Presentation tries to look at the cost of buildings, issues in creating cost-effective buildings and options for creating cost-effective, qualitative buildings using architectural design, making buildings green,using local materials, using innovative technologies, prefabrication and putting in place strong project management
I came to know regarding this competition from rediff.com
Salient features of a well-designed inclusive Neighbourhood (Colony) for the urban poor is characterized by a well conceptualized effort at social cohesion:
I. Housing Unit and Layouts of Cluster Housing
II. Neighbourhood Colony Layouts
III. Basic Physical Infrastructure (Water Supply, Sanitation, Drainage, Roads, Street Lighting, Solid
Waste Management, etc.)
IV. Cohesive Social Infrastructure (Community Centre, Informal Sector Market, Livelihood Centre,
etc.)
A presentation that explains the various systems and techniques of employing steel and concrete to support long span structures. The range varies from conventional beams, to trusses and portal frames.
I came to know regarding this competition from rediff.com
Salient features of a well-designed inclusive Neighbourhood (Colony) for the urban poor is characterized by a well conceptualized effort at social cohesion:
I. Housing Unit and Layouts of Cluster Housing
II. Neighbourhood Colony Layouts
III. Basic Physical Infrastructure (Water Supply, Sanitation, Drainage, Roads, Street Lighting, Solid
Waste Management, etc.)
IV. Cohesive Social Infrastructure (Community Centre, Informal Sector Market, Livelihood Centre,
etc.)
A presentation that explains the various systems and techniques of employing steel and concrete to support long span structures. The range varies from conventional beams, to trusses and portal frames.
Presentation focuses on the cost effectiveness of buildings through rationalizing architectural design, opting for green buildings, looking at life cycle cost, promoting professional management, optimising labour, materials, plants time etc to avoid time/cost over-run and to finish the project within defined scope, money and time
Hereby, I tried to make a case study report on the mixed-use building, for the sake of my design development. I tried to choose futuristic development on the condition of present Bangladesh.
Hope this study will help anyone to gain an idea on Mixed-use building
Affordable housing programming for architecture - thesis projectGhassanAlhammadi1
Thesis project and programming for architecture urban farming and affordable housing that responds to the context and the housing crisis. By making work-live- and marketing activities in one city to reduce the use of viechles and make it self-sufficient. The goals to solve the housing crisis and food security in yemen
HERITAGE- It is not only about built heritage but includes certain distinctive open areas, neighborhoods, and environs
which are of historical, aesthetic,
cultural or sociological interest and
value which we would like to preserve
for the posterity as they enrich our
history and traditions.Heritage characteristics to be
preserved or conserved are
identified as elevational features,
floor heights, cornices, special
carvings designs, motifs,
architectural style, roof-scape
etc.
Conserving and preserving the
Heritage of our historical possession
in its pristine and original form, so
that it continues to portray its original
beauty, distinctive character, unique
style or use or association with a
distinctive historical personality or
event
A short and elaborate Case Study on High Rise Buildings for the course of Advanced Building Construction from students of 8th Semester Architecture at VNIT, Nagpur (January- April 2017)
Presentation focuses on various aspects of promoting economy in built environment through design, materials, construction, technologies/ professional management, standardisation , mass production etc.It also brings out strategies and options to make buildings cost-effective.
Presentation is an attempt to showcase the role and importance of Green Buildings to make this world sustainable and the approach to designing the green buildings
Presentation focuses on the cost effectiveness of buildings through rationalizing architectural design, opting for green buildings, looking at life cycle cost, promoting professional management, optimising labour, materials, plants time etc to avoid time/cost over-run and to finish the project within defined scope, money and time
Hereby, I tried to make a case study report on the mixed-use building, for the sake of my design development. I tried to choose futuristic development on the condition of present Bangladesh.
Hope this study will help anyone to gain an idea on Mixed-use building
Affordable housing programming for architecture - thesis projectGhassanAlhammadi1
Thesis project and programming for architecture urban farming and affordable housing that responds to the context and the housing crisis. By making work-live- and marketing activities in one city to reduce the use of viechles and make it self-sufficient. The goals to solve the housing crisis and food security in yemen
HERITAGE- It is not only about built heritage but includes certain distinctive open areas, neighborhoods, and environs
which are of historical, aesthetic,
cultural or sociological interest and
value which we would like to preserve
for the posterity as they enrich our
history and traditions.Heritage characteristics to be
preserved or conserved are
identified as elevational features,
floor heights, cornices, special
carvings designs, motifs,
architectural style, roof-scape
etc.
Conserving and preserving the
Heritage of our historical possession
in its pristine and original form, so
that it continues to portray its original
beauty, distinctive character, unique
style or use or association with a
distinctive historical personality or
event
A short and elaborate Case Study on High Rise Buildings for the course of Advanced Building Construction from students of 8th Semester Architecture at VNIT, Nagpur (January- April 2017)
Presentation focuses on various aspects of promoting economy in built environment through design, materials, construction, technologies/ professional management, standardisation , mass production etc.It also brings out strategies and options to make buildings cost-effective.
Presentation is an attempt to showcase the role and importance of Green Buildings to make this world sustainable and the approach to designing the green buildings
Presentation tries to focus on construction sector in India, its role and importance in promoting economy, employment and create wealth for the nation.Presentation also looks at the roadblocks in operation of the construction sector and suggest measures for making it effective and efficient
Buildings remain crucial for promoting sustainability because buildings remain largest consumers of energy, resources and generators of waste. This world can never ever be made livable and sustainable unless buildings are planned, designed, constructed and managed in a rational and realistic manner. Accordingly role of architects, engineers, planners, industry, builders, contractors and other stakeholders becomes important for looking critically and objectively, how buildings are planned and designed. It needs to be understood and appreciated that there cannot be any option better than designing buildings with nature , using natural elements. Built environment has to be made supportive to environment and ecology. If buildings donot make value addition to environment and bio-diversity, then no human being using such buildings shall remain happy and healthy. Buildings are meant for people, community and society to be used, and if the buildings cannot keep and fulfill that promise then the entire purpose of creating buildings is defeated. Architects and Engineers must come forward to ensure that the buildings are made supportive of nature and should invariably make value addition to nature in order to usher an era of sustainability, failing which humanity will be heading for disaster and self-destruction.
Architectural Design and structural design remain collaborative and partners in making building sustainable and green. No building can be planned , designed and made green unless structural design and state of art construction supports it. Achieving sustainability in a building will be misnomer, mirage and a fallacy by excluding the input and expertise of the art and science of sustainable structure and construction. Presentation studies, examines, explores and explains that relationship and suggests option and strategies which can be leveraged to make sustainable buildings. Existing rating systems excludes the role and importance of structural design in making buildings green and sustainable, which need review ,revision and redefinition to make sustainable Structure Design integral part of the rating system of buildings in order to make these systems rational , focused and relevant to the objectives, they are supposed to achieve.
Buildings as consumers of energy, resources and generators of waste has major implications for humanity, communities, climate and resources. Context of buildings have to be understood and appreciated in terms of resources, climate and sustainability. Buildings have to be planned, designed, constructed, operated and managed in a manner that they make value to environment, ecology and bio-diversity. Buildings are always evolving, devolving, never ever static and finite. Buildings need care and dedication.A Green building makes you Happy, Healthy and More Productive
Provides highest quality of indoor environment Optimizes Resources, , Reduces Waste,
Reduces Carbon Footprints
makes building operations cost effective and energy efficient- create win-win situation for owner; occupant; user; tenant. Buildings need competent and committed professionals for designing and construction. Role of Architects and Engineers will always remain crucial and universal to achieve sustainability and SDG Goals enunciated by UNDP
- NITTTER- 12-8-22-what makes a building intelligent.pptxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Making building intelligent shall be a challenge for communities by exploring all technological options available . All Buildings can be made intelligent. Intelligent buildings unlike the green buildings are more expensive both operationally and during construction. Both have their limitations and applications. We need to make buildings both green and intelligent to make this world more sustainable and built environment offering convenience, comfort, safety and productivity
Technology remains embedded in the efficiency of any process. Making any product cost-effective and sustainable invariably requires the involvement of technology. Looking at the extent, length, breadth and depth of the built environment, it becomes essential that appropriate technologies must be embedded in the construction sector, to make it safe, cost-effective, time-efficient, sustainable, minimum consumer of resources and generator of waste. Construction technologies accordingly remains valuable. For making building sustainable, the role of material, men, machinery, cost , resources needs to be examined to ensure that construction sectors remains most qualitative and cost/energy efficient.
Increasing problems of climate change, rising temperature, global warming and increasing carbon footprints, can be largely attributed to the manner in which built environment is being planned, designed, constructed and created .
Considering the role, relevance and importance, buildings need to be made more environmentally sustainable; economically vibrant/ productive and physically better place to live and work.
