Presentation focuses on various aspects of promoting economy in built environment through design, materials, construction, technologies/ professional management, standardisation , mass production etc.It also brings out strategies and options to make buildings cost-effective.

1. *Jit Kumar Gupta
Former Director
College of Architecture, IET Bhaddal
Mail- jit.kumar1944@gmail.com
Mob- 90410-26414

2. Buildings- Built Environment Operational domain of professions of Architecture/Engineering revolves
around:
 -- planning, designing, construction, operation, maintenance and creating state
of art built environment.
 Buildings are known to be
 -- consumers of energy
 --consumers of resources,
 --generators of waste and
 -- polluter of environment and ecology
 Buildings largely responsible for global warming / pollution.
 Buildings also cost lot of money to construct besides manpower and material
 Each building unique, requires different options to plan, design , construct and
manage
• As professionals, we have important role /responsibility to make value addition
to
• resources ,
• environment
• ecology and cost of buildings
• by creating
• sustainable built environment and
• making building economical and cost-effective

3. Importance of Built Environment
 Construction industry :
 -- an important indicator of development
 -- creates investment opportunities in other sectors-
Housing Construction leverages 290 Industries
 Industry fragmented, with handful of companies
involved in construction
 In 2011-- slightly over 500 construction equipment
manufacturing companies in India.
 120,000 class A contractors registered with various
government construction bodies.
 In addition, thousands of small contractors compete
for small jobs or work as sub-contractors .
 Total sales of construction industry doubled in 2004- 05
from 2000-01 with almost 20% contributed by large
contracts
 .

4. Indian Building Sector
 Construction -- major economic driver in India ( 6 % share of GDP,
employing 35 millions(1/6th working population) in 2011-12
 India would need around 76.5 million workers in the building, construction
and real estate sector by 2022,
 Affordable housing--expected to need 38 million workforce by 2030 from 29
million at present-- predicted to be the key job creator
 -Between 2004 and 2005 additions made were about 22 msqm commercial ,
and 19 msqm of residential buildings.
 India would need 700-900 msqm of built space annually to meet demand for
additional constructed space
 -Most new commercial buildings equipped with air conditioning
 - Buildings sector -largest share of India’s final energy use between 1995 and
2005. In 2005, Building sector consumed 47% whereas
 Residential buildings accounted for (93%) of total building energy use (IEA,
2007).
 Air conditioning /lighting -Two major energy users within buildings
 Energy efficient lighting, air conditioning and electrical systems could save
about 20% energy used in existing buildings
 Studies indicate new buildings can save up to 40% of energy with design
interventions and ECBC Code- makes building operational cost much lower

5. Changing construction perceptions

6. BUILDINGS AS CONSUMERS OF RESOURCES and Money
•Built environment has significant impact on Cost, Environment and
Consumption of resources:
16% of world’s fresh water withdrawal.
25% of wood harvested.
30% of consumption of raw material.
50% of global energy consumption.
35% of world's CO2 emission
40% of Municipal solid waste.
50% of Ozone depleting CFC’s still in use.
30% residents have sick building syndrome
• 70% of global warming outcome of built environment / transportation
•Majority of existing buildings have low concern for energy conservation.
•Considering large quantity of existing built space / space to be added- 700-
900 msqm-- Money/ energy/ environment implications of buildings will be
critical.
•Buildings need to be designed with utmost care/ considerations for cost-
effectiveness / economy/ energy/ sustainability.

7. Building Economics
 Economics is the study of production and consumption of goods
and transfer of wealth to produce and obtain those goods.
 Building Economics is a branch of general economics
 It is based on application of principles of economics related to
construction industry
 Building Economics is concerned with:
 -- construction industry
 -- its place in economy
 -- role of construction firms
 -- role of designers and constructors (builders),
 -- processes employed and
 final building product
 Present scope of Building Economics lays emphasis on
 --Building Product and
 --how to make it more economical, effective and efficient
 -- But does not involving resources and accounting practices

