Purpose, Need, Importance, Methods, Causes and types of defects in buildings, Preparation of report on maintenance work, Remedial measures and execution procedure of any one, Types of building maintenance work.
We know every structure is designed for a life period.
The existence of the structure after the service life period is very dangerous to its occupants and surrounding buildings .
The building act usually contains provisions that enable local authorities to control demolition works for the protection of public safety and to ensure adjoining premises and the site are made good on completion of the demolition.
We know every structure is designed for a life period.
The existence of the structure after the service life period is very dangerous to its occupants and surrounding buildings .
The building act usually contains provisions that enable local authorities to control demolition works for the protection of public safety and to ensure adjoining premises and the site are made good on completion of the demolition.
This topic discusses in general about the repair, maintenance and their strategies to be followed. It is also discussed about the assessment procedures and investigations to be done while repairing any structures.
Techniques for various structural repairUdayram Patil
Structural damage is crucial to safety. Proper remedial measures should always taken to avoid measure loss. This presentation provided various measure to repair structural damage.
A presentation with exhaustive information about the general idea of formwork, the various types, the newest introductions and a comparative study between the conventional and modern-day formwork.
It also includes the study of causes of failure of formwork and the safety measures to be taken for preventing failure.
This topic discusses in general about the repair, maintenance and their strategies to be followed. It is also discussed about the assessment procedures and investigations to be done while repairing any structures.
Techniques for various structural repairUdayram Patil
Structural damage is crucial to safety. Proper remedial measures should always taken to avoid measure loss. This presentation provided various measure to repair structural damage.
A presentation with exhaustive information about the general idea of formwork, the various types, the newest introductions and a comparative study between the conventional and modern-day formwork.
It also includes the study of causes of failure of formwork and the safety measures to be taken for preventing failure.
Energy efficient construction and training practices - 7 Energy renovations ...Motiva
Energy efficient construction and training practices - 7 Energy renovations of the structures
Material is primarily intended for further-education purposes for professional workers. Material can be used in teaching in classroom or self-study.
Teachers and students can use the power point material as a whole or they can pick up the most useful parts.
Including: Energy saving possibiliteis, Signs of moisture and microbe damage, Supplementary heat insulation and Revavations of structures.
Co-funded by the intelligent Energy Europe Programme of the European Union. The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Union. Neither the EASME nor the European Commission are responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
The good practices and principles required for the energy efficient building have been included in the teaching material. The writers are not responsible for their suitability to individual building projects as such. The individual building projects have to be made according to the building design of the targets in question
Finishing and other methods of construction, scaffolding, shoring, underpinningANURAG KASHYAP
materials of construction:
The methods involved in a construction like scaffolding, shoring, formwork, etc.
pre-casted fabrication techniques,
types of construction
civil engineering
This slide explains how the GFRG panels are made from industrial waste Gypsum. These panels are very economical and transforms brick by brick construction to wall by wall construction resulting in rapid construction. Where the conventional building takes about years of construction time, this technique can save time upto 80%.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
2. CONTENTS
• Causes of failure of structures
• Purpose of maintenance
• Types of maintenance works
• Maintenance report
• Repair of plaster
• Replacing old door frame by new frame
• Tests used after laying pipeline
• Defects in building
3. CAUSES OF FAILURE OF STRUCTURES
• Unpredictable
• Design error
• Error in detailing and drafting
• Materials
• Workmanship
• Inspection
• Maintenance
5. DESIGN ERROR
• Wrong design concept
• Error in load calculation
• Error in load combinations
• Improper use of computer software
• Error in design of joints
6. ERROR IN DETAILING AND DRAFTING
• Sometimes, the design of various elements of a structure may be correct.
• But, error in detailing and drafting may cause failure of structure.
7. MATERIALS
• Main construction materials are concrete, steel, bricks, wood, plastic, etc.
• Use of poor quality materials may affect the durability of structure and the
structure may fail due to weakness of the materials.
• Sometimes, high yield strength steel is used in place of mild steel to get more
strength.
• But, the risk of failure increases due to brightness of high strength steel.
9. INSPECTION
• During the construction of structure, inspection by an experienced engineer is
necessary.
• Inspection may be spot inspection, periodic inspection and full time inspection.
• Good inspection may rectify errors during construction and the danger of failure
may be avoided.
10. MAINTENANCE
• Poor maintenance reduced the structural capacity of a structure and may failure
of the structure.
• The main failures in this type are due to deterioration of concrete and corrosion
of reinforcement
11. PURPOSE OF MAINTENANCE
• Deterioration of building takes place due to weathering effects like rain, wind,
temperature, moisture etc. thus, maintenance is essential
• To fulfil the purpose for which the building is constructed, for a longer period.