Making built environment more productive, sustainable and inclusive, calls for looking into and exploring the innovative options of; Rationalizing and redefining the process of planning, designing, constructing and maintaining the buildings; Making built environment energy/resource efficient and environment friendly; mitigating heat island, making buildings safe against natural and manmade disasters. In order to make building supportive of environment and ecology ;buildings have to be made sustainable, smart and intelligent, so that agenda to make buildings vibrant and least consumer of energy/resources /generator of waste.
presentattion Role and Importance of Pre-Fabrication (3).pptxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation makes a case for promoting pre-fabrication as a unique approach to make buildings cost-effective, time -efficient, resource- efficient, qualitative and sustainable, resilient, energy-efficient and climate responsive.
Presentation focuses on various aspects of buildings- how they have to be planned, designed, oriented, constructed using materials and technologies to make them Green in real sense of the term - to make them supportive and promoter of sustainability.
Role and Importance of Pre-fabrication in Promoting Sustainable Built Enviro...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation is an attempt to define role and importance of pre-fabrication in creating built environment and its advantages over and above the traditional system of construction in terms of cost, speed, wastage, quality, theft ,safety etc
Role and Importance of Pre-fabrication in Promoting Sustainable Built Enviro...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation attempts to highlight the role and importance of pre- fabrication as an option for promoting speedier and quality construction which is both cost-effective and time efficient. Process has the capacity to make construction sector sustainable and minimizer of consumption of natural resources
Presentation looks at the entire context of Bamboo as a critical green building- material which being called steel of 21st century- in terms of its advantages and use in creating sustainable, cost-effective, earthquake resistant and green buildings
Role and Importance of Prefrication in Promoting Sustainable Built EnvironmentJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper tries to bring out origin, growth, development of Prefabrication as a method of construction to promote mass construction and cost-effectiveness in construction besides defining advantages and limitations of this construction technologies.
Presentation is an attempt to briefly describe the context of Green Building- its role and importance in promoting sustainability and reducing global warming besides the design strategies which go into making of a Green Building. It also define the advantages and the rating system defined by IGBC for the Green Building.
Construction technology remains critical for creating state of art and quality built environment besides making built environment sustainable, cost-effective and affordable. Despite being considered as promoter of economy and employment, construction technology in the country remain largely obsolete and outdated. Little effort has been made to change the culture of construction industry and make it move forward from construction to manufacturing of buildings. Majority of Buildings constructed in the country follow on-site construction practices , whereas very little has been parceled to off-site construction. Construction sector needs innovations and redefinition to learn from global good practices so as to make buildings cos-effective and time efficient. Construction industry has to create new order of skilling in order to embed technology in the industry. Despite the fact that majority of industries have made optimum use of digital technology to improve productivity, reform processes and achieve higher order of dividends, but building sector has remained a laggard leading to creeping in higher order of inefficiency; lack of productivity with buildings becoming more cos-t intensive. It is time for construction industry to look at the manner it is being operated and should redefine itself by embedding latest technologies. With India already recognized as global leader in digital technology, it should be much easier and quicker to bring construction industry and digital technology on the common platform to usher an era of inducting sustainable construction practices and make building sector more sustainable, cost-effective, energy efficient and affordable for majority of the Indians. This would help achieve twin objectives - not only of empowering poor but also help in meeting the goals defined in SDGs.
Role and Relevance of Architects and architecture in SustainabilityJIT KUMAR GUPTA
This brief text on Role, Relevance and importance of Architects and profession of Architecture in making this world and human settlements more livable, climate responsive and sustainable has been prepared as commitment of the professionals and profession of Architects on this World Environment Day ; June 5th , 2024 , with the hope that profession would be understood, valued ,appreciated and empowered in the right context for enabling it play its designated role in making built environment qualitative, cost-effective, energy-efficient, eco-friendly, safe and sustainable.
Bridging gap between resources and responsibilities at Local level.JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Text refers to need, role, relevance and importance of empowering urban local bodies by bridging gap between resources available and responsibilities bestowed, for enabling ULBs to operate and function as institutions of local governance more effectively and efficiently.
Construction Industry Through Artificial Intelligence -.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Considering the role, relevance and importance of construction sector in promoting economy, generating employment and creating wealth besides providing infrastructures and amenities, there is need to make the sector more effective, efficient, productive and sustainable. Driven manually, construction sector remains in the slow lane of creating quality built environment which are cost-effective, energy efficient, least consumers of resources and generators of waste. Artificial intelligence can help and empower the construction to make it more valuable, productive and qualitative besides supportive of environment and ecology. However, construction sector must be ready to co-operate and collaborate with IT industry to look for options and opportunities to make construction sector more qualitative and productive. Majority of urban ills and climate related issues can be resolved if Artificial intelligence can be embedded as integral part of the construction industry right prom planning, designing, construction, operation and management of the built environment and infrastructures. Communities and nations will save lot of valuable non-renewable resources if the construction sector is transformed from human led to technology led by the induction of Artificial intelligence. However, Construction industry has to search the areas where Artificial intelligence can be used effectively and intelligently.
Making Urban India a Role Model of Planned Urban Growth a.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Known for productivity, promoting economy, employment and innovations cities, when properly planned, rationally developed and professionally managed, have been labelled and recognized as engines of economic growth. Prosperity and urbanisation are known to have positive co-relation with rational urbanisation, leveraging growth and development of any community, city, state and region. In majority of developing countries, where urbanisation remains unregulated, forced largely by rural push and less by urban pull, cities invariably remain in crisis, crisis of population, crisis of poverty, crisis of development and management. Cities need to be cared ,incentivized, empowered and made more productive, effective, efficient and humane.
Redefining Globalization, urbanisation and LocalisationJIT KUMAR GUPTA
If cities are to made more livable, humane and productive, it is time that intent, contents and scope of globalization must be revisited and reviewed, both critically and objectively. Globalisation would need redefinition for promoting universality and inclusiveness among people and nations to have basic amenities and quality of life for all its residents , including poorest of the poor to lead a dignified life. Failure to redefine globalization, rationalise urbanisation, restore localization empowering poor and promoting universalisation and inclusivity; will invariably lead to making SDGs merely a paper exercise. In addition, making the world, cities and communities sustainable, livable, safe and inclusive, would remain merely a dream and a mirage, for future generations and communities, making planet earth as their preferred place of residence.
Knowing, Understanding and Planning Cities- Role and Relevance Physical Plan...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Cities are known for its complexities and operational inefficiencies. cities remain dynamic ,ever evolving, ever devolving, never static and never finite.
All cities remain different, distinct, unique and universal. No two cities are similar. Each city has its own strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Accordingly, problem faced by any city cannot be viewed, dissected, analyzed and enumerated, while sitting within the four walls of the air-conditioned rooms and by the so called intellectual sitting in the so called offices determining the future of cities and towns. Neither the cities can be made more rational by limited knowledge agencies providing consultancy to cities , states and nations.
For realistically and rationally understanding, analyzing the cities and having simple, cost-effective and quality solutions to the problems and challenges faced , Cities have to be walked through and concerns of the various communities have to be properly understood and appreciated.
Prime reason for inability and lack of capacity on the part of majority of physical planners, engaged in the art and science of planning, designing and developing the cities, to address the issues and challenges faced by cities , realistically and rationally, has genesis in the lack of understanding of the origin, growth and development of cities.
Lack of capacity in majority of town planners, has roots in the quality of education imparted and seriousness and commitment on the part of both teachers and taught involved. As it stands today, majority of institutions involved in imparting education in planning are being run on an ad-hoc manner and by proxy. Only few institutions have regular teachers and regular students. Majority of planning institutions are being run on proxy with proxy students and proxy teachers. Education system including curricula used for teaching, needs, review, revision and redefinition to make it more relevant to rational for addressing the issues and challenges faced by the cities and towns.
Land as a Resource for urban finanace- 24-1-23.pptJIT KUMAR GUPTA
PPt tries to brief Land, as a gift of nature, is being grossly misused, abused , manipulated Land is globally used for providing platform for all human driven activities, based on living, working, culture of body/ mind and travel.
Limited availability, coupled with large number of human beings trying to source land, has invariably created large demand for land resource for human consumption. Land, in urban context, is required for meeting the specific needs of urban dwellers for residential, commercial, institutional, recreational, travel& traffic purposes besides providing space for infrastructures , amenities, services, trade and commerce etc. Land in urban context remains under large demand and command high price due to concentration of large population in small physical area, with stakeholders making competing claims.Rapid and uncontrolled growth in population experienced by urban areas has adversely impacted and generated considerable pressure on land resource in cities and towns , leading to large scale conversion, sub-division and illegal occupation of urban land. Unregulated and regulated pressure on land has largely been met by means of both formal/informal sub-division and development of land. Growth of the urban settlements and entire mechanism of urban planning and development remains land based/ land focused. In order to make optimum use of land resource on 24x7x365; making city planning, growth, development and management ,both rational. realistic, orderly and promoter of quality living, it will be critical and essential, that all ULBs are made to focus on eliminating culture and practices promoting un-authorized/ illegal sub-division of land for ushering an environment and era of planned urban development in the cities. Land needs to be effectively leveraged to generate resources for ULBs to make cities vibrant.