8. Importance of Building Economics
 Need to introduces and integrate Economy in Building Project in early design
stage
 Economy to be made integral part of project planning, construction and
management
 Helps in managing cost over-run
 Helps in managing time over-run through time management-
 Ensuring Building design completed within schedule time
 Provides complete picture of total cost of project
 Helps designer integrating aesthetics and economy
 Helps in meeting clients needs within given resources
 Helps in meeting clients needs within given Time
 Helps in creating product without sacrificing quality
 Looks at life cycle cost rather than initial cost
 Provides most economical solution to building construction / operational costs
 Reduces maintenance cost to minimum
 Provides value for money to client
 Helps Architect to bring innovation in design and construction of building
 Provides highest building efficiency in design
 Helps in making planning choices bringing minimum wall and area ratio

9. Options for Buildings constructed
1 BUILD & SELL
2 BUILD & RETAIN:
 – SELF USE
 -- LEASE
 --RENT

10. Need for Cost-effectiveBuildings
 The buildings in which we
 live, work, and play
 protect us from nature's extremes
 yet they also affect our Economy,
 health and environment in countless ways.
 --All building activities including designing, construction, use,
re-furbishment , demolition and re-construction------
directly/indirectly impact Cost , environment and energy
 -Considerable reduction of Cost /energy / green house gas
emission by built environment possible-- by changing --way
buildings are planned, designed, constructed and operated
Green buildings can;
 -- reduce cost of construction,
 -- promote economy,
 -- save resources,
 -- save energy/ environment and
 -- more productive for owners and users

11. What is Cost Effective Building
 Every owner wants a cost-effective building.
 But what does this mean?
 interpretation influenced by individual's interests
and objectives,--how they define "cost-effective".
 Is it lowest first-cost structure that meets the
program?
 Is it design with the lowest operation and
maintenance costs?
 Is it building with the longest life span?
 Is it facility in which users are most productive?
 Is it building that offers the greatest return on
investment?

12. What is Cost Effective Building
 Cost of construction work is influenced by a wide range
of factors including :
 -- identity and priorities of client,
 -- nature of the project and
 -- Designer of project-- Architect,
 -- choice of procurement options
 --Planning of Work
 --Execution of work at site
 --- prevailing market conditions and
 -- legislative constraints.
 Client expects that:
 effective project management will enable project
completion;
 -- by time when it is wanted,
 -- of a standard/ quality that is required and
 -- at price that is competitive”

13. What constitutes Cost of Building
 Cost of building includes:
i cost of construction
ii maintenance cost and
iii cost of operations
 Accordingly, the cost of Building to be viewed in all three aspects
 Building cost viewed in both long term and short term
 Building cost is also evaluated in terms of -- Initial Cost and Life Time Cost
 Short Time cost includes Initial Cost of construction of building
 Long Term cost component --- whole life cost.
 Whole life cost of building includes:
 the initial design cost
 construction cost,
 on-going operations and
 maintenance cost ,
 parts replacement cost
 disposal cost or salvage value, and
 useful life of the system or building
 To promote economy -- considering building cost
over entire life span will be critical

14. Buildings- life cycle costs
Operating Cost 89%
Maintenance/
Consumables 1%
Initial Cost
10%

15. COST OF BUILDING PROJECT-initial cost
 Initial Building Project cost comprises of:
i Cost of Land, Land Registration, land survey
ii Cost of Designing , plan approval
iii Cost of developing Site
iv Cost of Construction
v Cost of Money
vi Carrying Charges
vi Government fees and Taxes
vii Cost of Advertisement
viii Legal expenses
ix Cost of Supervision
x Cost of Manpower and Security
xi. Cost of Equipment and Furniture
xii Transportation and Travel Charges
xiii Cost of Making buildings Green, Energy efficient
xiv Cost of Time
xv Contractor’ Margin
xvi Builder’s Margin
xvii Miscellaneous and Unforeseen Charges

16. INITIAL COST OF THE BUILDING
 Initial Cost of the BUILDING means the total cost spent on:
 land, planning, designing and
 construction
 till the time of occupancy.
 The components of Initial cost include:
1. Land Cost: Cost incurred in acquiring land and Registration.
It Includes( when land directly purchased from landowners)
--Cost of land
-- cost prior to registration
-- Cost of Documentation
-- Bank Charges for getting drafts made for making payment of land
-- Registration Charges of land
-- Other Charges and fees
-- Miscellaneous Charges
When allotted through any Government Agency
-- Allotment cost
--Interest Cost
--Documentation Cost
-Land Registration Charges
- Fees Charged by Authority

