type L copper tube (0.875 in outside diameter and 0.785 in inside diameter) carrying water at a volumetric flow rate of 10 gpm. v = 0.409Q/𝐷1 2 = (0.409 x 10 gpm)/(0.785 in)2 = 6.6 ft/s
  • 71.  PRESSURE • Pressure (P) is the force per unit area exerted by liquid or gas on a surface such as the sidewall of a container or pipe. In the customary system of measure, pressure is expressed in pounds per square inch (lb/in2 or psi) or pounds per square foot (lb/ft2 or psf). In the international system (SI), pressure is expressed in • Newton per square meter or the Pascal (N/m2 or Pa). Although units of lb/in2 are dimensionally correct, the acronym “psi” will be used for pounds per square inch of gauge pressure because it is universally accepted in the plumbing industry. The acronym “psia” will be used for absolute pressure.
  • 72. • Standard atmospheric pressure (Ps) is the typical barometric pressure of air at sea level and 70°F (21°C). It is equal to 14.696 psia (101 325 Pa). Atmospheric pressure varies with weather conditions and elevation. • Gauge pressure (Pg) is the pressure of a fluid (gas or liquid) excluding pressure exerted by the atmosphere. Pressure can be expressed in terms of absolute and gauge pressure: Absolute pressure (Pa) is the pressure of a fluid (gas or liquid) including pressure exerted by the atmosphere: 𝑷𝒈 + 𝑷𝒔 = 𝑷𝒂
  • 73. PROBLEM: At sea level, atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psia (101 325 Pa). A pressure gauge placed at the bottom of an 8 ft (2.45 m) deep tank filled with water measures a water pressure at the tank bottom of 3.5 psi (24 130 Pa). Determine the absolute and gauge pressure. Gauge pressure at the bottom of the tank is 3.5 psi (24 130 Pa). Absolute pressure at the bottom of the tank is 18.2 psia, as found by: 𝑃 𝑔 + 𝑃𝑠 = 𝑃𝑎 3.5 psi + 14.7 psi = 18.2 psia (24,130 Pa + 101,325 Pa = 125,455 Pa)
  • 74.
  • 75. PLUMBING??? Is an essential aspect of any modern building, from homes to commercial buildings Is responsible for the delivery of clean water and removal of waste water
  • 76. BASIC COMPONENTS OF A PLUMBING SYSTEM
  • 77. 1. PIPES AND FITTING Responsible for the delivery of clean water and the removal of wastewater Come in different materials such as pvc, copper, and galvanized steels depends on the specific needs of plumbing system
  • 79. A. PVC PIPE (POLY VINYL CHLORIDE) PVC, or polyvinyl chloride, plastic is a common type of pipe in residential and commercial buildings. PVC pipes are versatile and can be used indoors, outdoors, and underground. Pros of PVC pipe • Strong and durable. • Inexpensive and cheaper than copper. • Non-toxic. • Cons of PVC pipe Requires two steps to make a connection, primer, and cement. Can only handle fluids up to 140 degrees Fahrenheit.
  • 80. B. PE PIPE (POLYETHYLENE) pipes offer durable and flexible solutions for a wide range of applications. Polyethylene piping is resistant to corrosion in all ground conditions and its flexibility allows it to withstand ground movements.
  • 81. C. CI PIPE (CAST IRON) • Cast-iron pipe is not frequently used today in residential plumbing, though some older homes may have cast-iron piping. Cast-iron pipe is typically used for commercial or civic piping and water distribution, as well as sewer and drain lines. Pros of cast-iron pipe • Heat-resistant. • Reduces the sound of fluids. • Strong and durable. Cons of cast-iron pipe • Subject to rust and mineral buildup. • Heavy.
  • 82. D. GI PIPE (GALVANIZED IRON) Galvanized steel piping was originally introduced as an alternative to lead pipe. It was generally used for drain, waste, and vent piping before the 1980s. Now, galvanized steel is common in gas piping. Galvanized pipe has threaded connections that make it easy to connect. Pros of galvanized steel pipe • Strong and durable. • Cheaper than copper. Cons of galvanized steel pipe • Can rust and contaminate fluids with lead. • Mineral buildup can cause clogging.
  • 83. E. PEX PIPE PEX, or cross-linked polyethylene, plastic piping comes in three types: A, B, and C. A is the most flexible, B is slightly less flexible, and C is the stiffest, suitable for quick repairs. Not all varieties of PEX pipe are available in all areas. Pex Pipe is used for water supply lines and generally comes in two colors: red for hot and blue for cold. Pros of PEX piping • Extremely flexible, so fewer connections and therefore fewer possibilities for leaks. • Corrosion-resistant if used properly. • Cheaper than copper. Cons of PEX piping • Requires special tools for making connections. • Cannot be used outdoors.
  • 84. F. ABS PIPE • ABS, or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, is a black plastic pipe mainly used for drain, waste, and vent piping. ABS pipe can be used both indoors and outdoors, is lightweight, and is joined by using a one-step cement. Pros of ABS pipe • Strong and durable. • Can withstand cold temperatures. • Inexpensive. • Easy to connect. Cons of ABS pipe • Contains BPA, which may cause cancer.
  • 85. G. COPPER PIPE • Copper pipe is the most widely used hard pipe for water supply in residential and commercial applications. There are rigid copper pipes and flexible varieties as well. It comes in three wall thicknesses: M, L, and K. Connections are made by soldering flux onto the joint where the pipe and fitting or connection meet. • Pros of copper pipes • Durable with a long life span (50+ years). • Corrosion-resistant. • Can tolerate hot and cold water. • Cons of copper pipes • Expensive. • Hard to use in tight spaces. • Must be welded together.
  • 86. H. CPVC • CPVC, or chlorinated polyvinyl chloride, plastic is similar to PVC pipe and has similar uses. The added chlorine makes the plastic harder and more durable than PVC. CPVC can withstand hot fluids up to 200 degrees Fahrenheit but is more expensive than PVC. Pros of CPVC pipe • Can handle hot fluids up to 200 degrees Fahrenheit. • Cheaper than copper. • Strong and durable. Cons of CPVC pipe • More expensive than PVC. • Requires a two-step connection process, consisting of primer and cement.
  • 87. I. HDPE • high-density polybutylene, or HDPE, piping is only used underground and may be required for certain types of piping per code. HDPE is flexible piping that works well in cold weather, but cannot be placed in direct sunlight. Pros of high-density polybutylene • Durable. • Corrosion-resistant. • Flexible so requires fewer connections. • Good in cold weather. • Non-toxic. Cons of high-density polybutylene • Can crack in high temperatures. • Melts in direct sunlight.
  • 88. J. BLACK IRON • Black iron was used as a water supply piping but is now mainly used for gas or propane lines and fire sprinklers. Black iron pipe is strong, durable, and withstands high temperatures well. Pros of black iron pipe • Heat-resistant. • Durable. Cons of black iron pipe • Heavy. • Difficult to install.