COST-EFFETIVE and Energy Efficient BUILDINGS ptxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Built environment is known for its capacity, capability, role, relevance and importance to change the quality of life of the occupants and communities. Presentation focuses on options which need to be leveraged to make buildings sustainable, cost-effective, energy efficient, resource efficient, qualitative over its entire life-cycle through designing, construction, operation. It calls for making buildings green and sustainable.
Making Buildings cost-effective , Energy Efficient ptxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation focuses on options which need to be leveraged to make buildings sustainable, cost-effective, energy efficient, resource efficient, qualitative over its entire life-cycle
Ppt briefs about role, relevance, importance of the rating systems applicable in India, criteria used in assessing
greeness, weightage allocated, , brief of how these rating systems are applied, parameters involved; weightage granted, levels of rating granted , incentives given by states for green rated buildings and brief of suggestions, how to make rating system more effective, efficient, objective and transparent.
The phenomenon of global warming remains more pronounced in the urban areas, for the reason cities house large concentration of people and activities in a small/compact urban space.Densely-built downtown areas tend to be warmer than suburban residential areas or rural areas.. UHI not only raises urban temperatures but also increases ozone concentrations because ozone is a greenhouse gas whose formation will accelerate with the temperature. Tokyo, an example of an urban heat island. Normal temperatures of Tokyo go up higher than those of the surrounding area. However, it needs to be understood and appreciated that climate change is not the cause of urban heat islands but it is causing more frequent and more intense heat waves which in turn amplify the urban heat island effect in cities. Major reasons for ever growing global warming and climate change can be attributed to the; Nature and natural; Human-Driven; population; Rapid Urbanisation; Irrational Urban planning; High Density; Inefficient Transportation ;Large generation/consumption of fossil fuel based Energy; Unsustainable Buildings; Polluting Industry & Manufacturing; Unsustainable Agriculture; Irrational Development; Large scale Deforestation; Lack of open spaces and individual life-choices;
Making and Unmaking of Chandigarh - A City of Two Plans2-4-24.pptJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation is a narrative of a
capital city- known for its innovative planning, designing, construction and management of a new capital . It briefs about the principles used in the planning and designing of city -by the first team of planners led by Albert Mayer and Mathew Nowicki-- followed by the second team led by Le- Corbusier, P Jenerette, Jane B Drew , Maxwell Fry. It also details about the various aspects of the city planning, planning of the sector as a neighbourhood, typologies of
various developmental controls used for regulating the construction of buildings. Innovations used for regulating the growth and development of periphery; redensification of city in case city exceeds its planned population of half a million, creating a narrative of city and periphery, innovative landscaping, defining an edict for the city to educate the future citizens of the capital city to safeguard the future growth and development besides lessons learnt from planning and designing the new cities.
Planning and Designing Green buildings-.issues, options and strategiesJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Affordability and sustainable development are considered anti-thesis across the world. Generally there exists conflict between the approach to sustainable built environment and affordable buildings. Sustainable development is considered more expensive. According to Middleton, ‘Sustainability and affordability aren’t mutually exclusive goals. It’s not about adding extra, but thinking more carefully about the design of buildings and incorporating technologies that can offset the rising costs of energy, water and other services. Affordability and sustainability are known to fit together perfectly’.
Through excellent design, buildings can be made more sustainable and affordable. Smaller the footprint of buildings, lower will be the upfront costs and embodied energy and lower shall be the running costs of buildings. Looking at the entire context of health, rising cost of amenities/services; Sustainable/Green designs are now being increasingly adopted, to make built environment more cost-effective and affordable. Considering the enormous amount of built environment to be created, India will have no option but to tread the path of sustainability and sustainable development in the built environment. Sustainable built environment would also help in and go a long way in achieving the majority of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals for the reason, built environment is known to be the largest consumer of energy, avoid wasteful use of resources and minimise generation of waste. Global sustainability will be largely contingent upon how effectively and efficiently we can make our buildings sustainable and qualitative through innovative/green design solutions based on local climate and culture, valuing site planning, embedding orientation, cross ventilation, using renewable/waste materials and involving state of the art building technologies.
_Neighborhood Planning in Capital City of Chandigarh- An Appraisal (2) - Copy...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Neighborhood as an idea, concept, option and strategy has been extensively used locally and globally by the Urban Planners to plan and decentralize cities, create cities within cities, promote self-contained communities and to make cities more humane, safe and socially vibrant. Neighborhood has also been used recently to define the city in terms of travel time - making 10/15 minutes city
Accordingly, large typologies of NH ,in terms of planning and designing , with varying shapes, sizes and contents have emerged in the urban context. Americans have used superblock and French using Sector for defining the neighborhood. Despite distinct advantages, holding high degree of relevance in urban and local area planning , NH planning has not been able to deliver the envisioned objectives of safety and social vibrancy. Cities in the process have been socially, economically and physically fragmented, leading to clear division of cities into different communities with little economical and social connectivity. Variance of planning and designing norms followed at NH and sub-neighborhood levels have promoted more dichotomy and contradictions with varying quality of life inducted at local level. Differential population and infrastructures have divided the city into the categories of high/low end NH units. Fabric and morphology of cities, in large cases, has been distorted with urban settlement emerging as a distinct social map of communities graded economically and socially,on the basis of area/location . In the process, the way NH planning concept has been used, neighborhood planning has emerged as an instrument of social and economic segregation/division. In fact in number of cases, concept has been used, misused, abused in intent and content to divide the cities into distinct social and economic layers. Instead of unifying , concept has led to division of cities.
Genesis of modern application of NH can be found in the planning and designing of Chandigarh where entire city fabric of capital city was woven around Sector as the basic unit of planning, concptulasied as self-contained and self-sustaining unit at the local level. However, the way sectors have been planned, it has led to dividing the cities into different and distinct communities. Individual status in Chandigarh can be judged from his/her residence. Concept of Sector has done more damage than good to the fabric of the city. Chandigarh is likely to face considerable problem in making city socially and economically cohesive/vibrant,. Sectors in Chandigarh remain anti-thesis to the basic concept of NH planning of safety, involving walkability, vehicular movement, putting commercial space in the centre. Considering role, relevance, importance and usability , NH needs to be planned, designed with care and caution, in order to make cities socially and economically vibrant, inclusive. NH planning deserves a new definition and approach to make it relevant and rational.
Reviewing, Revising and Redefining Master Plans and Development Plans to Ma...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Looking at its efficacy and efficiency, it can be seen and observed that Master Plans/ Development Plans have done more damage than good for the planned growth and development of the cities to which they have been made applicable. These plans have been violated with impunity both by the people, communities, cities and parastatal agencies; for the betterment/welfare of which these plans were prepared. These plans have been visualized as controller of development rather than promoters of development. Instead of planned development , these plans have been usherers of the unplanned development. These plans are known to be responsible for promoting large number of slums besides making quality of life poor for majority of the urban inhabitants. Cities under Master Plans are also known to promote exclusion rather than inclusion. Master Plans/Development Plans are known to promote prosperity for few and marginalize the large proportions of the local community by making them poor. Instead of catering to urban dynamism, Master Plans/Development Plans try to freeze the city, for next two decades, to which it is made to serve. Accordingly, these plans need to be reviewed , rationalised, revised and redefined to make them better Master Plans/Development Plans
Rationalizing the Planned Growth of Urban India- paper.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Rapid and uncontrolled growth in population experienced by urban areas has adversely impacted and generated considerable pressure on land resource in cities and towns , leading to large scale conversion, sub-division and illegal occupation of urban land. Unregulated and regulated pressure on land has largely been met by means of both formal/informal sub-division and development of land. Growth of the urban settlements and entire mechanism of urban planning and development remains land based/ land focused, based on a strategy of sub-division of the land, dictated by the economic forces prevailing in the market. Irrational and ineffective public policies of urban planning and land sub-division, devoid of prevailing ground realities, have turned out to be incompatible with the demands of urban expansion, leading to large scale un-authorized and illegal sub-division of land. In the process, valuable land resources, gift of nature, has been misused, abused and mutilated in this race of uncontrolled and irrational urbanisation. In order to make optimum use of land resource; making city planning, growth, development and management ,both rational. realistic, orderly and promoter of quality living, it will be critical and essential, that all urban centres are made to focus on eliminating the culture and practices promoting un-authorized/illegal sub-division of land for ushering an environment and era of planned urban development in the country.
Suggestion and Options for integrating villages. within the framework of the...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Preparing Master Plans/Development Plans for any urban settlements, basically and essentially, involves declaring a planning area for which the said long term plans are prepared. Planning area invariably includes and involves, number of rural settlements, which comprise of the planning area besides the urban settlement. It has been observed that in majority of cases, while detailed studies and analysis are carried out of the urban settlements but villages in the study and analysis remain marginalized, diluted and muted. Despite the fact, villages have critical role in the rational development of the urban settlement, but in preparing Master Plans their role and relevance is not made part of the said plan. Accordingly, this text tries to bring out the typologies of villages falling in the planning area and the suggested framework to develop these villages in making Master Plans, better Master Plan. In order to improve Master Plan qualitatively, quantitively, both in intent, contents and scope, It will be appropriate that all the villages falling in the planning area must be studied , analyzed and made integral part of the final outcome of the proposals of Master Plan. In-fact one Chapter must be exclusively dedicated to detail out the issues faced by the Villages and options which can be leveraged to promote the rational growth of villages ,as an integral part of the long term development of the urban settlement , for which the Master Plan is being prepared. This will help not only in integrating the urban- rural settlements falling in the planning area, but would also go a long way in promoting and ensuring rational growth and development of the urban settlement, for which the Master Plan is being prepared.
