Alternative building materials m 3

Faculty - Mr. ABHILASH B.L ALTERNATIVE BUILDING MATERIALS(15CV653)
Alternative Building Materials
ABHILASH B.L. M.Tech, IGBC-AP.
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Civil Engineering,
VidyaVardhaka College of Engineering,
Mysuru – 570002.

• Lime, Pozzolana cements, Raw materials, Manufacturing process, Properties
and uses.
• Fibers- metal and synthetic, Properties and applications.
• Fiber reinforced plastics, Matrix materials, Fibers organic and synthetic,
Properties and applications.
• Building materials from agro and industrial wastes ,Types of agro wastes, Types
of industrial and mine wastes, Properties and applications.
• Masonry blocks using industrial wastes. Construction and demolition wastes
Module -3
Alternative Building Materials

• Chemically, cement is a mixture of calcium silicates and small
amounts of calcium aluminates that react with water and cause the
cement to set.
• Calcium derives from limestone and clay, mudstone or shale as the
source of the silica and alumina.
• The mix is completed with the addition of 5% gypsum to help retard
the setting time of the cement.
The essential components of cement

‘Portland’ cement et al
• ‘Portland’ is the most widely produced cement. The name comes
from its presumed resemblance to Portland stone.
• Other cements include: rapid-hardening, low-heat, sulfate-resisting
and low-alkali.

Blended cements
• Increasingly cements are blended with ‘cement substitutes’ such as
Pulverised Fuel Ash (PFA), ‘Fly ash’ and Ground Granulated Blast-
furnace Slag (GGBS). The blends aim at reducing the overall
environmental impact of using 100% cement.

The basic minerals used to make cement

Limestone
• Cement producers usually locate their plants next to limestone deposits.
• Limestones of varying geological ages are distributed across the world.
They vary considerably in their chemistry and thickness and their
suitability for cement manufacturing
• Carboniferous limestones are the major source of raw material in
Britain. The other main limestones are Cretaceous (Chalk).
• Chalk is porous and often has high moisture content that leads it to its
use in the ‘semi-dry/wet’ manufacturing process of making cement. This
particular process represents some 16% of total production.

Shale
• Shale is a pure sedimentary rock made of very fine silt, clay and
quartz. Shale falls in the category of mudstones. Its grain size is less
than 1/256mm.
Shale is distinguished from other mudstones because it is fissile and
laminated. Well into the 20th century, the words shale and slate could
be interchangeable.
• Clays, mudstones and shales are very widely distributed in the
world. They occur in formations that may be several hundred metres
thick.

Gypsum
• Gypsum is a soft sulphate mineral composed of calcium sulphate
dehydrate
• The largest and commercially most important deposits of gypsum
and anhydrite occur as beds, which may persist over considerable
areas with little change in quality or thickness. They are frequently
interbedded with limestones, shales, mudstones, clays, dolomite, rock
salt
• About 20% of gypsum goes towards cement production.

General Chemical Compositions of cement

Bogue’s Compounds

Types of Cement
OPC CEMENT BLENDED CEMENT
GREY CEMENT
OPC -53/43/33
Rapid hardening
Extra rapid hardening
Sulphate resisting
Quick Setting
Expansive cement
Low heat cement
Air Entraining cement
High alumina cement
Hydrophobic cement
WHITE / Colour CEMENT
Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)
Portland Slag Cement
Super Sulphated Cement

Physical Properties Chemical Properties
Consistency
Setting time
• Initial
• Final
Soundness
Fineness
Compressive Strength
Heat of hydration
Specific gravity
Tricalcium aluminate- C3A
Tricalcium silicate-C3S
Dicalcium silicate-C2S
TetraCalciumAliminoFerrite
C4AF
Magnisia- MgO
Oxides
• Sulpher Trioxide
• Iron oxide
Alkalies
Free lime
Alumina

1) Consistency
• Percentage of water require to produce
standard cement paste.
• It is measured by Vicat apparatus
2) Setting Time
• Require time to set the cement when
water is added.
• Initial setting time
• Final setting time
Initial setting time
• At which time cement paste
start to losing its plasticity.
Final setting time
• At which time cement paste
loss complete plasticity.