17. INITIAL COST OF THE BUILDING
2. Cost of Designing Building - includes:
 Cost of Surveying
 Cost of testing soil/ bearing capacity/water table
 Fee of the Architect
 Building Plan Approval fee/ charges
 - Scrutiny fee
 --Malba Fee
 -- Labour Cess
 -Superseded Plan Scrutiny fee
 --Revised Building Plan Scrutiny Fee
 -- Cost of Structure Design
 -- Cost of designing Public Health services
 - Cost of designing Electric Services
 --Cost of Designing HVAC
 -- Cost of other Consultants-Green Rating of Building/ waste
management etc
 --- Cost of Feasibility Analysis Report
 -- Cost of Environment Impact Studies
 -- Miscellaneous

18. INITIAL COST OF THE BUILDING
3. Cost of Developing Site:
-- Cost of developing the site includes--
-- clearing the site,
-- providing temporary roads, water supply( water storage)
lighting, fencing,
-- getting temporary water connection
-- getting Temporary electric connection.
---providing site utilities like-
-- site office for project manager/staff and
-- other facilities -- office- stores,
-Cost of Providing space for Parking

19. INITIAL COST OF THE BUILDING
 4. Cost of Construction of Building :
i. total cost of construction of the building.
-cost of civil construction
-- cost of Public health services- water supply,
sewerage, storm water drainage
-- cost of electrical services
--cost of HVAC services
--cost of mechanical services- lifts, escalators etc
ii Cost of materials
iii Cost of labour
iv Cost of Transportation
v Cost of Hiring Equipment
vi Government levies/fees
.

20. INITIAL COST OF THE BUILDING
5. Cost of Money
 Amount of money involved
 Amount of money garnered from own resources
 Amount of money raised from market, financial institutions
etc
 Rate of Interest of borrowed money
 Time duration of projection
 Amount of Interest to be paid
 Penal interest to be paid, if any
 Interest charges on construction loan till project
completion
 Contingency funds
 Cost of money involved -- to be kept low to promote
economy in building

21. INITIAL COST OF THE BUILDING
6.Carrying Charges:
 Cost of owning of project
 Cost of maintaining site in order before / during
construction like-
 site security,
 fencing
 security personnel
 -- Cost of services to be paid
 Electric charges
 Water Charges

22. INITIAL COST OF THE BUILDING
 7. Government Charges and Fees include:
 Cost of approvals of projects
 Cost of obtaining licences
 Internal Development Charges
 External Development Charges
 Plan Scrutiny fee
 Registration Charges for land and Building
 Property Taxes
 Professional Taxes
 Labour Cess
 Goods and Service Tax
 Income Tax

23. INITIAL COST OF THE PROJECT
vii Contractor Margin
viii Builder’s Margin
ix Cost of Advertisement
x Legal expenses
xi Cost of Supervision
xii Cost of Manpower and Security
xiii. Cost of Equipment and Furniture
xiv Transportation and Travel Charges
xv Cost of Making buildings Green, Energy efficient
xvi Miscellaneous and Unforeseen Charges
XVII Cost OF Time
The Sum total of all shall be called- INITIAL COST OF
BUILDING

24. BUILDING COST- Role of Time
 Critical Design Time: time where the important design
decisions are made
 Determines project’s ultimate success –
architecturally, functionally, economically.
 Increase in critical design time means—
 -- additional fees of architect / other consultants and
 --delay in projected start of project.
 -- loss of rental for increased amount of time .
 However, additional input in critical design can lead to
Savings due to :
--Reduction in initial cost of project
--Savings on operation, maintenance and energy costs of
project– translating to a large amount considering entire
life cycle of project.
 Reduction in personnel costs ( By employing lesser people
in operations)

25. SAVING COST
ON BUILDING

26. How to save on Cost of Building
 Buildings can be made cost-effective by:
 Sourcing land at most competitive price
 By adopting optimum Design solutions- architecturally,
structurally, Services etc
 By using cost-effective local materials, pre-cast, pre-
fabricated , re-cycled materials , materials requiring
minimum maintenance, having longer life
 Using state of art technology in construction to save on time
, labour, space materials and money
 Managing construction in most optimum manner
 Using minimum Time for construction and completion of
building/project
 Designing Green Buildings –to reduce cost of
electricity/water and generating its own energy
 Keeping cost of money minimum- based on rates and time
 Keeping Builders, contractor margins at lowest level
 Reducing Government levies and fees