Making cities Climate Responsive and SustainableJIT KUMAR GUPTA
“Decarbonization” of cities ,as an issue ,as an option and as a strategy , has been gaining currency in the parlance of; making planet earth livable and sustainable. “Decarbonization has been globally valued for keeping the global temperature below 1.5C, and achieving the agenda and goals defined in the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, defined by UN for achieving universal sustainability. Despite distinct role and relevance, criticality and importance of decarbonization of cities has neither been properly understood and appreciated nor made integral part of the architectural practice and art and science of designing and construction of buildings. Consuming one -third of global energy (33%) and generating 39% of greenhouse gas emissions buildings have been considered as the major player in the domain of climate change and global warming. Since Architects and Architecture are
actively involved in the making and unmaking of buildings, accordingly it becomes important that planners and architects must play a significant role in making
cities and buildings least consumers of energy and generators of the minimum greenhouse gas emissions. This objective can be achieved if decarbonizing cities/buildings is made a distinct reality . Issue of decarbonizing the cities/buildings assumes importance for the reason, that world’s building floorspace is likely to be become double by the year 2060, with the addition of large number of newcities/ buildings due to rapid urbanization, population growth and economic development ; required for catering to
to the needs of additional population opting for urban living.
Managing Planning and Development of Citie- 26-2-24.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Cities in India are known to be in perpetual crisis; facing numerous crises in terms of; crisis of rational growth, crisis of orderly and planned development; crisis of effective and efficient urban management; crisis of making provision of basic infrastructure and services; crisis of climate change; crisis of global warming; crisis of poverty, pollution and population and crisis of making human living and prevailing environment qualitative. These urban crises have genesis in the fact that cities in India, lack ownership, command, authority and lack of willingness to run and manage cities professionally and objectively. In majority of cases, cities in India are run by proxy. In terms of physical growth and development; large cities are marked by multiplicity of agencies claiming right/ownership of development over the urban areas, whereas smaller cities face absence of such ownership and are made to run, operate and function like orphans
Agenda, Approach and Options for Rationalising and Redefining Future Indian ...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Government of India/state policies, programs, mission and agenda must move providing basic essentials to all its citizens through an efficient, objective and transparent system of governance. For making cities livable and empowering people; right to basics/essential of human living including; Right to shelter, food, clothing universal access to healthcare, education, employment , infrastructures, amenities and mobility; should be made integral part of Indian Constitution by embedding it as Fundamental Rights/Directive Principles of state policy besides making them integral part of planning, development and management/governance process of all human settlements.
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
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Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
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how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
1. *Jit Kumar Gupta
Former Director
College of Architecture, IET Bhaddal
Mail- jit.kumar1944@gmail.com
Mob- 90410-26414
2. Buildings- Role and Importance
Buildings- anti-thesis to natural environment-
Buildings--constitute manmade environment
Buildings- constitute major component of any city
Buildings- give distinct character and personality to
a city
Buildings- are living organism
Buildings -- invariably used by all human beings
Buildings--- Provider of space where all indoor
human activities are performed
-living, working, care of body & spirits
Buildings-- vital for human growth
Buildings --provide optimum/worst living
conditions
Buildings - make people healthy/sick
3. Buildings- Role and Importance
Buildings – vital for human growth- 80% of human life spent in
buildings
Buildings – largest consumers of energy (50%)
Buildings - largest consumers of resources
Buildings---major generators of waste
Buildings – responsible for large carbon footprints
Buildings – responsible for global warming
Buildings -- major determinant of global sustainability
Buildings -- integral part of human journey
Buildings-- will continue to define human growth
development and Civilizations
Buildings- needs to be planned, designed and constructed as
sustainable buildings and maintained with care to make them
-- qualitative,
--cost-effective,
least consumers of energy
least consumers of resources
least generators of waste
4. Buildings- Built Environment
Operational domain of professions of
Architecture/Engineering revolves around:
-- planning, designing, construction, operation,
maintenance and creating state of art built environment..
Besides consuming resources/energy-Buildings cost lot of
money to construct
Each building unique, requires different options to plan,
design , construct and manage
• Considering Earth Planet to be finite with finite resources --
As professionals, we have important role /responsibility to
make value addition to;
• resources ,
• environment
• ecology and cost of buildings
• - by creating
• sustainable built environment and
• making building economical and cost-effective
5. Importance of Built Environment
Construction industry :
-- an important indicator of development
-- creates investment opportunities in other sectors-
Housing Construction leverages 290 Industries
Industry fragmented, with handful of companies
involved in construction
In 2011-- slightly over 500 construction equipment
manufacturing companies in India.
120,000 class A contractors registered with various
government construction bodies.
In addition, thousands of small contractors compete
for small jobs or work as sub-contractors .
Total sales of construction industry doubled in 2004- 05
from 2000-01 with almost 20% contributed by large
contracts
.
6. Indian Building Sector Construction -- major economic driver in India ( 6 % share of GDP,
employing 35 millions(1/6th working population) in 2011-12
India would need around 76.5 million workers in building, construction
and real estate sector by 2022,
Affordable housing--expected to need 38 million workforce by 2030 from 29
million at present-- predicted to be key job creator
-Between 2004 and 2005 additions made were about 22 msqm commercial ,
and 19 msqm of residential buildings.
India would need 700-900 msqm of built space annually to meet demand for
additional constructed space
-Most new commercial buildings equipped with air conditioning
- Buildings sector -largest share of India’s final energy use between 1995 and
2005. In 2005, Building sector consumed 47% whereas
Residential buildings accounted for (93%) of total building energy use (IEA,
2007).
Air conditioning /lighting -Two major energy users within buildings
Energy efficient lighting, air conditioning and electrical systems could save
about 20% energy used in existing buildings
Studies indicate new buildings can save up to 40% of energy with design
interventions and ECBC Code- makes building operational cost much lower
8. BUILDINGS AS CONSUMERS OF RESOURCES and Money
•Built environment has significant impact on Cost, Environment and
Consumption of resources:
16% of world’s fresh water withdrawal.
25% of wood harvested.
30% of consumption of raw material.
50% of global energy consumption.
35% of world's CO2 emission
40% of Municipal solid waste.
50% of Ozone depleting CFC’s still in use.
30% residents have sick building syndrome
• 70% of global warming outcome of built environment / transportation
•Majority of existing buildings have low concern for energy conservation.
•Considering large quantity of existing built space / space to be added- 700-
900 msqm-- Money/ energy/ environment implications of buildings will be
critical.
•Buildings need to be designed with utmost care/ considerations for cost-
effectiveness / economy/ energy/ sustainability.
10. Building Economics Economics -is the study of
Demand and supply of goods and services through a medium
which produces goods/services
Economics is also the study of production and consumption of
goods and transfer of wealth to produce and obtain those goods.
Building Economics is a branch of general economics
It is based on application of principles of economics related to
construction industry
Building Economics is concerned with:
-- construction industry
-- its place in economy
-- role of construction firms
-- role of designers and constructors (builders),
-- processes employed in construction and
-- final building product
Present scope of Building Economics lays emphasis on
--Building Product and
--how to make it more economical, effective and efficient
-- But does not involve resources and accounting practices
11. Importance of Building Economics
Need to introduces /integrate Economy in Building Project in early design stage
Economy made integral part of project planning, construction and management
Helps in managing cost over-run
Helps in managing time over-run through time management-
Ensuring Building design completed within schedule time
Provides complete picture of total cost of project
Helps designer integrating aesthetics and economy
Helps in meeting clients needs within given resources
Helps in meeting clients needs within given Time
Helps in creating product without sacrificing quality
Looks at life cycle cost rather than initial cost
Provides most economical solution to building construction / operational costs
Reduces maintenance cost to minimum
Provides value for money to client
Provides highest building efficiency in design
Helps in making planning choices/ bringing economy in buildings
Helps Architect to bring innovation in design and construction of building
13. Options for Buildings constructed
There are three purposes for constructing buildings—
1 BUILD & SELL
2 BUILD & RETAIN:
– SELF USE
-- LEASE/ RENT
3. BUILD ON BEHALF OF OTHERS
15. Need for Cost-effective Buildings Buildings in which we
live, work, and play
protect us from nature's extremes
yet they also affect our Economy,
health and environment in countless ways.
--All building activities including designing, construction, use,
re-furbishment , demolition and re-construction------
directly/indirectly impact Cost , environment and energy
-Considerable reduction of Cost /energy / green house gas
emission by built environment possible-- by changing --way
buildings are planned, designed, constructed and operated
Buildings can planned and designed to;
-- reduce cost of construction,
-- promote economy,
-- save resources,
-- save energy/ environment and
-- more productive for owners and users
16. What is Cost Effective Building
Every owner wants a cost-effective building.