  • 89. 2. PLUMBING FIXTURES Connect to the pipes and give you access to the water supply Draw fresh water and discharge wastewater down to drainage Examples: hot water heater, toilets, faucets
  • 90. A. BATHTUBS used for soaking and relaxing in water. They are typically found in bathrooms, and come in a range of sizes and styles to suit different needs and preferences. Bathtub designs can include clawfoot tubs, which have a separate freestanding tub and feet; freestanding tubs, which are not attached to any walls; and built-in tubs, which are installed in a designated alcove or space. Bathtubs also come in various materials, including acrylic, porcelain, and cast iron, and can have features such as built-in jets for a massaging effect and adjustable water flow and temperature.
  • 91. B. BIDETS They are typically found in bathrooms next to the toilet, and consist of a basin with a built-in nozzle for directing a stream of water. Bidets can be used for cleaning the genitals and anus after using the toilet, and offer an alternative to toilet paper. Bidet designs can include standalone units with a separate basin and seat, or attachments that can be installed on an existing toilet. Some bidets also have additional features such as adjustable water flow and temperature, air dryers, and deodorizers.
  • 92. C. WATER FILTERS used for purifying drinking water. They consist of a cartridge or filter that removes impurities, and are typically found under kitchen sinks. Water filters provide clean and safe drinking water, and can be pitcher filters, faucet- mounted filters, or under-sink filters. They can also play a role in improving water quality and can be found in a range of styles and sizes. Water filters are a convenient and effective plumbing fixture that serve an important function in providing clean drinking water in the home.
  • 93. D. LAUNDRY TUBS used for washing clothes. They are typically found in utility rooms or laundry rooms, and consist of a basin with a faucet for filling and draining water. Laundry tub designs can include freestanding tubs, which have a separate basin and legs; built-in tubs, which are installed in a designated alcove or space; and double tubs, which have two basins for washing and rinsing clothes. Laundry tubs also come in various materials, including stainless steel, porcelain, and acrylic, and can have features such as built-in drainboards for drying clothes and built-in storage for laundry supplies.
  • 94. E. SHOWERS • They consist of a showerhead, attached to a plumbing system, which provides a flow of water for washing. Showers come in various styles, including stand-alone units with a separate showerhead and enclosure, rainfall showers with a ceiling- mounted showerhead, and steam showers with added features for a spa-like experience. • In addition to their practical use, showers can also play a role in interior design and can be found in a range of styles and designs to match the aesthetic of a home or building. Modern showers also offer a variety of features, such as adjustable water flow and temperature, massage settings, and built-in shelves and benches.
  • 95. F. SINK  used for washing hands, brushing teeth, and cleaning dishes. They are typically found in kitchens and bathrooms, and come in a range of styles and sizes to suit different needs and preferences. Sink designs can include pedestal sinks, which have a separate pedestal base and basin; wall-mounted sinks, which are mounted to the wall; and undermount sinks, which are installed under the countertop.
  • 96. G. TAP connections for water hoses an industry term for that sub-category of plumbing fixtures consisting of tap valves, also called water taps (British English) or faucets (American English), and their accessories, such as water spouts and shower heads.
  • 97. H. FAUCETS They are typically found in kitchens and bathrooms, and come in a range of styles and designs to suit different needs and preferences. Faucet designs can include single handle faucets, which have one lever for controlling the water flow and temperature; double handle faucets, which have separate handles for hot and cold water; and touchless faucets, which are activated by a motion sensor.
  • 98. I. GARBAGE DISPOSAL  used for grinding up food waste. They are typically found in kitchen sinks, and consist of a motorized grinding mechanism that is activated by a switch or button. Garbage disposals allow for food waste to be easily and conveniently disposed of, without the need for a separate trash can for food waste.
  • 99. J. TOILETS • It consists of a ceramic bowl, connected to a plumbing system, which allows for the waste to be flushed away and treated. The bowl is typically located at a comfortable height for sitting, and has a seat and lid for added comfort and cleanliness. • Toilets can be divided into two main categories: gravity-fed and pressure- assisted. Gravity-fed toilets use the force of gravity to flush waste through the plumbing system, while pressure-assisted toilets use a pressurized air chamber to force waste through the pipes.
  • 100. K. WATER HEATER Found in basements or utility rooms, and consist of a tank that stores and heats water. Water heaters are connected to a plumbing system, and provide hot water for showers, sinks, and appliances. Water heater designs can include storage tank heaters, which have a tank that stores and heats a supply of water; tankless heaters, which heat water on demand without the need for a tank; and solar heaters, which use energy from the sun to heat water.
  • 101. 3. THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM Key part of plumbing system that might cause a costly emergency For removal lines and the sewage system Its an interconnection of pipes from different part of the house of the building that leads all water and waste materials to main sewer line
  • 102. TYPES OF FITTING MATERIALS IN PLUMBING SYSTEM Used in plumbing system to join pipes of same size or different sizes to regulate the flow or to measure the flow.  pipe fitting is used in plumbing system to join multiple pipes of same size or different sizes, to regulate the flow or to measure the flow. They are made up of different materials like copper, iron, brass, PVC etc.
  • 103. 1. ELBOW PIPE FITTING Used to change the direction of flow between two pipes Available with an angle of 22.5 °, 45 °, and 90 °
  • 104. 2. REDUCER PIPE FITTING Reduces the flow size from larger to smaller by reducing size of pipe. 2 types: 1. concentric- cone shape with gradual decreasing around the pipe 2. eccentric- having one edge parallel to connecting pipes due to which air accumulation is not possible
  • 105. 3. TEE TYPE T-shape Having one inlet and two outlets, outlets are arranged at 90° to the main line connection.
  • 106. 4. CROSS TYPE Contains 4 openings in 4 directions Generates more amount of stress on pipes as the temperature changes Generally used for fire sprinkler system
  • 107. 5. COUPLING Used to connect the pies of the same diameter Two types: 1. compression- connected between two pipes and it prevent leakage by the arrangement of gasket or rubber seals on both sides 2. slip- easier to install and it contains two pipes which are arranged as one into other
  • 108. 6. UNIONS Same function to coupling but this can be removed whenever needed.
  • 109. 7. ADAPTORS Generally used for copper and pvc One end of adapter is plain which is glued to the plain pipe end
  • 110. 9. OLET Used when there is standard sizes of fitting are not suitable for the requirement Sometimes the inlet pipe size is larger compared to outlet pipes in t-sections then also Olets are used
  • 111. 10. PLUG Generally used to close pipe opening during inspection and repairs.
  • 112. 11. CAP Same function with the plug but cap contains a female thread
  • 113. 12. VALVES Used to stop or regulate flow of fluid Types: 1. gate valve-used for isolation only 2, globe valve- used for throttling 3. check valve- used for preventing reverse flow 4. butterfly- used for isolation as well as throttling 5. diaphragm- used for isolation as well as throttling
  • 114. THANK YOU !!!!!! Group names: Padua, don Sicang, elsie marie Lang-ay, Emily Badeng, mark renuel Cabay. Monroe Doyog, leon
  • 115. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Shakira Baguiwen Kener Cadsi Oliver Fiayongan Mae Lanie Langcato Jhunlee Pascua Crystal Siline
  • 116. WASTE • Waste is an unavoidable by-product of most human activity. Discarded as worthless, defective or of no use. Any unnecessary resource use or release of substances into the water, land or air that could harm human or the environment.