3) Soundness
• Soundness refers to the ability
of cement to not undergo any
appreciable change in volume.
Le Chatelier's test.
• Unsoundness due to excess lime is measured by this test.
Autoclave Test
• Unsoundness due to excess MgO and lime measured by this test

Physical Properties according IS- 269:2015

Chemical Properties according IS- 269:2015

• Fiber or fibre (see spelling differences, from the Latin fibra ) is
a natural or synthetic substance that is significantly longer than it is wide.
• Fibers are often used in the manufacture of other materials. The strongest
engineering materials often incorporate fibers, for example carbon
fiber and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene.
• Synthetic fibers can often be produced very cheaply and in large amounts
compared to natural fibers, but for clothing natural fibers can give some
benefits, such as comfort, over their synthetic counterparts.

Natural fibers
1. Vegetable fibers
2. Wood fiber,
3. Animal fibers
4. Mineral fibers
5. Biological fibers

Vegetable fibers
Cotton, hemp, jute, flax, ramie, sisal,
bagasse & banana.
Plant fibers are employed in the manufacture
of paper and textile (cloth), and dietary
fiber is an important component of human
nutrition.

Wood fiber,
Vegetable fiber, is from tree
sources.
Ground wood, lacebark,
thermomechanical pulp
(TMP), and bleached or
unbleached kraft or sulfite
pulps.
Kraft and sulfite (also called
sulphite)

Animal fibers
silkworm silk, spider silk,
sinew, catgut, wool, sea silk and hair such
as cashmere wool, mohair and angora, fur such
as sheepskin, rabbit, mink, fox, beaver, etc.

Mineral fibers
Asbestos group. Asbestos is the only naturally
occurring long mineral fiber.
Six minerals have been classified as "asbestos"
including chrysotile of the serpentine class and those
belonging to the amphibole class- amosite, crocidolite,
tremolite, anthophyllite and actinolite.
Short, fiber-like minerals include wollastonite and
palygorskite.

Mineral fibers
chrysotile of the serpentine
Dish of serpentine with inlaid gold fish, 1st century
BC or AD, with 9th century mounts

Mineral fibers
Amphibole
Grunerite
Riebeckite
Tremolite
Anthophyllite

Biological fibers
fibrous proteins or protein
filaments
family of
proteins, tendon, muscle
proteins like actin, cell
proteins like microtubules
and many others, spider
silk, sinew and hair etc.

Fiber classification in reinforced plastics falls
into two classes:
(i) short fibers, also known as discontinuous
fibers, with a general aspect ratio (defined
as the ratio of fiber length to diameter)
between 20 and 60
(ii) long fibers, also known as continuous
fibers, the general aspect ratio is between
200 and 500
Synthetic fibers
Synthetic come entirely from synthetic materials such as petrochemicals, unlike
those man-made fibers derived from such natural substances as cellulose or
protein.

Metallic fibers
Main article: Metallic fiber
Metallic fibers can be drawn from ductile metals such as copper, gold or silver
and extruded or deposited from more brittle ones, such as nickel, aluminium or
iron. See also Stainless steel fibers.

Fibres in Concrete

Typical Properties of Selected Natural Fibers
Fiber type
Fiber
Diameter(in)
Specific
Gravity
Tensile
Strength(
Ksi)
Elastic
Modulus(Ksi)
Elongation
at Break(%)
Water
Absorption(%)
Wood
Fiber(Kraft
Pulp)
0.001-0.003 1.5 51-290 1500-5800 N/A 50-75
Coconut 0.004-0.016 1.12-1.15 17.4-29 2750-3770 10-25 130-180
Sisal 0.008-0.016 1.45 40-82.4 1880-3770 3-5 60-70
Sugar
Cane Bagasse
0.008-0.016 1.2-1.3 26.7-42 2175-2750 1.1 70-75
Bamboo 0.002-0.016 1.5 50.8-72.5 4780-5800 N/A 40-45
Jute 0.004-0.008 1.02-1.04 36.3-50.8 3770-4640 1.5-1.9 28.64
Elephant grass 0.003-0.016 0.818 25.8 710 3.6 N/Ab