27. Reducing Construction Cost- Design
 Design with least amount of wastage & negative spaces.
 Stick to right angles and simple room shapes to minimize
complexity of construction.
 Build multi- storied construction- since foundation and
roofing costs per square foot are high.
 Use local & contemporary materials
 Don't increase slab heights
 Plan to use lightweight bricks to CC blocks ---reduces load
in structural design
 Don't design for additional floors if not required
 Use UPVC or Aluminium Windows instead of teak wood,
same goes for doors, use flush doors instead.
 Use same flooring in all rooms/ toilets, this reduces
wastage.
 Plan properly Electrical/Plumbing-- can save a lot .
 Don't compromise on quality--reduce your requirements to
fit your budget

28. Reducing Cost of Building-Land
Making land market more efficient
by:
 streamlining the land ownership record,
 rationalising stamp duties,
 minimising benami transactions,
 eliminating speculation by taxing vacant urban lands,
 minimising monopolisation,
 regulating land use conversion,
 rationalising building bye-laws,
 zoning regulations ,
 development controls,
 rationalising densities,
 ground coverage,
 Floor area ratio,
 height etc

29. Promoting Economy through Good
Design
 Project designed to be effective for purposes for which
intended.
 A well designed building need not be to a high level of
specification.
 Buildings when over- specified become unnecessarily
costly.
 A well deigned project will impact upon —
 -- satisfaction,
 -- comfort and
 -- well being of its occupants,
 -- and, if it is a commercial building,
 --upon their productivity and performance. …
 --Quality to be overriding consideration.

30. Promoting Economy through Good
Design
 While constructing building -- consider impact of design throughout lifetime of
buildings on:
 -- place in which building is located and
-- on all stakeholders/ who will use the building.
 building’s costs /benefits expressed as impact upon its occupiers/ users
 Good building design involves creating places/ buildings/ spaces that :
 --work well for everyone
 -- look good
 -- last well and
 -- will adapt to needs of future generations
 A well designed hospital-- helps patients get better quickly
• A well designed school --- improves educational
achievement of its pupils
• A well designed department store-- have direct impact on
stock turnover
• A well designed neighbourhood -- benefits from lower crime
and higher house value

31. Promoting Economy through Good
Design
Good building design important because it :
 --promotes sustainable development
 -- Improves aesthetic and environment
 -- Improves quality of life and economic growth.
 -- creates successful and sustainable society
 -- Puts land, water, drainage, energy, community, economic, infrastructure and other such
resources to best possible use – over long as well as short term
To make building highly
i cost effective,
ii energy efficient
Iii more livable,
iv promoting building efficiency
v promoting optimistion of land
Vi minimising maintenance and upkeep
 Three key principles of creating well designed building:
•-- Good design ---does not cost more when measured across lifetime of building or place
•-- Good design--- flows from the employment of skilled and multidisciplinary team
• --Starting point of good design is client commitment

32. Promoting Economy through Good
Design
The main design factors which impact on cost are:
 Plan shape,
 Size of building,
 Wall to floor ratio
 Degree of circulation space,
 Storey heights
 total height of the building
 Grouping of buildings
 --Larger buildings with
 --simple, rectangular,
 -- regular floor plans and elevations
 will be less expensive per sq.m. of floor area
 -- than smaller, complex shaped, curved or angular buildings.

33. Promoting Economy through Good
Design Good Architectural design is best instrument to achieve most
economical building based on principles of—
 Design a compact building with minimum footprints
 Design buildings based on specified norms and standards to avoid their
over/under-designing
 Adopt a shape which leads to minimum length and area of walls
 Building must achieve high space efficiency i.e carpet area x100/gross
area with minimum area under walls, circulation and amenities
 Minimising area under walls-- using pre-cast concrete blocks, 7 1/2 “
walls instead of 9” walls/ pre-cast concrete blocks
 Evolving design having low wall area/floor area ratio
 Evolving design on optimum structural grid
 Design lean to reduce structural load to minimise use of steel/concrete
 Use innovative technologies-- Rat-Trap brick walls to reduce number of
bricks and mortar used
 Use new cost- effective materials ---aerated cement concrete blocks to
reduce the width of walls, number/ size of joints, use of cement etc