  • 117. THREE TYPES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT • Solid Waste Management • Liquid Waste Management • Gaseous Waste Management
  • 118. Solid waste management is a term used to refer to the process of collecting and treating solid wastes. It also offers solutions for recycling items that do not belong to garbage or trash. Waste management is about how solid waste can be changed and used as a valuable resource. Solid waste management, the collecting, treating, and disposing of solid material that is discarded because it has served its purpose or is no longer useful. The newest concept of waste management talks about 7R’s 1. Rethink 2. Refuse 3. Reduce 4. Reuse 5. Recycle 6. Regulate and 7. Research Solid Waste Management
  • 119. Source Typical waste generators Types of solid wastes Residential Single and multifamily dwellings Food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, leather, yard wastes, wood, glass, metals, ashes, special wastes (e.g. bulky items, consumer electronics, white goods, batteries, oil, tires), and household hazardous wastes Industrial Light and heavy manufacturing, fabrication, construction sites, power and chemical plants Housekeeping wastes, packaging, food wastes, construction and demolition materials, hazardous wastes, ashes, special wastes Commercial Stores, hotels, restaurants, markets, office buildings, etc Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food wastes, glass, metals, special wastes, hazardous wastes Institutional Schools, hospitals, prisons, government centres Same as commercial Construction and demolition New construction sites, road repair, renovation sites, demolition of buildings Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc.
  • 120. Source Typical waste generators Types of solid wastes Municipal services Street cleaning, landscaping, parks, beaches, other recreational areas, water and wastewater treatment plants Street sweepings, landscape and tree trimmings, general wastes from parks, beaches, and other recreational area, sludge Process Heavy and light manufacturing, refineries, chemical plants, power plants, mineral extraction and processing Industrial process wastes, scrap materials, off specification products, slag, tailings All of the above should be included as “municipal solid waste.” Agriculture Crops, orchards, vineyards, dairies, feedlots, farms Spoiled food wastes, agricultural wastes, hazardous wastes (e.g. pesticides)
  • 121. MAJOR T7PES OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 1. Municipal Solid Waste(MSW) -is generated from households, offices, hotels, shops, schools and other institutions. The major components are food waste, paper, plastic, rags, metal and glass, although demolition and construction debris is often included in collected waste, as are small quantities of hazardous waste, such as electric light bulbs, batteries, automotive parts and discarded medicines and chemicals.
  • 122. 2. Industrial Solid Waste -is typically produced during the manufacturing products, agricultural production or during the extraction of natural resources. That is basically any process that turns raw materials into products that are sold or distributed. This can include scrap metal, excess plastic, wood chips, fly ash from power plants, construction debris.
  • 123. 3.Agricultural Waste and Residues - are all parts of crops that are not used for human or animal food. Crop residues consist mainly of stem, branchs, and leaves. It is estimated that on average, 80% of the plant of such crops consists of agricultural waste. Agricultural waste include rice straw, wheat straw, rice husk, and corn stover.
  • 124. 4. Hazardous Waste -is waste that has substantial or potential threats to public health or the environment. Types of waste that are commonly hazardous include cleaning solvents, spent acids and bases, metal fishing waste, painting waste, sludges from air and water pollution control units, and many other discarded materials.
  • 125. WASTE PROCESSING AND CONTROL 1. Municipal Solid Waste (a) Collection and Transfer In many cities of the region, municipal solid waste (MSW) is gathered in a variety of containers ranging from old kerosene cans and rattan baskets to used grocery bags and plastic drums or bins. In some cities, neighbourhood-dumping areas have been designated (formally or informally) on roadsides from which bagged and loose waste is collected. Classification of Collection System classified based on • availability of collection services, • The mode of operation and • The types of waste materials collected Primary Collection -collection of solid waste from the source of generation and transportation of waste to the final site, but more often it involves transportation to communal collection bins or points, processing or transfer station Secondary Collection -collection of waste from communal bins, storage points or transfer station, and transportation to the final disposal site.
  • 126. Basic Collection Scheme • Based on the availability of service 1. Communal system • The principal disadvantage of this system is that containers/collection points are located in a public place (lacking ownership by the public) which, in many situations, leads to indiscriminate disposal of waste outside the container. • Thus, the actual economy of this system mostly depends on public co-operation • It is therefore essential to pay more attention to improving the design, and operation and maintenance practices of a communal system to increase public acceptance, and to optimize optimize the productivity of this system • The use of portable storage containers maximises the productivity of labour and vehicles of such collection system 2. Block Collection • Waste generators are responsible for bringing their waste to collection vehicles • This system has low to medium labour and vehicle productivity, but it minimises the spread of waste on streets
  • 127. 3. Kerbside/alley This is the most common collection method in industrialised countries and in the wealthier communities of some developing countries. • Waste generators place the waste containers or bags (sacks) on the kerb or in the alley on a specific day (or specific days) for collection by external actors. • A regular and well organized collection service is essential so that generators know exactly when to leave out their waste. 4. Door to door collection This is more common in industrialized countries, but an increasing number of micro-enterprises and/or community-based organizations are forming in wealthier communities in many developing countries to perform this task. • This system has yet to receive public attention, but as with the use of bags for waste it maximizes the productivity of crew, as retrieval of containers is not required.
  • 128. Collection method • Based on mode of operation 1) Hauled Container System An empty storage container (known as a drop-off box) is hauled to the storage site to replace the container that is full of waste, which is then hauled to the processing point, transfer station or disposal site 2) Stationary Container System In this system, containers used for the storage of waste remain at the point of collection. The collection vehicles generally stop alongside the storage containers, and collection crews load the waste from the storage containers into the collection vehicles and then transport the waste to the processing, transfer or disposal site
  • 129. Frequency of Waste collection • quantity of waste • rate of generation • characteristics of waste • climate • density and type of housing • availability of space within the premises • size and type of storage facilities (small, large, individual or communal) • attitude of generator
  • 130. (b)Material Recovery, Reuse and Recycling -recycling or recovering resources takes useful but discarded items for the next use. Plastic bags, tins, glass, and containers are often recycled automatically since, in many situations, they are likely to be scarce commodities. Traditionally, these items are processed and cleaned before they are recycled. The process aims at reducing energy loss, consumption of new material, and reduction of landfills. Most developed countries follow a strong tradition of recycling to lower volumes of waste.
  • 131. c) Disposal Methods for MSW (i) Open Dumping Open dumping is the most widespread method of solid waste disposal in the region and typically involves the uncontrolled disposal of waste without measures to control leachate, dust, odour, landfill gas or vermin. In some cities, open burning of waste is practised at dumpsites. The scarcity of available land has led to the dumping of waste to very high levels; waste thickness is often over 12 metres and may be over 20 metres, which was the case of the Quezon City dumpsite in the Philippines
  • 132. (ii) Sanitary Landfill this is the most popular solid waste disposal method used today. In this solid waste management method, garbage is spread out in thin layers, compacted, and covered with soil or plastic foam to contain the smell. Modern landfills typically have the bottom of the landfill covered with an impervious liner, usually made of several layers of thick plastic and sand. This liner protects the groundwater from beng contaminated because of leaching or percolation. When the landfill is full, it is covered with layers of sand, clay, topsoil, and gravel to prevent water seepage.