Properties of Selected Man-made Fibers
Fiber type
Fiber
Diameter(
0.001 in)
Specific
Gravity
Tensile
Strength
(Ksi)
Elasticity
Modulus (
Ksi)
Elongation
at
Break(%)
Water
Absorption(
%)
Melting
Point(℃)
Steel 4-40 7.8 70-380 30,000 0.5-3.5 nil 1370
Glass 0.3-0.8 2.5 220-580
10,400-
11,600
2-4 N/A 1300
Carbon 0.3-0.35 0.90 260-380
33,400-
55,100
0.5-1.5 nil 3652-3697
Nylon 0.9 1.14 140 750 20-30 2.8-5.0 220-265
Acrylics 0.2-0.7 1.14-1.18 39-145 2,500-2,800 20-40 1.0-2.5 Decomp
Aramid 0.4-0.5 1.38-1.45 300-450
9,000-
17,000
2-12 1.2-4.3 Decomp
Polyester 0.4-3.0 1.38 40-170 2,500 8-30 0.4 260
Polypropyle
ne
0.8-8.0 0.9 65-100 500-750 10-20 nil 165
Polyethylene
Low
High
1.0-40.0
0.92
0.95
11-17
50-71
725
25-50
20-30
nil
nil
110
135

Advantages & Benefits of Using Synthetic Fibres in Plastering
1.Fibers reduced shrinkage cracks
2.Rebound loss of the mortar has been reduced to 10 % instead of 30 to 40 %
without fibers in the mortar
3.No Dampness and leakage of plastered walls
4.Better finish of wall surface
5.Increased durability due to Increased strength of mortar and thus longer life of
constructions
6.Savings due to economic mix designs and more durable plastered surface
7.Compressive strength of plaster was increased by over 15-20%
8.Results in Cement savings up to 3%
9.Increase in labour productivity by over 5%

Advantages of Using Synthetic Fibres in Concrete Flooring Works
1. The use of fibers has improved the abrasion resistance of concrete floors to
moving loads.
2. No appearance of plastic shrinkage and plastic settlement cracks on the
concrete floor surface.
3. Service life of the floor is enhanced due to high durable concrete produced
with synthetic fibers.
4. Improved impact resistance of floors to point loads.
5. Concrete mix with fibers was cohesive with better workability.
6. Compressive strength of plaster was increased by over 8-10%.

Application & its uses
• Synthetic Fibers can be used in all construction applications, different types
of fibers should be developed to address each specific construction
applications.
• Construction industry should encourage new technologies
like fibers reinforcement in construction to a larger extent for improving the
durability and serviceability of the building and structures

FIBER REINFORCED PLASTICS (FRP)
“A matrix of polymeric material that is reinforced by fibers or other
reinforcing material”

• RTM RESIN TRANSFER MOLDING
• Spray-up
• Hand lay-up
• Filament winding
• Pultrusion
• RIM REACTION INJECTIONMOULDING

RESINTRANSFER MOLDING (RTM)

Polyester resins
Epoxy resins
Phenolic resins
and other thermo
set resins
Type of
material for
which process
is used

RTM PROCESS
• impregnating preformed dry reinforcement in a closed mold with wet
thermosetting resin under pressure
• production rate comparison
– 2 - 8 pph (parts per hour)
– spray-up 0.5 pph
– injection molding 30 pph (chopped fibers,
high pressures requires >>$ tooling)

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
-
Faster
Production
Labor Savings
Dimensional Tolerances
Surface Finish
Lower Material Wastage
Very large and complex shapes can
 made efficiently
-Greater Tooling Design and
Construction Skills Required
Higher Tool Cost
Reinforcement loading may
be difficult with complex parts
Mold design is complex

Applications
Wing Panel
Aerospace parts
boat hulls
wind turbine blades
aircraft radar.
helmet, bathroom fixtures, car body etc
Truck pannel

 Mould is treated with a release agent-to prevent sticking
 Gel coat layers are placed on the mold- to give decorative and
protective surface
 The gun sprays the mixture of chopped fiber, resin & catalyst on to a mould
 Rolled out to remove entrapped air & give a smooth surface
 Poor roll out can induce structural weakness by leaving air bubbles, dislocation
of fibers and poor wet out
• Spray lay-up method is used for lower load carrying parts like small boats,
bath tubs, fairing of trucks etc

Materials used
Matrix Epoxy, polyester, polyvinyl ester, phenolic resin,
unsaturated polyester, polyurethane resin
Reinforcement Glass fiber, carbon fiber, aramid fiber, natural
plant fibers (sisal, banana, nettle, hemp, flax, coir,
cotton, jute etc.)
(all these fibers are in the form of chopped short
fibers, flakes, particle fillers etc.)
Raw materials used in spray up method

• Hand lay-up technique is the simplest method of composite
processing.
• The processing steps are quite simple
 First of all, mould is treated with a release agent- to prevent sticking
 Gel coat layers are placed on the mold- to give decorative and
protective surface
 Put the reinforcement (woven rovings or chopped strand mat)

 The thermosetting resin is mixed with a curing agent, and applied
with brush or roller on the reinforcement
 Curing at room temperature. After curing either at room temperature
or at some specific temperature, mold is opened and the developed
composite part is taken out and further processed.
 Hand lay-up method finds application in many areas like aircraft
components, automotive parts, boat hulls, diase board, deck etc.