34. Site Planning-impact of buildings-
minimising Building Footprints

35. Economy through Good Design
 Adopt a system of building common walls between adjoining
houses to economise on space, materials, time / structure
 Club public health services together--on a floor to minimise cost.
 For multi-storeyed buildings--- repeat them one above other ie
Keep your spaces that need plumbing close together or above each
other to minimize cost
 Design all public health services near to supply / drainage
network to reduce length of pipes and cost
 Design Green Buildings – saves lot of water and electric energy-
makes building cost- effective over entire life cycle
 Provide standard sized doors with limited variations
 All finishing/fittings- floor, windows, glass, paneling etc designed
based on standard size products available in market- to minimise
wastage etc
 Build to match standard material dimensions- for
example Plywood is 4' x 8'. Thus it is best to build in 4' modules..
 Using pre-caste /pre-fabricated products to the extent possible-
doors/ windows cupboards etc
 Avoid fancy/false/decorative structures in building

36. Economy through Good Design
 Make your rooms versatile to optimise space utilisation—
 -- example - do you really need a living room --same space can serve
many uses. A guest room can be an expensive luxury
 Avoid corridors to extent possible- Corridors can be dead space--
only used for moving between adjacent spaces
 Think long term as cost of ownership spans may be many years.
Some extra insulation and passive heating / cooling may be
beneficial over the length of your home ownership. .
 Select your window placement well-- they are costly - in first cost and
in energy loss---select standard window sizing.
 Keep bathrooms to a minimum, --- most expensive room per square
foot in home.
 Try to design multi use bathrooms--- with private enclosures for
shower, toilet and sink-- have 3 people using one bathroom at same
time.

37. Reducing Cost of Building- Taxes
 Reducing / rationalising government levies, charges,
fees and taxes
 Government charges, fees, taxes form considerable
proportion of total cost of housing.
 To reduce building cost -- charges need
rationalisation
 Rationalising would involve redefining:
 -- land use conversion charges,
 -- plan scrutiny fee,
 -- Internal Development Charges
 -- External development charges.
 --Goods and Services Tax ( GST)

38. Energy efficiency- Embodied &Operating energy

39. Material
Efficiency

40. Cost efficiency through Building Materials
No mode of creation is more direct / naturally arrived
at than accumulation and agglomeration of
materials found close at hand.
• Using Local Materials
• --reduce transportation cost ,
• --Save time, --
• --Make products more cost effective
--Reduce embodied energy requirement of building
• Buy low-maintenance building materials —
--Even if more expensive at installation
-- pay in long run due to less repair, replace, or repaint
•. Use salvaged materials from demolition sites. –
Old wood, used bricks, distinctive wood doors add inexpensive
character to home without exorbitant cost– One can have
materials at no cost, if willing to haul them away.
•Use low energy materials

41. Building Materials
Using Green Building materials :
-- rapidly renewable plant materials --
bamboo and straw,
 stone, recycled stone, recycled metal ,
--- Non-toxic, reusable, renewable, and/or
recyclable Products include--
- Recycled industrial goods,
-- Coal combustion products, foundry
sand,
--Demolished debris in construction
projects.

42. Green Material - Fly Ash Bricks

43. Fly Ash Bricks- Advantages
 Reduced Embodied Energy: using Fly ash- lime- Gypsum
bricks-- 40% reduction in embodied energy of masonry.
 Environment Friendly: Fly ash brick uses unfired Fly Ash
technology hence the CO2 emissions in manufacturing process
limited..
 Excellent Thermal Insulation: The buildings using fly ash
bricks are cool in summers and warm in winters.
 • Fire Resistance: very high-- as these bricks composed of fly
ash as its major constituents, which is un-burnt residue of the
coal fired in a thermal power plant.
 • No Efflorescence: Fly ash bricks resist salt and other sulphate
attack, ensuring no efflorescence in structure.

44. - Autoclaved Aerated Concrete
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (sand,
calcined gypsum, lime (mineral), cement,
water and Aluminum powder,)-- versatile
lightweight construction material used
as blocks which are:
- Lightweight
- low density with
--excellent insulation properties.
-- good acoustic properties
-- durable
--- good resistance to :
--sulfate attack and
-- damage by fire and frost.
-- used to form inner leaf of a cavity
wall.
-- also used in outer leaf, when they are
usually rendered and in foundations.
Autoclaved aerated concrete is easily
cut to any required shape.