  • 133. (iii) Composting composting is a biological process in which microorganisms, sprecially fungi, and bacteria, convert degradable organic waste into substances like humus. The finished product of compost, which resembles soil, contains high levels of carbon and nitrogen. This environmentally friendly and nutriet-rich compost serves as excellent manure, providing an ideal medium for plant growth. It can be utilized for various agricultural purposes, promoting sustainable and ecofriendly farming practices.
  • 134. (iv) Incineration this method involves burning solid waste at high temperatures until it becomes ashes. Incinerators are sealed to ensure that they do not give off extreme amounts of heat to the environment when burning solid wastes. This method of solid waste management can be done by individuals, municipalities, and even institutions. The good thing about it is that it reduces the volume of waste by 80% to 90%. 2. Industrial Waste The methods employed in the disposal of industrial solid waste are broadly the same as those used to dispose of MSW and comprise open dumping, land filling (both semi-engineered and sanitary landfilling) and incineration.
  • 135. 3. Agricultural Waste and Residue (a) Composting- is an effective solution for managing plant residues, trimmings, manure, and other agricultural products which decompose into nutrient-rich compost. The best part is that it can be practiced in small-scale and large-scale settings- from home gardens to small farms to large agriculture organization. (b) Biogas Generation- biogas production has emerged as a highly effective waste management method, especially useful in developing country. These digesters convert waste into biogas, renewable energy source that can be used for cooking, heating, and electricity generation. (c) Mulching- agricultural solid waste used as mulch helps conserve soil moisture, suppress weed growth, and enhance nutrient retention. Mulching protects the soil erosion and temperature fluctuations, improving crop health and productivity. (d) Recycling Packaging materials – proper recycling involves collecting, sorting, and processing plastic materials to transform them into a new products or raw materials for manufacturing.
  • 136. 4. Biomedical Waste (a) Autoclaving- the process of autoclaving involves steam sterilization. Instead of incineration, which can expensive, autoclaving simply introduces very hot stream for a determined amount of time. At the end of the process, microorganisms have been completely destroyed. This process is particularly effective because it costs much less than other methods, and doesn’t present any personal health risk. (b) Incineration- the major benefits of incineration are that it is quick, easy and simple. It effectively removes the waste entirely, and safely removes any microorganisms. However, when burning hazardous materials, emissions can be particularly dangerous. Some states prefer for waste disposal companies to look towards incineration as their first choice, but materials must be reviewed and determined as safe to burn. (c) Microwaving- during this process, waste is shredded, mixed with water and then internally heated to kill microorganisms and other harmful elements. One of the main benefits of thus process is the shredding aspect; it lower the volume of biomedical waste, and it is reportedly more energy efficient to use this method than to incinerate. While it can’t be used for all biomedical waste, it can be utilized for a good 90% of it, just like autoclaving.
  • 137. 5. Radioactive Waste (a) Incineration- the combustible elements of both radioactive and other wastes can be incinerated to reduce volume. The waste is incinerated in a specially engineered kiln at temperatures up to around 1000 degree Celsius. The gases and fumes produced during incineration are treated and filtered prior to emission into the atmosphere, and emissions must conform to international standards and national regulations. (b) Compaction- is a straightforward means of reducing waste volumes and is used for processing mainly solid industrial waste. Compaction can range from low-force compaction systems( 5 tonnes) through to presses with a compaction force over 1000 tonnes, referred to as supercompactors. Volume reduction factors are typically between 3 and 10, depending on the waste material being treated.
  • 138. (c) Cementation- Cementation through the use of specially formulated grouts provides a means to immobilize radioactive material that is in various forms of sludges and precipitates/gels or activated materials, as well as fragmented solids. In general the solid waste is placed into containers. The grout is then added into the container and allowed to set. Sludges and flocks are placed in a container and grouting mix, in powder form, is added. The two are mixed and left to set. In each case the container with the now monolithic block of concreted waste is then suitable for storage of concreted waste is then suitable for storage and disposal.
  • 139. (d) Vitrification- The immobilization of higher level waste requires the formation of an insoluble, solid waste form that will remain stable for many thousands of years. To allow incorporation into the glass matrix the waste initially calcined(dried) to a granular powder. The product is then incorporated into molten glass, poured into a robust stainless steel canister about 1.3 meters high an allowed to cool, forming a solid matrix. The containers are then welded closed and are ready for storage and final disposal.
  • 140. Liquid Waste Management - it is the handling of liquid waste activities in a systematic way way that ensures proper disposal and incineration of waste liquid waste/ wastewater or sewage disposal. -Wastewater, oil, grease, sludge, and toxic home or industrial chemicals all fall under category of liquid waste. Liquid waste disposal can be treated in a variety of methods, including dewatering, incineration, root zone and composting. But whichever technique you pick, must do it correctly.
  • 141. Classification of liquid Disposal 1. Sanitary Sewage -Human waste and wash water are found in sanitary sewage, which generally comes from a house or neighborhood. Latrine, washing and bathing, laundry, toilet, and kitchen sink water are all included. Water makes up 99.9% of its make up, with 0.1% organic and inorganic contaminants. 2. Storm Sewage - Surface runof that runs into municipal sewers after severe rainstorm are referred to as storm sewage. This type of sewage frequently comprises mud, branches, and other rubbish, which must be screened away by filters at plants where sewage treatment is given. 3. Industrial sewage - industrial sewage is generated by manufacturing operations. Pharmaceutical production, paper and textile manufacturing, chemical processing, and oil and gas refining are just a few of the business that create industrial sewage. 4. Mixed Sewage - Mixed sewage is a mixture of two or three different sewage types. During its journey to the plant where sewage treatment will be given, storm mess can mingle with sanitary sewage, or else a conventional treatment of industrial wastewater form a neighboring facility.
  • 142. 7 methods of Liquid Waste Treatment 1. Dewatering - it works well to compact nonhazardous waste and make it more suitable for disposal. In this process, the facility generally pumps the liquid waste into a sturdy bag and removes the water, leaving only solid waste. A landfill typically does not accept free liquid, but solid, nonhazardous waste can go to the landfill for disposal. The water receives filtration and treatment as necessary.
  • 143. 2. Sedimentation - Sedimentation is similar to dewatering. dewatering. During sedimentation, a facility leaves its liquid waste in a sedimentation basin. As long as liquid waste flows quickly, its velocity is often enough to keep solid particles in suspension, so the design of a sedimentation basin reduces that velocity.. The facility can then remove the solids, leaving the solid sediment waste behind. Once the water and solid waste have separated, the water can undergo treatment. And the solid waste can co to a landfill.
  • 144. 3. Composting -alternatively, facilities can turn their liquid nonhazardous waste into compost. The facility first removes the water from the waste, leaving behind organic matter that contains nutrients like nitrogen, potassium and and sodium. Using naturally occurring microorganisms, the facility can then turn the material into organic fertilizer that will also contain these beneficial nutrients to help crops and other plants grow.