• The schematic of hand lay-up is shown in figure
1.
Hand Lay-up process for Mat/ cloth

Materials used
Matrix Epoxy, polyester, polyvinyl ester, phenolic resin, unsaturated
polyester, polyurethane resin
Reinforcement Glass fiber, carbon fiber, aramid fiber, natural plant fibers (sisal,
banana, nettle, hemp, flax etc.)
(all these fibers are in the form of unidirectional mat,
bidirectional (woven) mat, stitched into a fabric form, mat of
randomly oriented fibers)
Raw materials used in hand lay-up method

27
FILAMENT WINDING
shaft
Filament Winding (one-step process)
-very high rate process
-Amenable to automated machine control
(little labor required)
-pressure bottle and cylindrical shapes
-rapidly growing variety applications
-continuous roving/yarns/strands
-Continuous filaments wound a mandrel(tool)
Major concerns in filament windings
-Resin selection
-Viscosity
-Need diluent or heat to lower viscosity
-Curing requirements
Fiber Requirements
-high tensile strength
-highest mechanical quality
-finishes to improve handling

Filament Windings• Impregnation methods
• -Wet winding
• -Fiber is impregnated immediately
• -Most common in aerospace
• -Most economical
• Prepreg winding
• - resin and fiber combined in separate step
• -better control
• -better wet-out
• -allows use of resin with viscosities too high for wet
winding
• Wind fibers are n two ways:
• -planar winding: side by side no cross over
-Helical winding: mandrel moves while
feeding

Filament Windings
Mandrel: can be in sections (removed piece by piece) can be salt or
sand (dissolved)
-after winding, product is cured on mandrel with heat alone (under tension)
-tension can affect void content, resin content, thickness or part.

32
Filament Windings
Characteristics of filament winding
-automation
-no prepreg step
-low labor cost
-high machine cost
Tape winding
-similar to filament winding except uses prepreg tape
-Wrapped around mandrel using rolling machine
-Used for golf clubs/pipes/tubes/fishing rods

-highly reproducible nature of the process
(layer to layer, part to part)
-continuous fiber over the entire part
high fiber volume is obtainable
-fiber and resin used in lowest cost form
-autoclave not necessary
-a very fast and economic method
-Lack of ductility
-Low modulus of elasticity
-part configuration must facilitate mandrel
extraction (no trapped tooling)
-mandrel could be complex and expensive
-inability to wind reverse curvature
-ability to orient fibers in the load direction
-inability to easily change fiber path within
one layer
-as wound external surface may not be
satisfactory for some applications

FILAMENT WINDING APPLICATIONS
• surfaces of revolution
– cylinders, pipe or tubing
– spherical or conical
– pressure
• Storage tank
• Railway tank car
• Pipe
• Aerospace

Pultrusion
Pultrusion: a process for producing continuous length of shapes with a
constant cross section by pulling resin-impregnated fibers through a
heated die where curing occurs.
Characteristics
-Pultrusion produces parts with
-high fiber volume, high percentage of unidirectional
reinforcement.
-primarily a method for thermosetting resins
-one of few continuous FRP process
-Accounts for 3% of total FRP
-based on continuous fibers

Pultrusion
Process Steps:
-String-up of desired fiber pattern
-Resin impregnation
-Preforming shape around mandrel (if necessary)
-Pre-heat (augmented cure)
-Cut finished part to length
-Speed: 0.5 to 10 ft/min
-Throughput: up to 4 lb/min

continuous process
-easy to automate, low labor
-High output; very long parts are
possible
-Uses inexpensive forms of
reinforcement
-Selective placement of reinforcement
relatively easy
-Low scrap
-Cross-sections must generally be
uniform
-difficult to maintain tight tolerances
-quick curing resin systems typically
have lower mechanical properties
-complexity of process