45. Autoclaved Aerated Concrete•quick and easy to install
•can be routed, sanded, or cut to size on site
using standard carbon steel power tools
•suited for urban areas with high rise
buildings with high temperature variations
•Due to lower density-- high rise buildings
require less steel /concrete for structure
•requirement of mortar for laying of AAC
blocks is reduced due to lower
number/thickness of 1/8” of joints
•material required for rendering -also lower
due to dimensional accuracy of AAC
•suitable for extreme temperatures, --
eliminates need for separate materials for
construction and insulation--- faster
construction and cost savings
•can be coated with stucco/plaster
compound to guard against
elements/covered with siding materials such
as brick or vinyl.

46. - Autoclaved Aerated Concrete

47. UPVC( Unplastisized Polyvinyl
chloride) doors and Windows
The Vinyl windows
--- excellent insulators :
--Reduce heating and cooling
loads by:
- preventing thermal loss
through frame / sash material .
-- not affected by :
-- weather/ air pollution /
--salt, acid rain
--industrial pollution
--pesticides
-smog
--discoloration and
-- structural damage .
- user friendly and Eco- Friendly ,-
- readily accepted and safe .

48. Bamboo
i. Strength at par with hard wood--- Bamboo extremely strong
natural fibre, on par with hardwoods-- when cultivated,
harvested, prepared and stored properly
-- Bamboo, like true wood, is a natural composite material with a
high strength-to-weight ratio useful for structures.
--Bamboo has higher compressive strength than wood,
brick or concrete and a tensile strength that rivals steel
 ii High Flexibility - Bamboo highly flexible--during growth
trained to grow in unconventional shapes.
-- After harvest, may be bent /utilized in archways / curved
areas.
iii. Earthquake- Resistance - Great capacity for shock
absorption, -- makes it useful in earthquake- prone areas.
iv. Lightweight - Bamboo extremely lightweight.
 -- Building with bamboo can be accomplished faster with
simple tools than building with other materials.
-Cranes and other heavy machinery rarely required.
 v. Cost-effective – Economical--- especially in areas where
cultivated and readily available.
 --Transporting cost is also much lesser.
 -- Helps achieve cost effective construction.

49. Bamboo
vi. vi. Durable - Long-lasting --as its wooden correlates, when properly
harvested and maintained.
 ·vii. Fast Growing--Bamboo fast growing species / renewable resource
which can be cultivated in most types of soil. ·
 viii. Simple designing- Designs of Bamboo components being
simple, there is no need of highly skilled labour.
 ·ix Reducing use of wood-- Dependency on natural forests for wood
reduced thus contributing to the protection of the environment.
 ·x Eco- friendly-- As it can grow in many types of soil, bamboo
cultivation is suitable for rehabilitation of degraded forests and other
waste lands thus converting them into fertile lands to some extent.
 xi Promoting Employment– Creating employment opportunities
especially for rural people --as Bamboo mats manually woven before
making them into Bamboo Mat / Boards, Bamboo Mat Veneer
Composites and Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets.
 ·xii Promoting Welfare of society/poor- Promotes overall welfare
of the society, particularly of economically weaker section.
 xiii Reducing GLOBAL warming- Captures 17 mts CO2 per hectare
per year- more than any specie
 xiv Improves indoor air Quality- By removing carbon and adding
oxygen when used as Indoor plant

50. Promoting Economy – Green Buildings
Designing / constructing Green Buildings help in making
Buildings cost-effective and sustainable due to :
 -- considerable reduction of operational over entire life cycle
 -- reduced energy
 --water consumption besides
 -- lower generation of waste

51. Economic Advantages of Green Building

52. Adopting Modular construction
 'Modular construction' -- term used to describe the-
 use of factory-produced
 pre-engineered building units
 that are delivered to site and
 assembled as large volumetric components
 or as substantial elements of a building
 Requires selection of most suitable dimensions of structural elements- slab ,
walls, beam, columns etc
 Promotes simplification and speedier construction leading to economy.
 Creates possibility of using alternatives materials in difficult terrain or areas of
non- availability
 Offer off- the- shelf standard components for buildings- Reduced construction
time, materials and cost
 Adopting modular components in planning and designing helps in -
 simplifying working,
 saving time,
 reducing wastage,
 improving building performance and
 saving money