But what does this mean?
interpretation influenced by individual's interests
and objectives,
--how individual defines "cost-effective".
Is it lowest first-cost structure that meets the
program?
Is it design with the lowest operation and
maintenance costs?
Is it building with the longest life span?
Is it facility in which users are most productive?
Is it building that offers the greatest return on
investment?
17. What is Cost Effective Building
Cost of construction is influenced largely by a wide
range of factors including :
-- identity and priorities of client,
-- nature of the project and
-- Designer of project-- Architect,
-- choice of procurement options
--Planning of Work
--Execution of work at site
--- prevailing market conditions and
-- legislative constraints.
Client expects that:
effective project management will enable project
completion;
-- by time when it is wanted,
-- of a standard/ quality that is required and
-- at price that is competitive”
20. What constitutes Cost of Building
Cost of building viewed in two contexts—
:- Initial Cost of building- --short term cost
Life cycle cost of building--- Long term cost
Initial Cost --- cost which goes into making of the
building
Whole life cost of building includes:- Cost which is incurred over
the entire life span of building and includes--
the initial cost of building
operational cost of building- HVAC, lighting, water supply etc
Cost of maintenance -- parts replacement cost
Disposal cost or salvage value
--Depends on useful life of building
--To promote economy in building– Life cycle
cost of building would be critical
- Life cycle cost helps in promoting cost-
effective living rather than cost-effective
housing
22. COST OF BUILDING PROJECT-initial cost
Initial Building Project cost comprises of:
i Cost of Land, Land Registration, land survey
ii Cost of Designing , plan approval
iii Cost of developing Site
iv Cost of Construction
v Cost of Money
vi Carrying Charges
vi Government fees and Taxes
vii Cost of Advertisement
viii Legal expenses
ix Cost of Supervision
x Cost of Manpower and Security
xi. Cost of Equipment and Furniture
xii Transportation and Travel Charges
xiii Cost of Making buildings Green, Energy efficient
xiv Cost of Time
xv Contractor’ Margin
xvi Builder’s Margin
xvii Miscellaneous and Unforeseen Charges
23. INITIAL COST OF THE BUILDING
Initial Cost of the BUILDING means the total cost spent on:
land, planning, designing and
construction
till the time of occupancy.
The components of Initial cost include:
1. Land Cost: Cost incurred in acquiring land and Registration.
It Includes( when land directly purchased from landowners)
--Cost of land
-- cost prior to registration
-- Cost of Documentation
-- Bank Charges – transaction –charges for making payment of land
-- Registration Charges of land
-- Other statutory Charges and fees
-- Miscellaneous Charges
When allotted through any Government Agency
-- Allotment cost
--Interest Cost
--Documentation Cost
-Land Registration Charges
- Fees Charged by Authority
24. INITIAL COST OF THE BUILDING
2. Cost of Designing Building - includes:
Cost of Surveying
Cost of testing soil/ bearing capacity/water table
Fee of the Architect
Building Plan Approval fee/ charges
- Scrutiny fee
--Malba Fee
-- Labour Cess
-Superseded Plan Scrutiny fee
--Revised Building Plan Scrutiny Fee
-- Cost of Structure Design
-- Cost of designing Public Health services
- Cost of designing Electric Services
--Cost of Designing HVAC
-- Cost of mechanical services- lifts, escalators, fire services
-- Cost of other Consultants-Green Rating of Building/ waste
management etc
--- Cost of Feasibility Analysis Report
-- Cost of Environment Impact Studies
-- Miscellaneous
25. INITIAL COST OF THE BUILDING
3. Cost of Developing Site:
-- Cost of developing the site includes--
-- clearing the site,
-Cutting and filling
-- providing temporary roads, water supply( water storage)
lighting, fencing,
-- getting temporary water connection
-- getting Temporary electric connection.
---providing site utilities like-
-- site office for project manager/staff and
-- other facilities -- office- stores,
-Cost of Providing space for Parking
- Cost of providing shelter to the workers etc
26. INITIAL COST OF THE BUILDING
4. Cost of Construction of Building :
i. total cost of construction of building.
-cost of civil construction
-- cost of Public health services
--- water supply,
-- sewerage,
-- storm water drainage
-- cost of electrical services
--cost of HVAC services
--cost of mechanical services- lifts, escalators etc
ii Cost of materials
iii Cost of labour
iv Cost of Transportation
v Cost of Hiring Equipment
vi Government levies/fees
.
27. INITIAL COST OF THE BUILDING
5. Cost of Money
Amount of money involved
Amount of money garnered from own resources
Amount of money raised from market, financial institutions
etc
Rate of Interest of borrowed money
Time duration of projection
Amount of Interest to be paid
Penal interest to be paid, if any
Interest charges on construction loan till project
completion
Contingency funds
Cost of money involved -- to be kept low to promote
economy in building
28. INITIAL COST OF THE BUILDING
6.Carrying Charges:
Cost of owning of project
Cost of maintaining site in order before / during
construction like-
site security,
fencing
security personnel
-- Cost of services to be paid
Electric charges
Water Charges
29. INITIAL COST OF THE BUILDING
7. Government Charges and Fees include:
Cost of approvals of projects
Change of landuse
Cost of obtaining licences, extension of license
Internal Development Charges
External Development Charges
Plan Scrutiny fee
Registration Charges for land and Building
Taxes, levies, fee and Charges--Labour Cess, Goods and
Service Tax, malba fee
30. INITIAL COST OF THE PROJECT
vii Contractor Margin
viii Builder’s Margin
ix Cost of Advertisement
x Legal expenses
xi Cost of Supervision
xii Cost of Manpower and Security
xiii. Cost of Equipment and Furniture
xiv Transportation and Travel Charges
xv Cost of Making buildings Green, Energy efficient
xvi Miscellaneous and Unforeseen Charges
XVII Cost OF Time
The Sum total of all shall be called- INITIAL COST OF
BUILDING
31. BUILDING COST- Role of Design Time
Critical Design Time: time where the important design
decisions are made
Determines project’s ultimate success –
architecturally, functionally, economically.
Increase in critical design time means—
-- additional fees of architect / other consultants and
--delay in projected start of project.
-- loss of rental for increased amount of time .
However, additional input in critical design can lead to
Savings due to :
--Reduction in initial cost of project
--Savings on operation, maintenance and energy costs of
project– translating to a large amount considering entire
life cycle of project.
Reduction in personnel costs ( By employing lesser people
in operations)
33. a) Non- availability of Urban Land at
affordable cost
b) Rising Cost of Construction
c) Rising cost of materials
c) High degree of Government charges
d) Rigid land use planning
e) Irrational Building Bye-Law
f) Delayed approval of projects /building plans (16-
24months)-
g) Lack of access to finance
h) Outdated technologies
i) Quality of construction
34. l) Time -over run
m) Cost– overrun
n) Poor Project management
o) Architectural Design-- Poor utilization of space, low building
efficiency, low carpet area, large circulation area, etc
p) Services- over planning
q) Toilets-large Number of toilets and public health services
r) Large openings- windows/doors- involving increased wood work
and use of glass
s) Large number of on -site components
t) Limited use of pre-fab /off -site units
u) High degree of non- standardization
v) Waste /loss of material
w) Non-availability of trained work-force
x) Lack of research and development
y) Lack of focus of Industry on mass production of building
components- high cost
36. How to save on Cost of Building
Buildings can be made cost-effective by:
Sourcing land at most competitive price
Design--By adopting optimum Design solutions- architecturally,
structurally, Services etc
Materials--By using cost-effective local materials, pre-cast, pre-
fabricated , re-cycled materials , materials requiring minimum
maintenance, having longer life
Technologies--Using state of art technology in construction to save
on time , labour, space materials and money
Management--Managing construction in most optimum manner
Time--Using minimum Time for construction and completion of
building/project
Green--Designing Green Buildings –to reduce cost of
electricity/water and generating its own energy
Money--Keeping cost of money minimum- based on rates and time
Profit Margins--Keeping Builders, contractor margins at lowest level
Taxes/Fees--Reducing Government levies and fees
38. Promoting Economy through Good Design
Good Building Design -- most powerful tool to
achieve cost- effectiveness
Good building design important because it :
--Optimises land and space utilisation
--promotes sustainable development
-- Improves aesthetic and environment
-- Improves quality of life and economic growth.
-- creates successful and sustainable society
-- Puts water, drainage, energy, community, economic, infrastructure and other
such resources to best possible use – over long as well as short term
Good Design Makes building highly ;
i cost effective,
ii energy efficient
Iii more livable,
iv promoter of building efficiency
v promoter of optimistion of land
Vi minimiser of maintenance and upkeep
Three key principles of creating well designed building:
•-Good design -does not cost more when measured across lifetime of building
•-- Good design--- flows from employment of skilled/ multidisciplinary team
• --Starting point-- of good design is client commitment
39. Promoting Economy through Good Design
Project designed must be effective for purposes for which
intended.