APPLICATIONS OF PULTRUSION
• Truck & bus components, such as body panels and drive
shaft
• Construction members such as building panels, window &
door frames, beams,pipes,cable trays etc.
• Electrical equipment such as ladders,booms for cherry
picker trucks,tool handles etc.
• Sporting goods such as ski poles & fishing rods

REACTION INJECTIONMOULDING
 RIM utilizes highly reactive two-component resins that are low-viscosity
liquids at room temperature
 To initiate mixing and injection,the piston in the mixhead moves up and the
two resin components collide in the mixing chamber under high speed and
high pressure
 The resin streams collide at 100-200m/s resulting in pressures of 10-40MPa
 Following mold filling, the piston purges the mixhead of remaining resin
 Since crosslinking is initiated by mixing and is very rapid,the resin gels within
seconds after the mold has been filled,paertially aided by heating of the
mould
 To ensure complete crosslinking,it is important that exactly correct
proportions of resin components are mixed

ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES OF RIM PROCESS
– RIM resin builds viscosity rapidly (higher average viscosity during mold
filling)
• applications must be simple geometries
• SRIM preform must be less complex and lower in reinforcement
content
• parts do not normally flash out of mold parting line sufficiently to require
sealing beyond metal land area or a pinch off around perimeter of part (low
viscosity of RTM resin requires gasket or o-ring)
– highly reactive nature of RIM resin systems leads to cycle times
currently faster than achieved with RTM process
– mix ratios of RIM resin systems nearly 1:1 in volume
• ideally suited to impingement mixing process
• self-cleaning mix element
• RTM ratios (as high as 100:1 by volume) require mixing in a static
mixer and subsequent solvent flush

Applications
Roofs
Interior Panels
Energy Absorbing Bumpers
External Body Panels / Hoods / Air Deflectors
 Fenders
Tractor Fender Deck
Or any other component that requires strength
and less weight

Building materials from agro and industrial wastes
Green building is not a simple development trend; it is an approach to building suited to the
demands of its time, whose relevance and importance will only continue to increase. The
benefits to green building are manifold, and may be categorized along three fronts:
* Environmental : Emission reduction, water conservation, storm water management,
temperature moderation, waste reduction.
* Economic : Energy & water saving, increased property value, Decreased infrastructure strain,
improved employee attendance, increased employee productivity, sales improvement,
development of local talent pool.
* Social: Improved health, improved schools, healthier life styles & recreation.

1. Cost benefit
2. High Energy efficiency
3. High Water efficiency
4. High Material efficiency
5. Better Temperature regulation.
6. Improved Indoor air quality
7.Improved Indoor environment quality
8.Low repair / maintenance
9. Improved employee attendance & productivity.
10. Higher property value.
11. Tax benefits.
ADVANTAGES

NECESSITY OF WASTES IN BUILDING PRODUCTS
According to a 2010 report, buildings in the commercial, office and hospitality sectors
are poised to grow at 8% annually over the next 10 years in India. While the retail sector
has been growing rapidly at 8% per annum, the residential sector has seen growth of 5%
per annum during this period. It is estimated that over 70 million New Urban Housing
Units will be required over the next 20 Years.
Every year several acres of fertile agricultural land is being used for production of
building materials like burnt brick etc., in addition the agriculture land is also being used
for disposal of industrial waste like Fly-ash, pond ash, GGBS etc. This leads to wastage
of land which in turn reduces the agricultural productivity.
Hence the renewed approach for development of new construction material using
industrial waste is proving to be a potential sustainable source for the construction
Industry is needed.

Thermal insulating materials using agricultural waste and
natural products
From an ecological point of view, thermal insulating materials are high energy
consumers.
Their high embodied energy is compensated by the advantage that by their use in
construction, the required operational energy is significantly reduced.
The saved energy contributes to the reduction of polluting environmental factors.
Thermal insulating materials based on agricultural products and waste have a clear
advantage over traditional thermal insulating materials due to the low embodied
energy.

VEGETABLE FIBERS AS NON-CONVENTIONAL BUILDING MATERIAL
SISAL (Agave sisalana) field by-product: This material is readily
available (e.g., 30,000 tons per year from a given producers’
association)

SISAL

Banana (Musa cavendishii) pseudo-stem fibers. This by-product has
high potential availability from fruit production (e.g., 95,000 ton per
year, based on Brazil’s main producing area). This material has no
market value and a simple low-cost fiber extraction process is
required.