53. Reducing Cost of Building-
Standardization and Pre- Fabrication
 Standardisation and Pre-fabrication of building components brings--Speed,
safety, quality and sustainable construction
 Using Pre-fabrication technologies also promote cost- effectiveness , economy in
time and cost ,
 Adopting standardisation and pre-fabrication, of various building
components based on available size of materials promotes:
 Reduces cost of construction many time
 Ensures highest degree of Quality control
 Ensures less waste and
 high consistency in strength- steam curing instead of manual/water curing
 Suited to mass Construction/ Housing
 -- promotes quality of construction and
 -- achieves economy of scale
 -- reduces time frame of construction and
 --Reduces labour component.
 -- Ensures mass production of products
 -- Eliminates need for on site fabrication- collection of ,material,
machinery and labour

54. Advantages of Pre- Fabrication
 Factory made products provide assured quality of
products—rational/efficient mechanical processes, skilled
workers, repetitive processes, quality controls etc
 Self-supporting, ready made components- reduces formwork,
shuttering and scaffolding
 Reduced Construction time- due to mechanical processes and
use of moulds number of time
 Allowing earlier return of the capital invested- due to lesser
time
 Assured Quality Control- Assembly line setting Vs Site line
setting
 Minimize Time lost during bad weather/ hazardous
environment --
 Produces Less waste due to recycling of waste
 Pre- fabrication units are normally located- where there is
demand, availability/cost of skilled labour, power, materials,
space and overheads are minimum

55. Dis-Advantages of Pre- Fabrication
 Requires Careful handling of products – concrete,
glass, steel panels
 Issue of Joining pre-fabricated Units – to avoid
failure
 Leakages /corrosion at joints- if not handled
properly
 Higher Transportation cost- particularly heavy
components
 Mechanical equipment required for Loading,
unloading, erection- cranes
 Skilled manpower requirement- involving higher
cost
 In case of damage/breaking- replacement time and
higher cost

56. Reducing Cost of Building
Building Technologies
•Promoting state of art and
• cost-effective building technologies
will be critical in
-----reducing not only period of
construction but
-----also lowering cost of
construction.

57. Cost –Effectiveness --- Project Management
 For promoting economy, critical to adopt
 --strong project and
 -- cost- management approach
 in planning, designing and construction of project.
 Promoting strong project / cost- management helps in:
 -- minimising time span for completion of project,
 -- bringing high degree of operational efficiency
 -- eliminating time overrun
 -- eliminating cost-over run,
 --optimizing manpower and resources
 --minimizes material inventory
 --minimizes wastage

58. Reducing Cost of Building
Long term tie up of conventional
materials
 Due to longer gestation period of projects/ other
externalities
 -- Cost of essential materials invariably goes up
 -- sometimes their supply also disrupted
 adversely impacting sustainability of project.
 To hedge project against the:
 cost-escalation and
 assured supply
----of essential materials --cement, steel, bricks, tiles sand,
wood etc during project life cycle,
 have long term tie up with producers/suppliers of such
materials.

60. Lauri Baker
factors which are involved in
Architecture.
 Site,
 Topography
 Geology
 climate
 vegetation
 available local materials
 Religious & cultural-- patterns of living


61. Cluster Planning
 CLUSTER PLANNING AROUND A COMMON OPEN
SPACE Helps in :
 OPTIMUM UTILIZATION OF SAPCE
 -PROVIDING SPACE FOR COMMUNAL WORK
 - PLAY AND
 - FOR BULLOCK CART PARKING ETC
 CUTS DOWN PUKKA ROAD LENGTHS,
 ALLOWS FOR A VARIETY OF HOUSE DESIGNS,
 AND ENCOURAGES NEIGHBOURLINESS.
 AN OPEN NARROW SPACE BETWEEN CLUSTERS
 CAN CONTAIN FUEL AND FODDER AND
 FRUIT TREES,
 SPACE FOR SANITATION
 COMMUNAL GAS PLANTS ETC

62. Cluster Planning

63. COST EFFICIENCY
 With millions homeless families-- money available used ONLY for
essentials, and not it for fancy frills!-
 Aim- “ Cost Efficiency” – Which can be achieved through following
things;
 MATERIALS – use materials for building LOCALLY AVAILABLE?
 Must ALWAYS keep CLIENT in mind
 Remember CLIENT is beneficiary – not a Government Department
 --Will he be able to accommodate comfortably all his dependants?
 --Will he be able to extend house when, later, his sons grow up and earn
money?
 --Will the house be STRONG and SECURE?
 --Can sheds or verandas be added by him for home occupations, like
carpentry or weaving etc?
 --Does plan allow for local cultural / religious ways of living?
 What about water and sanitation?
 And what about approachability?
 If there are any trees – keep them – incorporate them in Plan