  • 145. 4. Incineration -sometimes facilities dispose of their hazardous waste by incinerating it. The heat from specialized furnaces can remove acids, chemicals, oils, rock tailings, slag and other waste matter, leaving only water behind. There are two types for this techniques: (a)Fluidized- bed furnace: is an industrial furnace uses pressure to cause a bed of soil particulate matter or solid-fluid mixtures to behave like a fluid. These incinerators contain one heated, bubbling bed of sand, ash or limestone with oxygen pumped in to facilitate heat combustion. (b) Multiple- hearth furnace: uses many stacked chambers to incinerate large volume of waste at different stages, all steady, consistent rates. Because the chambers are stacked, they are compact and easy to fit into cramped quarters, and they are also relatively inexpensive to build and install.
  • 146. 5. Root- Zone Treatment -is most useful for relatively clean domestic wastewaters like kitchen water and bathroom shower and sink water. This treatment is a complex method that sends liquid waste through a sedimentation tank and then through various additional filtration processes- including, ultimately, the roots of growing plants. The result is water that meets the necessary standards for release into the environment.
  • 147. 6. Solidification -involves adding binding agents to wastewater until the waste forms a compact, rigid, easily disposable solid. Many solidification process use lime lime ash, sawdust, cement kiln dust, lime kiln dust, gypsum, phosphate or fly dust to add bulk and rigidity to liquid waste, or they may used asphalt or cement for added reinforcement. After solidification, companies can ship the solid block of waste to approved landfills for disposal or waste-to- to-energy facilities for incineration and energy generation. -solidification is one of the cheapest methods of waste disposal, and easy to perform, but the extra solid materials tends to make for a tremendous amount of refuse.
  • 148. 7. Disposal -the remaining alternative is to dispose of the liquid waste as it is, often with the assistance of a professional waste management company. In this case, the facility collects its liquid waste in the appropriate drums. Then the waste management company pucks them up, transports them and disposes them according to applicable state and federal guidelines. This option is particularly appealing for companies that wish to remain compliant with regulations without investing significant time and energy into keeping up with them.
  • 149. Gaseous Waste Management - refers to any waste materials that is in the form of gas, which is released into the atmosphere as a result of human activities. Gaseous waste can come from a variety of sources, including industrial processes, transportation, and agricultural practices. It can have a number of negative impacts on the environment and human health. Examples of gaseous waste: (a)Carbon dioxide(CO2) (b)Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) (c)Sulfur Oxide (SOx) (d)Volatile organic compaounds (VOCs) (e)Methane (CH4) These gaseous are emitted as byproducts of activities such as burning fossils fuels, industrial manufacturing , and waste disposal.
  • 150. Methods of Gaseous Treatments 1. Settling Chambers- this method used to collect dust particles of sizes greater that loom in a place called settling chamber. The size , shape of the the particles along with density and viscosity of the gas decides the design of settling chambers.
  • 151. 2. Filters - filters built by fabrics are the simplest method to separate particles from gas. About 99% of matters are filtered out when their size are of the order of 0.0l micrometer. In this method the waste gas is allowed to pass through a filter bag and the particles are collected on the inside are repeatedly removed.
  • 152. 3. Electrostatic Method - in this method, electrostatic forces are used to move the particles to the collection surface. This is done by passing the waste gas between high voltage discharge electrodes. The majority of the panicles in the gas becomes charged and collected on electrodes. This method is the most efficient to remove all sizes of particles present in the gas waste.
  • 153. 4. Absorption - this method is used for mainly gaseous pollutants like carbon dioxide etc. in this method a mass of waste gases is transferred into the liquid. The most important in this method is the selection of suitable liquid. 5. Adsorption - this is different from absorption. In adsorption, gases, vapours, or liquids gather o a solid surface due to surface chemical force. The amount adsorbed substances depends directly on the internal surface area of sloid. The most important adsorbent used in industries are bauxile, silica gel, aluminum, etc.
  • 155. ALTERNATIVE WASTE SYSTEM GROUP 5 Assayco, Coehn Bumay-et, Richard Jr. Coway, Remigie Gomesa, Marneil Pachingel, Cloissa
  • 156. WASTEWATER -Wastewater contains the waste products, excrement, or other discharge from the bodies of human beings or animals, and other noxious or poisonous substances that are harmful to the public health, or to animal or aquatic life, or to the use of water for domestic water supply or for recreation. - It is a combination of the liquid and water- carried wastes from residences, commercial buildings, Industrial plants, and institutions, together with any groundwater, surface water and Storm water that has infiltrated the public sewage System.
  • 158. DOMESTIC WASTEWATER -Wastewater from residences, apartments, motels, office buildings, and other similar type of building. There are two types of domestic water: gray water and black water. Gray water is wastewater that typically contains the residues of washing processes. It is generated in the bathtub, shower, sink, lavatory, and clothes washing machine. Black water is wastewater that contains fecal matter and urine. It is produced in water closets (toilets), urinals, and bidets.
  • 159. COMMERCIAL WASTEWATER Commercial wastewater is nontoxic, nonhazardous wastewater from commercial and institutional food service operations and beauty salons. It is usually similar in composition to domestic wastewater, but may occasionally have one or more of its constituents exceed typical domestic ranges.
  • 160. INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER Industrial wastewater is process and nonprocess wastewater from manufacturing, commercial, laboratory, and mining operations, including the runoff from areas that receive pollutants associated with industrial or commercial storage, handling, or processing.
  • 161. WASTEWATER CONSTITUENTS Wastewater is mostly water by weight. Wastewater released by residents, business, and industries is approximately 99.94% water. Only about 0.06% of the wastewater is dissolved and suspended solid. The wastewater constituents of most concerns are those that have the potential to cause disease or detrimental environmental effects. These include the following: •Organisms •Inorganics • Pathogens • Nutients • Organic Matter • Solids • Oil and Grease • Gases
  • 162. ON-SITE SEWAGE TREATMENT(OSST) On-site sewage treatment (OSST) systems, traditionally called septic systems, usually consist of the building sewer, which leads from the building into a septic tank and then into a distribution box that feeds the fluid (effluent) into a drainage field or disposal field. OSST systems treat wastewater from rural and suburban homes, mobile home developments, apartments, schools, retail facilities, and businesses that do not have access to a community wastewater treatment and disposal system.
  • 163. An OSST system consists of a primary treatment component, such as a septic tank, and a disposal component, which is typically the drainage field. Household and human wastes flow in a pipe from the building’s sanitary drainage system to the septic tank. Inside the septic tank, anaerobic and aerobic bacteria convert the waste into minerals, gas and liquid waste called the effluent Clarified effluent leaves the septic tank and flows in a pipe to a drainage field.
  • 164. PRIMARY TREATMENT EQUIPMENT Wastewater from a building is first treated in primary treatment equipment such as tanks or filters. In the primary treatment process, anaerobic digestion and settlement of solids in wastewater takes place.
  • 165. SEPTIC TANK The septic tank is a watertight, covered container designed to settle out and hold solid wastes and partially treat wastewater with beneficial bacteria. It allows heavier solids to settle to the bottom of the tank and lighter particles such as grease and soap float to the top of the tank. The lighter particles form a layer known as the scum The remaining solids accumulate as sludge in the bottom of the tank
  • 166. AEROBIC TANK Aerobic tanks are a substitute for a septic tank. They consist of a trash tank, an aeration chamber, and a settling chamber. Premanufactured aerobic tanks use wastewater treatment processes similar to municipal wastewater treatment processes. The clarified effluent is then usually discharged into a drainage field.