A well designed building need not be to a high level of
specification.
Buildings when over- specified become unnecessarily costly.
A well deigned project will ensure —
-- satisfaction of client and end user
-- comfort and well being of its occupants,
-- --Quality of built space
--Optimum utilisation of space
--Minimisation of the cost- initial/operational
- minimum consumption of energy
--minimum consumption of resources
- minimum generator of waste
- making value addition to the neighborhood /community –where
located
-- optimises productivity and performance
40. Cost- effectiveness through Good Design
While constructing building -- consider impact of design throughout
lifetime of buildings on:
-- place in which building is located and
-- on all stakeholders/ who will use the building.
building’s costs /benefits expressed as impact upon its occupiers/ users
Good building design involves creating places/ buildings/ spaces that :
--work well for everyone
-- look good
-- last well and
-- adapt to needs of future generations
A well designed hospital-- helps patients get better quickly
• A well designed school --- makes learning easy --improves
educational achievement of its pupils-
• A well designed department store-- have direct impact on
stock turnover
• A well designed neighbourhood -- benefits from lower crime
and higher house value
- A well designed home – makes people happy and healthy
41. Designing cost-effective Buildings
Principles of Cost- Effective Design
Buildings need to be designed by adopting integrated approach to
building design which include;
Optimizing the macro climate- climatic zone
Optimizing the local climate
Optimizing the Site Climate
Optimizing the Orientation-
Optimizing the Solar movement-- to maximizes use of free solar energy
for heating /lighting- Generating electricity
Optimizing Wind direction-air flow
Optimizing site planning--- planning with nature, making best use of
site climate/ site potential/ climate, orientation, landscaping
Optimizing space planning in the building-
Optimizing Design of Building envelop- Height, openings, projections,
shading devices -- with minimum energy implication
Optimizing structural planning
Optimizes planning of services
44. Integrated Design Process
Five Climatic Zones In India-
Hot and Dry
Warm and Humid
Moderate / Temperate
Cold (Cloudy/Sunny)
Composite
All zones have specific requirements regarding:
--light,
--heat,
--ventilation and
--thermal comfort
-- Safety
Different zones require different design strategies regarding --
building envelop,
--HVAC, lighting ,
-- fenestration,
-- performance standards
-- Safety of structure
47. Cost – Effectiveness through Good Design
The main design factors which impact on cost are:
Plan shape,
Size of building,
Wall to floor ratio
Degree of circulation space,
Storey heights
total height of the building
Grouping of buildings
Compact buildings with
--simple, rectangular,
-- regular floor plans and elevations
will be less expensive per sq.m. of floor area
-- than spread, complex shaped, curved or angular buildings.
48.
49. Cost- effectiveness through Good Design
Good Architectural design is based on principles of—
Design a compact building with minimum footprints
Design buildings based on specified norms and standards to avoid
their over/under-designing
Design with least amount of waste & negative spaces.
Stick to right angles and simple room shapes to minimize
complexity of construction.
Build multi- storied construction- since foundation and roofing
costs per square foot are high.
Don't increase slab heights
Don't design for additional floors if not required
Adopt a shape which leads to minimum ratio- length / walls area
Building must achieve high space efficiency- Carpet Area-- i.e
usable area x100/gross area-- with minimum area under walls
circulation and amenities
Minimising area under walls-- using pre-cast concrete blocks, 7
1/2 “ walls instead of 9” walls/ pre-cast concrete blocks
Evolving design having low wall area/floor area ratio
50. Economy through Good Design
Adopt a system of Sharing --building common walls between adjoining
houses to economise on space, materials, time / structure
Club public health services together--on a floor to minimise cost.
For multi-storeyed buildings--- repeat them one above other ie Keep
your spaces that need plumbing close together or above each other to
minimize cost
Design all public health services near to supply / drainage network to
reduce length of pipes and cost
Design Green Buildings – saves lot of water and electric energy- makes
building cost- effective over entire life cycle
Provide standard sized doors with limited variations
All finishing/fittings- floor, windows, glass, paneling etc designed based
on standard size products available in market- to minimise wastage etc
Build to match standard material dimensions- for example Plywood is
4' x 8'. Thus it is best to build in 4' modules..
Using pre-caste /pre-fabricated products to the extent possible- doors/
windows cupboards etc
Avoid fancy/false/decorative structures in building
51. Economy through Good Design
Make your rooms versatile- to optimise space utilisation—
-- example - do you really need a living room --same space
can serve many uses. A guest room can be an expensive
luxury
Avoid corridors to extent possible- Corridors can be dead
space-- only used for moving between adjacent spaces
Think long term --as cost of ownership spans may be many
years. Some extra insulation and passive heating / cooling
may be beneficial over the length of your home ownership. .
Select window placement well-- they are costly - in first cost
and in energy loss---select standard window sizing.
Keep bathrooms to a minimum, --- most expensive room per
square foot in home.
Try to design multi use bathrooms--- with private enclosures
for shower, toilet and sink-- have 3 people using one
bathroom at same time.
52. Cost- effectiveness through Good Design
Evolving design on optimum structural grid
Design lean --to reduce structural load to minimise use of
steel/concrete
Use innovative technologies-- Rat-Trap brick walls to reduce
number of bricks and mortar used, compact mud block
Use new cost- effective materials ---aerated cement concrete
blocks to reduce the width of walls, number/ size of joints,
use of cement etc
Use UPVC/ Aluminium Windows instead of teak wood, same
goes for doors, use flush doors instead.
Use same flooring material in all rooms/ toilets, this
reduces wastage.
Don't compromise on quality--reduce your requirements to
fit your budget
Use local & contemporary materials
Plan properly Electrical/Plumbing-
Plan to use lightweight bricks to CC blocks ---reduces load
in structural design
53. Site Planning Principles
.
i) Considering the Neighbourhood Character
ii) Making use of Physical Characteristics of the site-
shape, orientation, access, existing structures etc
iii)Respecting site--Minimise changing the Site and
Slopes- least cutting filling
iv) Minimise Fingerprints of Building- low site
covered area
v) Respecting nature--Minimum damage to site
vi) Design with Nature and local Culture
vii) Promoting Pedestrianisatio
viii)viii) Plan along contours and not across contours
in a hilly site
ix) Adopt a policy of -- Preservation, -- Conservation
and -- Regeneration
64. DESIGNING GREEN BUILDINGS
•Adopting integrated approach to building design for reducing
energy in buildings involve :
Site planning- planning with nature, making best use
of site potential/climate, orientation, landscaping
building envelop design – with minimum
energy implication
High building efficiency-
Integrating renewable energy resources- to generate
energy on site.
Using Ecologically sustainable/ low energy
materials- local and in natural form.
Using eco- friendly construction methodologies.
Effective water and waste management.
Innovative options used for heating, cooling, lighting
and ventilation.
•Role of Architects, Engineers, Structural Engineers,
Builders critical in evolving Energy Efficient buildings.
•Town Planners to contribute to energy reduction by :
evolving layout plans with energy as focus,
making best use of sun and wind
65. DaylightingLocal materials
Indian Way of approaching design
Rediscovery of Indian ethos
We worship 5 elements of Nature (Panchabhutas)
Prithvi (Earth) Sustainable Sites
Jal (Water) Water Efficiency
Agni (Energy) Energy Efficiency
Vayu (Air) Indoor Environmental Quality
Akash (Sky) Daylight
ViewsWater body
67. Name of Building Year of
constructio
n
Area
in(sq.ft)
IGBC
Rating
%
Increase
in cost
Payback
(Yrs)
CII-Godrej GBC,
Hyderabad
2003 20,000 Platinum 18 % 7 years
ITC Green Centre,
Gurgaon
2004 1,70,000 Platinum 15 % 6 years
Wipro,
Gurgaon
2005 1,75,000 Platinum 8 % 5 years
Technopolis, Kolkata 2006 72,000 Gold 6% 3 years
Spectral Services
Consultants Office, Noida
2007 15,000 Platinum 8% 4 years
Kalpataru Square 2008 3,00,000 Platinum 2% 2 years
Suzlon One Earth, Pune 2010 8,00,000 Platinum 2% 2 years
Cost of Green Buildings-Indian Experience
75. Cost efficiency through Building Materials
No mode of creation is more direct / naturally arrived
at than accumulation and agglomeration of
materials found close at hand.
• Using Local Materials
• --reduce transportation cost ,
• --Save time, --
• --Make products more cost effective
--Reduce embodied energy requirement of building
• Buy low-maintenance building materials —
--Even if more expensive at installation
-- pay in long run due to less repair, replacement, or repaint
•. Use salvaged materials from demolition sites. –
Old wood, used bricks, distinctive wood doors add inexpensive
character to home without exorbitant cost– One can have
materials at no cost, if willing to haul them away.
•Use low energy materials
76. Building Materials
Using Green Building materials :
-- rapidly renewable plant materials --
bamboo and straw,
stone, recycled stone, recycled metal ,
--- Non-toxic, reusable, renewable, and/or
recyclable Products include--
- Recycled industrial goods,
-- Coal combustion products, foundry
sand,
--Demolished debris in construction
projects.