Eucalyptus grandis waste pulp. Accumulating from several Kraft and
bleaching stages, this resource has low commercial value (USD
15/ton) and is readily available (e.g., 17,000 ton per year from one
pulp industry in Brazil’s southeast region).
Disadvantages of this material include short fiber length and high
moisture content (about 60% of dry mass).

HEMP
Hemp, one of the oldest cultivated plants, has an important
contribution to the supply of mankind with sufficient amounts of
clothes, paper, oil, fuel, food. Hemp can reach 4 meters in height in a
period of 100-120 days.
In construction, hemp is used as
insulating mattresses of various
sizes that are easy to handle and
install.

HEMPCRETE is a mixture of hemp
hurds and lime used as a material for
construction and insulation. The lime and
the hurds create a chemical reaction that
binds the mixture together and continues
to get harder over time until they
fossilize. It is said that houses built of
hempcrete will last for centuries.

Flax / Linseed
relatively large surface areas for fibers. Flax grown for fibers is taller
and less ramified than flax grown for oil.
In construction, flax can be used as felt or plates made from flax fibers
(74%) mixed with polystyrene fibers (18%), impregnated with
ammonium sulfate (8%). Flax insulation has a low embodied energy
compared to other insulating materials (30 kWh/m3).
The product is recommended for ”breathing” buildings, in areas without
high static strains, having a thermal conductivity coefficient
λ ≈ 0.4 – 0.5 W/mK.

Reed
Due to its physical properties, reed is a good building material,
being light and stable at the same time. Air in and between the reed
stems ensures particularly good thermal and sound insulation,
providing in this way a high degree of comfort. Reed is
mechanically pressed and bound with galvanized metal wire.
Reed plates may be of various sizes and qualities. A reed plate is a
classic insulation material that can be used for both indoor and
outdoor insulation or for roof insulation.

Reed plates
with a
cellulose
flake
binder
Reed plates
with a natural
resin glue
binder
Reed plates
with a
maize
binder
Reed plates
with a lime
mortar binder

Expanded cork
Cork is a natural material obtained from the cork oak. Cork boards are
products obtained through the natural agglomeration of granules in
their own resin and can be used in any environment and climate
conditions.
The expanded cork board is a material with very good thermal
insulating and acoustic properties
It is stable during stretching and compression (elastic), antibacterial
(not allowing for the development of fungi, mold), antiallergenic, fire
resistant, durable and it does not absorb water through capillarity. The
density of expanded cork boards is 110- 120 kg/m³, and their thermal
conductivity coefficient is 0.037 – 0.040 W/m K [7].

Expanded cork

Natural wool
Natural wool can be used like glass wool or basalt wool in the form
of insulating layers or rolls, as a thermal insulating material.
The product can be used for ”breathing” buildings, in areas
without high mechanical strains.
Wool insulation has a thermal conductivity
coefficient λ ≈ 0.039 W/mK and low
embodied energy (145 kWh/m3)

The use of agricultural waste in concrete industry
Aggregate substitutes
Sawdust is abundantly available and is used for the manufacture of
light concrete, subjected to moderate strain. Sawdust contains
considerable amounts of water soluble impurities that delay the
hydration and setting of the cement paste. In order to neutralize
sawdust impurities, physio-chemical treatments are necessary, which
considerably increase the price of concrete.

Production of concrete blocks and prefabricated elements for floors.
The rice husk contains a relatively small amount of water soluble
impurities compared to sawdust and has a low bulk density, 100 –
150 kg/m3. The apparent density of rice husk concrete is about 600
kg/m3 or higher, depending on the proportion of husks, cement and
the degree of compaction. Compressive strength is between 3 and
12 N/mm2

Cork granules resulting from packages can be used to produce light
concrete. Depending on the proportion of cement and the amount of
cork granules, compressive strengths varying between 4.2 and 12.0
N/mm2 for an apparent density of 475 up to 890 kg/m3 were
obtained. Cork granule concrete can be used to replace earth fillings
above buried pipes, for embankments adjacent to water retention
constructions, sound proofing screens, etc.

1. M.S Shetty “Concrete Technology Theory & Practice”
S.Chand, 2010,1-64 pp.
2. A.M Neville “Properties of Concrete” Pearson 1995,1-
101pp.
3. IS:269-2015 “Ordinary Portland Cement Specification”(Sixth
Revision)
4. Sudhir Mishra “Heat of Hydration”NPTL lecture.
Reference

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