  • 167. PUMP TANK A pump tank is a watertight container used to temporarily store clarified effluent before it flows into a drainage field. Wastewater is first treated in an aerobic or septic tank. The effluent then flows by gravity into the pump tank. When the level of stored effluent reaches a preset elevation, a float switch turns on the pump. The pump discharges the effluent to the drainage field several times a day. Pump tank materials are typically concrete; plastic (fiberglass and polyethylene) tanks are also used.
  • 168. SAND FILTERS A sand filter is a lined, impermeable container containing a bed of granular material that provides additional treatment of effluent as it flows from the primary treatment tank to the drainage field. They are usually placed underground with the top surface covered with grass. At sites that have near-surface bedrock or a high water table, sand filters are usually constructed with aboveground concrete walls.
  • 169. TRASH/GREASE TANK A trash tank is occasionally used in conjunction with an aerobic tank. The trash tank removes materials that treatment microorganisms are unable to degrade. Grease tanks are used with septic and aerobic tanks, usually in commercial applications.
  • 170. CESSPOOL A cesspool is a covered underground container that receives untreated sewage directly from a building and discharges it into soil. Openings in the cesspool walls allow untreated sewage to pass through and seep into the surrounding soil. Because of health concerns tied to the discharge of raw sewage, use of a cesspool is considered unacceptable today in most applications in developed countries.
  • 171. TYPES OF ON-SITE SEWAGE TREATMENT 1) Septic Tank Systems This is the most common type of on-site sewage system. It consists of a septic tank, which is a large underground container where wastewater from the building is stored and partially treated. Heavy solids settle to the bottom of the tank while greases and lighter solids float to the top. The solids stay in the tank while the wastewater is discharged to the drainfield for further treatment and dispersal.
  • 172. 2) Aerobic Treatment Unit(ATU) Aerobic Treatment Unit use many of the same processes as a municipal sewage plant, but on a smaller scale. An aerobic system injects oxygen into the treatment tank. The additional oxygen increases natural bacteria activity within the system that then provides additional treatment for nutrients in the effluent. Some aerobic systems may also have a pretreatment tank and a final treatment tank including disinfection to further reduce pathogen levels.
  • 173. 3) Mound System Mound systems are an option in areas of shallow soil depth, high groundwater, or shallow bedrock. The constructed sand mounds contains a drainfield trench. Effluent from the septic tank flows to a pump chamber where it is pumped to the mound in prescribed doses. Treatment of the effluent occurs as it discharges to the trench and filters trough the sand, and then disperses into the native soil.
  • 174. 4) Drip Disribution System The drip distribution system is a type of effluent dispersal that can be used in many types of drainfields. The main advantage of this system is that no large mound of soil is needed as the drip laterals are inserted into the top 6 to 12 inches of soil. The disadvantage of the drip distribution system is that it requires a large dose tank after the septic tank to accommodate the timed dose delivery of wastewater to the drip absorption area.
  • 175. 5) Conventional System A decentralized wastewater treatment system consisting of a septic tank and a trench or bed surface wastewater infiltration system(drainfield). A conventional septic system is typically installed at a single-family home or small business. The gravel/stone drainfield is a design that has existed for decades. The effluent is piped from the septic tank to a shallow underground trench of stone or gravel. A geofabric or similar material is then placed on top of the trench so sand, dirt, and other contaminants do not enter the clean stone.
  • 176. 6) Chamber System This type of system consist of a series of connected chambers. The area around and above the chambers is filled with soil. Pipes carry wastewater form the septic tank to the chambers. Inside the chambers, the wastewater comes into contact with the soil. Microbes on or near the soil treat the effluent.
  • 177. 7) Recirculating Sand Filter System Sand filter systems can be constructed above or below ground. Effluent flows from the septic tank to a pump chamber. It is then pumped to the sand filter. The sand filter is often PVC-lined or a concrete box filled with a sand material. Effluent is pumped under low pressure through the pipes at the top of the filter. The effluent leaves the pipes and is treated as it filters though the sand. The treated wastewater is then discharged to the drainfield.
  • 178. 8) Evapotranspiration System Evapotranspiration systems have unique drainfields. The base of the evapotranspiration system drainfield is lined with a watertight material. After the effluent enters the drainfield, it evaporates into the air. Unlike other septic systems designs, the effluent never filters to the soil and never reaches groundwater.
  • 179. 9) Constructed Wetland System A constructed wetland mimics the treatment processes that occur in natural wetlands. Wastewater flows from the septic tank and enters the wetland cell. The wastewater then passes through the media and is treated by microbes, plants, and other media that remove pathogens and nutrients. The wetland cell typically consists of an impermeable liner, and gravel and sand fill, along the with the appropriate wetland plants, which must be able to survive in a perpetually saturated environment.
  • 180. 10) Cluster/ Community System A cluster decentralized wastewater treatment system is under some form of common ownership and collects wastewater from two or more dwellings or buildings. It conveys the wastewater to a treatment and dispersal system located on a suitable site near the dwelling or buildings. It is common to find cluster systems in places like rural subdivisions.
  • 181. SEPTIC TANK Septic tank is a receptacle or vault used to collect organic waste discharged from the house sewer. The main function of a septic tank is to liquefy and precipitate solid waste purifying odorous materials. Septic tanks are constructed of concrete, metal, fiberglass, or plastic (fiberglass and polyethylene) and are commonly placed underground with the top surface covered with grass. An access cover built into the top of the tank allows periodic inspection and removal of sludge and scum that collects in the tank.
  • 182. CONSTRUCTION OF SEPTIC TANK Septic Tank is constructed from either of the following materials: 1. Reinforced concrete 2. Plastered concrete hollow blocks 3. Prefabricated asbestos 4. Thin metal and plastic The most popular and widely used material for construction of septic tank is plastered hollow blocks or reinforced concrete. Others have not gained acceptance due to cost and durability.
  • 183. GENERAL CONDITIONS IN CONSTRUCTING A SEPTIC TANK 1. The concrete or masonry septic tank is usually constructed in rectangular form. The reason is to retard the even flow of the waste, which is necessary, to avoid disturbing the decomposition processes inside the tank. 2. The minimum inside dimension of a septic tank is 90 cm wide by 150 cm long. 3. For effective decomposition of the organic materials inside the septic tank, a 120 cm depth of the liquid content is necessary. It is not impractical though, to construct a tank of greater depth, provided that the depth should not be deeper than the natural ground water table. 4. The inlet and outlet inverts of the septic tank shall be long turn sanitary tee. The inverts are installed in the wall of the tank at least 120 cm from its bottom floor equally spaced from both sides. 5. The invert is extended down the liquid of the tank not more than 30 cm. this is to assure smooth delivery of the incoming sewage below the scum line. Scum refers to the lighter organic materials that rises to the surface of the water.