78. Fly Ash Bricks- Advantages
Reduced Embodied Energy: using Fly ash- lime- Gypsum
bricks-- 40% reduction in embodied energy of masonry.
Environment Friendly:-- Fly ash brick uses unfired Fly Ash
technology hence the CO2 emissions in manufacturing process
limited..
Excellent Thermal Insulation: Buildings using fly ash bricks
are cool in summers and warm in winters.
• Fire Resistance: very high-- as these bricks composed of fly
ash as its major constituents, which is un-burnt residue of the
coal fired in a thermal power plant.
• No Efflorescence: Fly ash bricks resist salt and other sulphate
attack, ensuring no efflorescence in structure.
79. - Autoclaved Aerated Concrete
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (sand,
calcined gypsum, lime (mineral), cement,
water and Aluminum powder,)-- versatile
lightweight construction material used
as blocks which are:
- Lightweight
- low density with
--excellent insulation properties.
-- good acoustic properties
-- durable
--- good resistance to :
--sulfate attack and
-- Least damage by fire and frost.
-- used for inner leaf of a cavity wall.
-- also used in outer leaf, when they are
usually rendered and in foundations.
--Autoclaved aerated concrete is easily
cut to any required shape.
80. Autoclaved Aerated Concrete•quick and easy to install
•can be routed, sanded, or cut to size on site
using standard carbon steel power tools
•suited for urban areas with high rise
buildings with high temperature variations
•Due to lower density-- high rise buildings
require less steel /concrete for structure
•requirement of mortar for laying of AAC
blocks is reduced due to lower
number/thickness of 1/8” of joints
•material required for rendering -also lower
due to dimensional accuracy of AAC
•suitable for extreme temperatures, --
eliminates need for separate materials for
construction and insulation--- faster
construction and cost savings
•can be coated with stucco/plaster
compound to guard against
elements/covered with siding materials such
as brick or vinyl.
82. UPVC( Unplastisized Polyvinyl
chloride) doors and Windows
The Vinyl windows
--- excellent insulators :
--Reduce heating and cooling
loads by:
- preventing thermal loss
through frame / sash material .
-- not affected by :
-- weather/ air pollution /
--salt, acid rain
--industrial pollution
--pesticides
-smog
--discoloration and
-- structural damage .
- user friendly and Eco- Friendly ,-
- readily accepted and safe .
83. Bamboo
i. Strength at par with hard wood--- Bamboo extremely strong
natural fibre, on par with hardwoods-- when cultivated,
harvested, prepared and stored properly
-- Bamboo, like true wood, is a natural composite material with a
high strength-to-weight ratio-- useful for structures.
--Bamboo has higher compressive strength than wood,
brick or concrete and a tensile strength that rivals steel
ii High Flexibility - Bamboo highly flexible--during growth
trained to grow in unconventional shapes.
-- After harvest, may be bent /utilized in archways / curved
areas.
iii. Earthquake- Resistance - Great capacity for shock
absorption, -- makes it useful in earthquake- prone areas.
iv. Lightweight - Bamboo extremely lightweight.
-- Building with bamboo can be accomplished faster with
simple tools than building with other materials.
-Cranes and other heavy machinery rarely required.
v. Cost-effective – Economical--- especially in areas where
cultivated and readily available.
--Transporting cost -- also much lesser.
-- Helps achieve cost effective construction.
84. Bamboo
vi. vi. Durable - Long-lasting --as its wooden correlates, when properly
harvested and maintained.
·vii. Fast Growing--Bamboo fast growing species / renewable resource
which can be cultivated in most types of soil. ·
viii. Simple designing- Designs of Bamboo components being
simple, there is no need of highly skilled labour.
·ix Reducing use of wood-- Dependency on natural forests for wood
reduced thus contributing to the protection of the environment.
·x Eco- friendly-- As it can grow in many types of soil, bamboo
cultivation is suitable for rehabilitation of degraded forests and other
waste lands thus converting them into fertile lands to some extent.
xi Promoting Employment– Creating employment opportunities
especially for rural people --as Bamboo mats manually woven before
making them into Bamboo Mat / Boards, Bamboo Mat Veneer
Composites and Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets.
·xii Promoting Welfare of society/poor- Promotes overall welfare
of the society, particularly of economically weaker section.
xiii Reducing GLOBAL warming- Captures 17 mts CO2 per hectare
per year- more than any specie
xiv Improves indoor air Quality- By removing carbon and adding
oxygen when used as Indoor plant
85. Compressed Earth Block
A compressed earth block, also known as a pressed earth block
or a compressed soil block, is a building material made
primarily from damp soil compressed at high pressure to form
blocks
86. Compressed Earth Block
Uniform building component sizes, which results in faster
construction.
• Use of locally available materials
--reduction of transportation- produced locally by transporting
equipment /machine at work site).
• Modular elements like sheet-metal roofing, and pre-cast
concrete door/window frames can be easily integrated into a CEB
structure.
• Use of locally available manpower-- helps in improving local
economy rather than spending
• Earth used is subsoil --top agricultural soil remains intact.
• Reduction of transportation -- makes CEB more environment-
friendly .
• CO2 emission -- practically nil in production of CEBs.
• If compressive strength -- more than 20 kg / sq. cm, then - RCC
roof can be laid and a second storey can be built .
If blocks have more than 8% cement stabilization-- then a three-
storey, load bearing structure can be built.- expert advice
suggested7
• Good quality blocks-- having lesser water absorption- safely
used in areas with high rainfall.
89. Adopting Modular/Pre-fab construction
'Modular construction' -- term used to describe the-
use of factory-produced
pre-engineered building units
that are delivered to site and
assembled as large volumetric components
or as substantial elements of a building
Requires selection of most suitable dimensions of structural elements- slab ,
walls, beam, columns etc
Promotes simplification and speedier construction leading to economy.
Creates possibility of using alternatives materials in difficult terrain or areas of
non- availability
Offer off- the- shelf standard components for buildings- Reduced construction
time, materials and cost
Adopting modular components in planning and designing helps in -
simplifying working,
saving time,
reducing wastage/ loss
improving building performance and
saving money-
- Requires less manpower—
--No need to provide shelter for workers employed
-- minimum requirement of supervision
90. Reducing Cost of Building--Pre- Fabrication
Standardisation and Pre-fabrication of building components brings
--Speed, safety, quality and sustainable construction
Using Pre-fabrication technologies also promote cost- effectiveness , economy
in time and cost ,
Adopting standardisation and pre-fabrication, of various building
components based on available size of materials promotes:
Reduces cost of construction many time
Ensures highest degree of Quality control
Ensures less waste and
high consistency in strength- steam curing instead of manual/water curing
Suited to mass Construction/ Housing
-- promotes quality of construction and
-- achieves economy of scale
-- reduces time frame of construction and
--Reduces labour component.
-- Ensures mass production of products
-- Eliminates need for;
-- on site fabrication
- collection/storage of material/ machinery / labour
-- eliminates watering of structure,
-construction not impacted by weather
- possibility of construction in difficult areas /disasters / extreme weather
91. Advantages of Pre- Fabrication
Factory made products provide assured quality of
products—rational/efficient mechanical processes, skilled
workers, repetitive processes, quality controls etc
Self-supporting, ready made components- reduces formwork,
shuttering and scaffolding
Reduced Construction time- due to mechanical processes and
use of moulds number of time
Allowing earlier return of the capital invested- due to lesser
time
Assured Quality Control- Assembly line setting vs Site line
setting
Minimize Time lost during bad weather/ hazardous
environment --
Produces Less waste -- due to recycling of waste
Pre- fabrication units are normally located- where there is
demand, availability/cost of skilled labour, power, materials,
space and overheads are minimum
92.
93. Dis-Advantages of Pre- Fabrication
Requires Careful handling of products – concrete,
glass, steel panels
Issue of Joining pre-fabricated Units – to avoid
failure
Leakages /corrosion at joints- if not handled
properly
Higher Transportation cost- particularly heavy
components
Mechanical equipment required for Loading,
unloading, erection- cranes
Skilled manpower requirement- involving higher
cost
In case of damage/breaking- replacement time and
higher cost
97. Rat-trap bond- main features
Strength equal to standard 10″ (250 mm) brick wall,
-- consumes 25% less bricks.
-- overall saving on materials used for construction
compared to traditional 10″ wall -- about 26%.
-- Air maintains good thermal comfort inside building
--minimises heat gain/heat loss.
Since construction involves aligning bricks from both
sides-- with plain surface facing outwards-- plastering
not necessary can be avoided
Buildings up to two stories can easily be constructed
Baker has pioneered this construction
built houses more than 40 years ago,
-- without showing any signs of distress till now.