• When building is in use, it is subjected to wear.
• To strengthen the weak parts of a building.
• To preserve the good appearance of a building.
• To prevent any accident due to failure of structure.
• To make some modifications in the old structure.
13. PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE
• The measures taken to prevent wear or decay of abuilding is known as preventive maintenance.
Painting of doors and windows
Painting of steel work like door, grill, etc.
• Preventive maintenance may be divided into for parts:
1. Routine maintenance
2. Periodical maintenance
3. Pre-monsoon maintenance
4. Post-monsoon maintenance
14. ROUTINE MAINTENANCE
• The everyday maintenance of a building is called routine maintenance.
• Cleaning of floor - Proper cleaning of walls and floors, possibly every day (depending
on the dirt exposure) must be done to avoid accumulation of dirt and dust. If the
building has washable paints, it is supposed to clean with water as well.
• Cleaning door/windows - There are certain cleaning liquids that can be employed in
glass and woods, that won’t affect wood quality. This helps in keeping the glass and
wood clean for a lifetime.
• Cleaning w.c/bathrooms - Cleaning water closets are essential primarily for hygiene
and proper maintenance
15. PERIODICAL MAINTENANCE
• The maintenance of a building at some regular time interval is known as
periodical maintenance
• Washing of building
• Painting of doors and windows, etc.
16. PRE – MONSOON MAINTENANCE
• The maintenance work carried out before start of monsoon to prevent the
building from effects of rain, is known as pre – monsoon maintenance.
• Repair of plaster in outer walls
• Cleaning of sewer lines
• Applying waterproofing course on ceiling
• Changing broken tiles of roof, etc.
17. POST – MONSOON MAINTENANCE
• The maintenance of a building after monsoon is over is known as post -
monsoon maintenance.
• To fill depressions formed near compound wall
18. MAINTENANCE REPORT
• Before starting the maintenance work, a survey is carried out to identify the parts
of a building requiring maintenance.
• The type of treatment for various parts of a building is also decided.
• A brief report is prepared on survey work and the treatment required.
• This report is known as maintenance report.
19. MAINTENANCE REPORT
• Foundation condition
• Condition of masonry work
• Condition of flooring
• Condition of woodwork
• Condition of steelwork
• Condition of water supply and drainage lines
20. REPAIR OF PLASTER
• Clean the area from where plaster has fallout.
• Remove loose plaster surrounding the repair patch.
• Rak the masonry joints up to 20 mm depth.
• Sprinkled water on the surface and keep it wet for 2 to 3 hours.
• Prepare necessary scaffolding.
• Apply new plaster in two coats with cement : sand mortar 1:4
• After one day, cure the new plaster for at least 7 days.
21.
22. 1. IDENTIFY PLASTER WALL PROBLEM
• The type of damage shall be specified prior to the commence of repairing
operation. In this manner, the most suitable technique and equipment can be
employed to repair the damage and best outcome could be achieved.
23. TABLE 1 COMMON TYPES OF PLASTER WALL
PROBLEM AND THEIR CAUSES
Common types of
plaster wall problem
Cause of the plaster wall problem
Cracks
Hairline cracks due to moisture evaporation, delaminating crack
because plaster pulling away from the lath behind it, and
Settlement Cracks because of building settlement.
Damage
activity inside the home like a collision due to moving a piece of
furniture
Blistering improper slaking of lime particles in the plaster
Flaking poor bond
Discoloration Water seepage
24. FIG. 1: DELAMINATING CRACKS IN
PLASTER WALL
FIG. 2: HAIRLINE CRACKS IN PLASTER
WALL
FIG. 3: SETTLEMENT CRACKS
25. 2. SETTING UP SCAFFOLDING
• Scaffolding is required for the proper
execution of the repair work should
be erected.
• Ladder can also be used in case of
scaffolding if the work can be done
safely.
FIG. 4: SETTING UP SCAFFOLDING OR
LADDER
26. • 3. Protective Measure
• Doors, windows, floors, articles of furniture etc. and such other parts of the building
should be protected from being splashed by mortar.
• 4. Cutting of Old Plaster
• The mortar of the patch, where the existing plaster has cracked, crumbled or sounds
hollow when gently tapped on the surface, is first removed.
• The patch is be cut out to a square or rectangular shape at position where repairing is
needed. The edges of cut plaster is made under cut to provide a neat joint.
27. 5. PREPARATION OF SURFACE
• The masonry joints which become exposed after removal of old plaster is raked
out to a minimum depth of 10 mm in the case of brick work and 20 mm in the
case of stone work.
• The raking is carried out uniformly with a raking tool, and loose mortar is dusted
off. The surface is then thoroughly washed with water, and kept wet till plastering
is commenced.