  • 184. 6. The bottom of the digestion chamber should be sloped to one low point. The purpose is to gather the settles organic materials into one mass to favor the propagation of the anaerobic bacteria. 7. The septic tank, should be provided with a manhole, extended a few centimeters above the surface of the soil to overcome infiltration of surface water. This manhole will serve the purpose of cleaning, inspection and repair of the tank. 8. Septic tank for large plumbing installations are provided with suspended compartment attached to the ceiling slab of the tank. The baffle plate is extended down the bottom of the tank about 40 centimeters below the scum line. Each compartment of the tank separated by baffle plate is provided with manhole. 9. The Septic Tank, should be constructed near the surface of the ground, because the correction of the waste depends upon the extent of oxidation and the existence of anaerobic bacteria. Another kind of bacteria that split and digest the effluent is the aerobic bacteria. A kind of bacteria that survive only in the subsoil not more than 150 centimeters below the surface. Oxidation of the effluent deeper than 150 cm would become extremely difficult.
  • 185. • SIZE OF SEPTIC TANK So far, there is no mathematic formula ever formulated to arrive in determining a definite size of a septic tank. However, sanitary authorities agreed in principles that: 1. For a family of 6 persons, the minimum tank capacity should be approximately 1.3 cubic meters with a minimum size of 90 centimeters wide by 150 centimeters long and 120 centimeters depth. 2. A very large tank is not advisable, because the bacterial activities would be retarded. The size of the tank is proportionally based on the number of persons expected to be served. In other words, the volume of the tank has a rational proportion with the volume of incoming waste for bacterial activities to be in favorable condition. 3. For residential installation, the practice is to allow 5 to 6 cubic feet of tank volume per person. Thus, a septic tank that will serve a family of 12 persons must have a liquid capacity of 6 x 12 = 72 cubic feet or 538 gallons. (one cubic foot is 748 gallons)
  • 186. LOCATION OF SEPTIC TANK Location of the septic tank shall observe the following considerations: 1. The septic tank may be located closer to the building it will serve, providing a minimum distance of 2 meters from the outside wall. 2. As much as possible, the septic tank should not be located closer to the doors or windows. 3. Septic tank should be at least 15 meters away from any source of water supply. The farther the better.
  • 187. REQUIREMENTS FOR A SATISFACTORY DISPOSAL OF HUMAN WASTE 1. There should be no contamination of ground surface that may enter into the spring or wells. 2. There should be no contamination of surface water. 3. The surface soil should not be contaminated. 4. Excreta should not be accessible to animals, flies, cockroaches, vermin and the like. 5. There should be no odor and unsightly conditions.
  • 188. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS In most cases septic tanks are poorly aerated or ventilated. It lacks free oxygen. Under this condition, an individual entering into septic tank for making repairs or cleaning purposes, may meet almost instant death. Septic tank may contain harmful and dangerous gases When repair work or cleaning is to be made, be sure that the septic tank is well ventilated, by removing the manhole cover few days in advance of the work. Another precaution is to supply fresh air inside the tank, while work is being done. Remember that the tank may contain inflammable gases that might be ignited to cause a terrific explosion. If light is needed to work in the dark, an electric emergency light with properly insulated cord should be used. In the absence of electric supply, a flashlight powered by dry cell battery is equally safe.
  • 189.
  • 190. LIFE SAFETY SYSTEM GROUP 6: Baguiwen, Sheldon Karl d. cabfit, melecio w. coyupan, adelaida b. guimpatan, Marrero a. pan-ag, alzen john c.
  • 191. INTRODUCTION In the context of engineering, a life safety system refers to any system designed to protect and evacuate the building population in emergencies, including fires, earthquakes, and less critical events such as power failures. These systems are primarily or exclusively designed and installed to prevent the loss of life during the course of an event and provide early warning that affect life safety. They are not necessarily intended to protect property or ensure business continuity.
  • 192. KEY ELEMENTS OF LIFE SAFETY SYSTEM 1. Fire Detection Systems 2. Emergency Lighting and Exit Signs 3. Fire Suppression Systems 4. Emergency Communication Systems 5. Ventilation Systems 6. Evacuation Systems 7. Regular Maintenance and Inspection
  • 193. 1. FIRE DETECTION SYSTEMS • These include electronic heat and smoke detectors that can activate audible alarms and alert building occupants to the presence of fire.
  • 194. EXAMPLES: A. Smoke Detectors - A device that senses smoke and it is operated by using a light sensor or a physical process to detect the presence of smoke particles in the air. -When smoke is detected, the alarm is triggered, alerting the occupants of potential danger.
  • 195. B. Beam Detectors - A detection device that uses a beam of light to detect smoke. They are typically used in large, open spaces like warehouses or atriums where other types of detectors may not be as effective.
  • 196. C. Flame Detectors - a sensor designed to detect and respond to the presence of a flame or fire. These detector are typically used in high-risk industries such as oil and gas, aviation, and chemical manufacturing, where quick detection of fire is critical.
  • 197. 2. EMERGENCY LIGHTING AND EXIT SIGNS • In the event of a power outage during an emergency, these systems provide illumination to guide occupants to safety. • Exit signs direct the flow of evacuation to the nearest safe exit.
  • 198. EXAMPLES: A. LED Exit Signs - A type of emergency light system that uses Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) as the light source. They are commonly installed in buildings, especially in areas where people need clear and visible indications of emergency exits during power outages or emergencies.
  • 199. B. Emergency Light Sticks and Torches - Are essential tools in emergency situations when there is a power outage or low visibility. They provide portable and reliable sources of light that can be easily carried and used during emergencies. - Also known as glow sticks or chemical light sticks, are self-contained light sources that emit light through a chemical reaction.
  • 200. C. Emergency Spotlight - Also known as a portable LED floodlight, is a versatile lighting device that provides a powerful and concentrated beam of light in emergency situations. It is designed to be portable and easy to carry, allowing for flexible use in various scenarios.
  • 201. 3. FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS • These include systems like sprinkler systems, fire extinguishers, and other methods of suppressing a fire to control and extinguish fires.
  • 202. EXAMPLES: A. Fire Sprinkler System - An active fire protection method, which is designed to control or extinguish a fire in its early stages. It consists of a water supply system that provides adequate pressure and flow rate to a water distribution piping system, to which fire sprinklers are connected.
  • 203. B. CO2 Fire Extinguishers - A type of fire extinguisher that is used to extinguish Class B ( flammable liquids and gases) and Class E ( electrical) fires. -One of the main advantages is that it does not leave no residue after use, unlike other types of fire extinguishers.
  • 204. C. Foam Suppression Systems - A type of fire protection system that is used to extinguish large fires, particularly those involving flammable or combustible liquids. It works by mixing water with a foaming agent to create a foam that can smother the fire. - The foam acts by cooling the fire and coating the fuel, preventing its contact with oxygen, resulting in suppression of the combustion.
  • 205. 4. EMERGENCY COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS • These systems allow for communication with occupants during an emergency to provide instructions and updates.
  • 206. EXAMPLES: A. Public Address Systems - Also known as PA system, is an electronic system that consist of microphones, amplifiers, loudspeakers, and related equipment. Its primary purpose is to amplify and broadcast sound, allowing a speaker’s voice, music, or other audio sources to be heard by a large audience in a public or semi-public space.