• In RCC framed structures-- filler walls can be made of
rat-trap bond
102. Brick arches
Brick arches:
-- The traditional RCC lintels are costly
-- can be replaced by brick arches for small spans
--save construction cost up to 30–40% over
traditional method of construction
-- By adopting arches of different shapes
-- blended with brick corbelling
-- Good architectural can be given to external wall
surfaces of brick masonry
115. Reducing Cost of Building
Long term tie up of conventional
materials
Due to longer gestation period of projects/ other
externalities
-- Cost of essential materials invariably goes up
-- sometimes their supply also disrupted
-- adversely impacting sustainability of project.
To hedge project against the:
-- cost-escalation and
---assured supply
----of essential materials --cement, steel, bricks, tiles sand,
wood etc during project life cycle,
have long term tie up with producers/suppliers of such
materials.
117. Reducing Cost of Building- Taxes
Government charges, fees, taxes form considerable
proportion of total cost of housing.
To reduce building cost -- charges need
rationalisation
Rationalising would involve redefining:
-- land use conversion charges,
-- plan scrutiny fee,
-- Internal Development Charges
-- External development charges.
--Goods and Services Tax ( GST)
119. Chandigarh Experiment with cost-
effective Housing
Chandigarh Desigers including Pierre Jeanneret , Jane B.
Drew and Maxwell Fry – achieved--high degree of economy
in the housing cost through :
Architectural design efficiency.
Structural simplicity
Functional efficiency
Economy in layout of housing clusters-sharing
Small openings
Local building materials
Economizing on services- clubbing
Improved building technologies
120. Chandigarh Experiment with cost-effective Housi
Pre-cast system for roofing in term of
battens and tiles
Brick jallis for openings
Clustering of services
Terraced/row housing
Optimization of building heights
External facades with exposed brick surface
Minimum use of wood, glass, steel and
concrete
121. Chandigarh Experiment with cost-
effective Housing
Cost effectiveness in these houses has been achieved
by:
Adopting a design solution providing for optimum
utilization of space with high degree of design
efficiency.
Using row housing to minimize area under walls.
Using mechanism of common walls between adjoining
houses to economize on space/ cost.
Using most economical building material i.e bricks,
available at that time for construction.
Using a modular system of design based on most
optimum grid of 8’-3”.
Using walls as structural elements to support the roof.
Using pre-cost battens and tiles for the roof (12’ X 6” X
2”).
122. Chandigarh Experiment with cost-
effective Housing
Clubbing of services within the house and of adjoining
houses to minimize the cost of services.
Extensively using brick jallis for perforation to ensure air,
light and ventilation.
Minimizing size of openings to economize on cost of wood.
Using battened door with cross braces.
Bringing large area under exposed brick work in natural
form on facades.
Variety in design achieved through recessed entrances, small
square windows, projecting structural walls, exposed roof
battens.
Using pre-cast gargoyles for draining rain water instead of
rain water pipes..
Variation on heights of building with maximum height of
room placed at 9’-6”
Using simple floors made of plain cement
126. BUILDING CODE- DEFINITION
Building code -also building control or building regulations is a:
-- set of rules which
-- specify standards for constructed objects such as buildings structures.
Main purpose of building codes is to:
--Ensure provision of basic amenities and services
--Ensures appropriate air , light and ventilation in buildings
-- Creating Design on specified space standards
Ensures provision of basic public health amenities-
--water supply,
--sewerage,
--sanitation,
--storm water drainage
Provision of electricity/power/
-- Promote safety of building- natural/manmade disasters—Earthquake and fire
Specifies who can design / supervise the building
--Regulate use of materials in Construction
- means of movement horizontal and Vertical
-- Promote general/users welfare
-- relating to the construction / occupancy / structures of building.
-- Building code becomes law when formally enacted by the appropriate
government
127. HISTORY OF BUILDING CODE
Building codes have long history.
Earliest written building code -- Code of Hammurabi--
dates from 1772 BC.
Book of Deuteronomy in Hebrew Bible stipulated ---
that parapets must be constructed on all houses to
prevent people from falling off.
Modern Era
After Great Fire of London in 1666-- Rebuilding of
London of London Act passed same year -- first
significant building regulation by Sir Matthew Hale,
Act regulated rebuilding of city,
required housing to have --
-- fire resistance capacity ,
-- open spaces and wide roads.
The Laws of the Indies-- passed in 1680s by Spanish
Crown-- regulated the-- urban planning for colonies
throughout Spain's worldwide imperial possessions.
128. HISTORY OF BUILDING CODE
First systematic national building standard was
established in UK--- London Building Act of 1844
providing for:
--builders required to give district surveyor two days'
notice before starting construction of building :
Code regulated
-- thickness of walls,
-- height of rooms,
-- materials used in repairs,
-- dividing existing buildings .
-- placing and designing of
---chimneys,
-- fireplaces and
--- drains
--- streets to be built to minimum requirements
129. PURPOSE OF BUILDING CODE
The purpose of building codes are to provide minimum standards for:
safety,
health, and
general welfare including
--structural integrity,
--mechanical integrity (including sanitation, water supply, light, and
ventilation),
--means of egress,
--fire prevention and
--control, and
--energy conservation.
So the purpose of code is to promote/ensure—
quality, strength, compatibility, effectiveness, fire and water resistance,
durability and safety of buildings
Building code helps in --bringing uniformity in building operations- Planning,
designing, construction
Prevents ---under/over designing in the buildings
Prevents --subjectivity of designer and brings objectivity
Promotes -- economy in buildings through adopting standards in designing and
construction
Provides guidelines --for Architect to design the building and provide necessary
supportive infrastructure
Ensures building --meets the needs of the end- user.
130. PURPOSE OF BUILDING CODE
Fire code provide Rules—
to minimize risk of a fire and
to ensure safe evacuation in the event of such an emergency
Requirements for earthquake (seismic code, hurricane, flood,
and tsunami resistance
in disaster prone areas or
for very large buildings where a failure would be catastrophic
Requirements for specific building uses
-- storage of flammable substances/housing a large number of
people)
Energy provisions and consumption.
Specifications of components
Allowable installation methodologies
Minimum and maximum room and exit sizes and location
Qualification of individuals or corporations doing the work
131. PURPOSE OF BUILDING CODE
Designers-- use building code standards as reference books
during design
Building departments-- review plans submitted before
construction, issue permits
Inspectors-- verify compliance to these standards at the site
during construction.
There are additional codes/ sections of the same building code
that have more specific requirements that apply to
-- dwellings or places of business and
-- special construction objects such as:
-- canopies,
signs,
pedestrian walkways,
parking lots, and
radio and television antennas.
132. BUILDING CODE Provides for- Contents
Building codes generally include:
Norms for Ground coverage
Building Height, Floor Area Ratio, Set backs, Height,
basement
Standards for structure, --placement, size, usage, wall
assemblies
fenestration-- size/locations, egress rules
size/location of rooms
foundations
floor assemblies
roof structures/assemblies
energy efficiency
stairs and halls,
mechanical, electrical, plumbing
site drainage & storage, appliance
lighting, fixtures standards,
occupancy rules, and
133. BUILDING CODE- Users Building codes intended to be applied by----
-- Government, parstatal agencies, Architects, Engineers,
Service Providers, individuals, corporate sector and all
stakeholders involved in planning ,designing, construction,
maintenance ,management etc of the built environment
--- Also used for various purposes–
---by safety inspectors,
--- environmental scientists,
---real estate developers,
--- sub--contractors,
-- manufacturers of building products and materials
--- insurance companies,
---facility managers
-- tenants, and others.
Codes regulating the design and construction of structures
are adopted into law.
137. Lauri Baker
factors which are involved in
Architecture.
Site,
Topography
Geology
climate
vegetation
available local materials
Religious & cultural-- patterns of living
138. Cluster Planning
CLUSTER PLANNING AROUND A COMMON OPEN
SPACE Helps in :
OPTIMUM UTILIZATION OF SAPCE
-PROVIDING SPACE FOR COMMUNAL WORK
- PLAY AND
- FOR BULLOCK CART PARKING ETC
CUTS DOWN PUKKA ROAD LENGTHS,
ALLOWS FOR A VARIETY OF HOUSE DESIGNS,
AND ENCOURAGES NEIGHBOURLINESS.
AN OPEN NARROW SPACE BETWEEN CLUSTERS
CAN CONTAIN FUEL AND FODDER AND
FRUIT TREES,
SPACE FOR SANITATION
COMMUNAL GAS PLANTS ETC
140. COST EFFICIENCY
With millions homeless families-- money available used ONLY for
essentials, and not it for fancy frills!-
Aim- “ Cost Efficiency” – Which can be achieved through following
things;
MATERIALS – use materials for building LOCALLY AVAILABLE?
Must ALWAYS keep CLIENT in mind
Remember CLIENT is beneficiary – not a Government Department
--Will he be able to accommodate comfortably all his dependants?
--Will he be able to extend house when, later, his sons grow up and earn
money?
--Will the house be STRONG and SECURE?
--Can sheds or verandas be added by him for home occupations, like
carpentry or weaving etc?
--Does plan allow for local cultural / religious ways of living?
What about water and sanitation?
And what about approachability?
If there are any trees – keep them – incorporate them in Plan