• In case of concrete surfaces, the old plaster is thoroughly scrubbed with wire
brushes after the plaster had been cut out, and pock marked the surface is
roughened by wire brushing, and all the resulting dust and loose particles
cleaned off. The surface is washed and cleaned and kept wet till plastering is
commenced.
29. 6. APPLICATION OF PLASTER
• Mortar of specific mix such as 1:4 or
1:6 with the good quality plaster
sand is used.
• After the plaster has been applied to
the surface, finishing of plaster is
done to match with the old
surrounding plaster.
Fig. 6: Application of
plaster
30. 7. Curing of Plaster
• Curing of plaster is necessary to prevent cracking. It should be done for at least
days at regular interval.
8. Finishing of Plaster
• After the plaster is thoroughly cured and dried the surface is then painted with
the color of the surrounding area.
31. REPLACING OLD DOOR FRAME BY NEW FRAME
• Remove the shutter from the door frame.
• Open the horns and hold fasts of doorframe by making holes in the wall.
• Remove the door frame.
• Place the new door frame in position and check its verticality using plumb bob.
• Support the frame properly. Fill the holes for hold fasts and horns using cement
mortar.
• Apply plaster on the new masonry work.
• Cure the new masonry – plaster for 7 days.
• Fix the shutter to the door frame.
32. TESTS USED AFTER LAYING PIPELINE
• Coloured water
• Compressed air
• Filling the pipe
• Hydraulic gradient method
• Metal rod
• Steel rod
• Observation on ground
33. • Coloured water - Coloured water is introduced in flowing water to check the leakage of
pipe.
• Compressed air - Compressed air introduced in pipeline to check the leakage of pipe.
• Filling the pipe – In this method, a certain portion of pipeline is selected and the quality of
water required to fill the pipeline is calculated. Then, the pipeline is actually filled with
water and the quality of water required is determined. The difference between two
quantities will suggest the leakage.
• Hydraulic gradient method – In this method, a hydraulic gradient line is drawn between
two sections of a pipeline. Any sudden change in the slope of a hydraulic gradient line
indicates leakage in the pipe.
TESTS USED AFTER LAYING PIPELINE
34. • Metal rod – In this method, a metal rod is inserted into the ground in such a way
that the lower end of the rod touches the pipeline. The sound of leaking water
can be heard by keeping earn near the rod.
• Steel rod – A steel rod with pointed end is inserted into the ground near pipeline
and then withdrawn. If the end of the rod is wet, it indicates some leakage.
• Observation of ground – At the point of leakage the ground surface remains
damp and grass is found on the ground.
TESTS USED AFTER LAYING PIPELINE
35. DEFECTS IN BUILDINGS
• Defects in plastering
• Dampness in building
• Termite attack
• Remedies for leakage through roofs
• Remedies for settlement of tiles in floor
36. • Blistering : development of local swellings on the finished
plastered surface.
37. Crazing : development of hair cracks, in an irregular pattern over
the finished surface.
38. Flaking : It is the formation of very loose mass of plastered
surface, due to poor bond between successive coats.
39. • Popping : It is the formation of conical hole in the plastered
surface due to presence of some particles which expand on
setting.
40. REMEDIAL MEASURES
• To maintain the quality of work.
• To use good quality of bricks.
• To use water surface free from salt.
• Soaking bricks in water before using in masoning.
41. DAMPNESS IN BUILDING
Causes of dampness
• Rising moisture from ground.
• Rain penetration from roof.
• Rain penetration from top walls.
• Moisture penetration from exposed
walls.
Rain penetration from roof
43. REMEDIES FOR DAMPNESS IN BUILDING
• Laying DPC layer (1 : 2 : 4) at plinth level
above wall.
• Laying mastic asphalt or bitumen layer on
walls at plinth level.
46. SOIL TREATMENT
• Soil termite treatment is a toxin bearing
product applied to the soil under or near a
structure meant to control or eliminate the
infiltration of below ground termites into
the proposed structure.
• The termite pre-treatment material should
be applied to the soil and soak into the
voids to then bond to the soil.
• The treatment tends to be easier to apply
to non-cohesive soils than cohesive ones
because there are larger voids in the soil.
• The treatment cannot be applied if the soil
substrate is wet or frozen.
47. REMEDIES FOR LEAKAGE THROUGH ROOFS
• Cleaning drain pipes.
• Level the surface and provide proper slope.
• To carryout waterproofing treatment.
48. REMEDIES FOR SETTLEMENT OF TILES IN FLOOR
• Remove the tiles from floor, compact the soil by rammer.
• Lay cement concrete layer on the compacted soil bed.
• Refix the tiles over the PCC bedding.