  • 207. B. Emergency Cell Broadcast Systems (ECBS) - Used as an alert broadcast system to disseminate emergency alerts and warnings to mobile devices. The ECBS utilizes cell broadcast services (CBS) to deliver emergency messages to mobile phones within specific geographic area.
  • 208. 5. VENTILATION SYSTEMS • These systems help control the spread of smoke and heat in a building during a fire, aiding in evacuation and firefighting efforts.
  • 209. EXAMPLES: A. Motorized Smoke Damper - A device installed in ductwork that automatically closes when triggered by a smoke detection system. The primary purpose of a motorized smoke damper is to prevent the spread of smoke and fire through the ductwork to other parts of the building.
  • 210. B. Exhaust Fan and Ventilation - A type of ventilation system that extract smokes and hot gases that helps in making it easier for occupants to evacuate and for the firefighters to access the building.
  • 211. C. Emergency Escape Breathing Device (EEBD) - A type of self-contained breathing apparatus used for emergency escape in situations that are Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH). These situations can include fires, chemical spills, or any ither incident where the surrounding atmosphere is toxic or oxygen-deficient.
  • 212. 6. EVACUATION SYSTEMS • These systems include clearly marked exits and evacuation routes, as well as communication systems to guide occupants safely out of the building.
  • 213. EXAMPLES: A. Evacuation Map - A diagram that shows the safest emergency exit routes in a building. It’s a crucial part of any building’s safety measures as it provides occupants with a quick reference on how to safely exit the building during emergency, such as a fire and earthquake.
  • 214. B. Internal Emergency Escape Chutes - A specially constructed evacuation structure that provides a quick and safe way for people to evacuate from tall buildings during emergencies such as fires. - A vertical tube that runs from the top floor to the ground. It is constructed from fire-resistant materials like fiberglass, which can withstand high temperatures and prevent the spread of fire.
  • 215. 7. REGULAR MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION • All elements of the life safety system need to be regularly maintained and inspected to ensure they function correctly during an emergency.
  • 216. IMPORTANCE OF LIFE SAFETY SYSTEMS 1. Human Preservation -The most important role of life safety systems is to protect individuals in the event of an emergency, such as a fire, earthquake, or other disaster. -These systems are design early, provide warnings, and facilitate safe evacuation.
  • 217. 2. Property Protection -While the primary goal of life safety systems is to save lives, they also help protect property. - Systems like fire suppression can help limit damage and potentially save a building or other assets from complete destruction.
  • 218. 3. Legal Compliance - Many jurisdictions require the installation of certain life safety systems by law, especially in public buildings and workplaces. Compliance with these regulations can help avoid legal penalties.
  • 219. 4. Reduced Liability - In the event of an incident, having a property installed and maintained life safety system can help demonstrate that the necessary precautions were taken, potentially reducing liability.
  • 220. 5. Peace of Mind - Knowing that a building is equipped with life safety systems can provide peace of mind to occupants, knowing that they will be alerted and able to respond in case of an emergency.
  • 221. 6. Business Continuity - By minimizing the potential damage and disruption caused by emergencies, life safety systems can help ensure business continuity.
  • 222. CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS IN IMPLEMENTING LIFE SAFETY SYSTEMS 1. Complexity of Systems - Life safety systems such as fire alarm systems, emergency lighting, and ventilation systems, can be complex to design and install. - Engineers need to ensure these systems are reliable and effective, and this can be significant challenge, especially in a large buildings.
  • 223. Solution: -Training and education are key. Professionals involved in the design, installation, and maintenance of life safety systems need to be well- trained and up-to-date with the latest technologies and standards. Using integrated systems that combine multiple functions can also reduce complexity.
  • 224. 2. Regulatory Compliance - Engineers must ensure that life safety systems comply with a range of regulations and standards, which can vary by country or region. This can be challenge, particularly when working on international projects.
  • 225. Solution: - Regular audits and inspections can help ensure compliance. Working with knowledgeable professionals who understand the relevant regulations and standards is also important.
  • 226. 3. Integration with Other Systems - Life safety systems often need to be integrated with other building systems, such as HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) or electrical systems. - This integration can be complex and requires careful planning and coordination.
  • 227. 4. Maintenance and Testing - Once installed, life safety systems need regular maintenance and testing to ensure they remain effective. - This can be logistical challenge, particularly in a large or occupied buildings.
  • 228. Solution: - Regular, scheduled maintenance is crucial. This includes testing the system, checking for damage, and replacing worn-out components. Automated monitoring systems can also alert building owners or manager to problems.
  • 229. 5. Technological Advancements -With the rapid pace of technological advancements, keeping up- to-date with the latest technologies and integrating them into existing systems can be challenging.
  • 230. Solution: - Ongoing training and professional development can help professionals stay up-to-date with the latest technologies. Participating in industry groups and attending conferences can also be beneficial.
  • 231. 6. Training and Awareness - Ensuring that all building occupants are aware of the life safety systems in place and know how to respond in an emergency is another significant challenge. - This requires regular training and communication.
  • 232. 7. Cost Constraints - Life safety systems can be expensive to install and maintain. - Engineers often have to work within budget constraints, which limit the options available.
  • 233. ROLES OF LIFE SAFETY SYSTEM IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIES 1. Construction -In this industry, life safety systems like fire alarms, fire suppression systems, and emergency lightings are installed during the construction of buildings. They’re designed to alert occupants of an emergency, control fires, and provide safe evacuation routes.
  • 234. 2. Manufacturing - Factories and manufacturing plants often have extensive life safety systems in place to protect workers. These can include fire detection and suppression systems, emergency exit signs, and safety equipment like helmets and gloves. Some factories also have systems to detect harmful gases or chemicals.
  • 235. 3. Healthcare - Hospitals and other healthcare facilities use life safety systems to ensure the life safety of patients, staff, and visitors. These can include fire safety systems, emergency power systems, medical, gas systems, and nurse call systems.
  • 236. 4. Hospitality - Hotels, restaurants, and other hospitality venues use life safety systems to protect guests and staff. These can include fire detection and suppression systems, emergency lighting, and safe evacuation routes. - In larger venues, public address systems may also be used to communicate in emergencies.
  • 237. 5. Education - Schools, colleges, and universities use life safety systems to protect students, staff, and visitors. These can include fire detection and suppression systems, emergency lighting, and safe evacuation routes. Some institutions also have systems for lockdowns or other security emergencies.
  • 238. 6. Transportation - Airports, train stations, and other transportation hubs use life safety systems to protect the public. These can include fire detection and suppression systems, emergency lighting, and safe evacuation routes. Some also have systems to detect harmful substances or security threats.
  • 239. 7. Data Centers - These facilities, which house critical IT equipment, use life safety systems to protect against fires, which could cause significant data loss. These systems include fire detection and suppression systems, often using cleaning agents that won’t harm electronic equipment.
  • 240. 8. Oil and Gas - in this industry, life safety systems are crucial for preventing and responding to potential disasters. These can include fire and gas detection systems, emergency shutdown systems, and blowout preventers.
  • 241. THE END……… THANK YOU FOR LISTENING……...(^_^)….