70. CONCEPT OF A CORE HOUSE- expandable House

71. VERTICAL CORE HOUSE

73. RAT TRAP BOND

74. RAT TRAP BOND

77. Economic Walling System
 Walls important structural element in Building
 Accounts for 25-30% cost of const of civil work
 Brick and stone are main materials used for construction
 CBRI based on research different innovations made in brick
wall to make it economical
 I Single brick load bearing wall for 4-5 storeyed building
 Ii. 19 cm thick brick wall for2-3 storey construction
 Iii. Half brick thick wall
 Iv Fly ash – gypsum brick masonry
 V Precast stone block masonry
 Vi Rat Trap Bond for of masonry wall
 Vii Brick Cavity Wall

87. BUILDING
CODE

88. BUILDING CODE- DEFINITION
 Building code -also building control or building regulations is a:
 -- set of rules which
 -- specify standards for constructed objects such as buildings and non-building
structures.
 Main purpose of building codes is to:
 --Ensure provision of basic amenities and services
 --Ensures appropriate air , light and ventilation in buildings
 -- Creating Design on specified space standards
 Ensures provision of basic public health amenities-
 --water supply,
 --sewerage,
 --sanitation,
 --storm water drainage
 Provision of electricity/power/
 -- Promote safety of building- natural/manmade disasters—Earthquake and fire
 Specifies who can design / supervise the building
 --Regulate use of materials in Construction
 - means of movement horizontal and Vertical
 -- Promote general/users welfare
 relating to the construction / occupancy / structures of building.
 Building code becomes law when formally enacted by the appropriate
government

89. HISTORY OF BUILDING CODE
 Building codes have long history.
 Earliest written building code -- Code of Hammurabi--
dates from 1772 BC.
 Book of Deuteronomy in Hebrew Bible stipulated ---
that parapets must be constructed on all houses to
prevent people from falling off.
 Modern Era
 After Great Fire of London in 1666-- Rebuilding of
London of London Act passed same year -- first
significant building regulation by Sir Matthew Hale,
 Act regulated rebuilding of city, required
 housing to have --
 -- fire resistance capacity and
 -- to reopen and widen roads.
 The Laws of the Indies passed in 1680s by Spanish
Crown-- regulated the-- urban planning for colonies
throughout Spain's worldwide imperial possessions.

90. HISTORY OF BUILDING CODE
 First systematic national building standard was
established in UK--- London Building Act of 1844
providing for:
 --builders required to give district surveyor two days'
notice before starting construction of building :
 Code regulated
-- thickness of walls,
-- height of rooms,
-- materials used in repairs,
-- dividing existing buildings .
-- placing and designing of
---chimneys,
-- fireplaces and
--- drains
--- streets to be built to minimum requirements

91. PURPOSE OF BUILDING CODE
 The purpose of building codes are to provide minimum standards for:
 safety,
 health, and
 general welfare including
 --structural integrity,
 --mechanical integrity (including sanitation, water supply, light, and
ventilation),
 --means of egress,
 --fire prevention and
 --control, and
 --energy conservation.
 So the purpose of code is to promote/ensure—
 quality, strength, compatibility, effectiveness, fire and water resistance,
durability and safety
 Building code helps in bringing uniformity in building operations- Planning,
designing, construction
 Prevents under/over designing in the buildings
 Prevents subjectivity of designer and brings objectivity
 Promotes economy in buildings through adopting standards in designing and
construction
 Provides guidelines for the Architect to design the building and provide
necessary supportive infrastructure
 Ensures building meets the needs of the end- user.

92. BUILDING CODE Provides for
 Building codes generally include:
 Norms for Ground coverage
 Building Height, Floor Area Ratio, Set backs, Height, basement
 Standards for structure,
 placement, size, usage, wall assemblies
 fenestration size/locations, egress rules
 size/location of rooms
 foundations
 floor assemblies
 roof structures/assemblies
 energy efficiency
 stairs and halls,
 mechanical, electrical, plumbing
 site drainage & storage, appliance
 lighting, fixtures standards,
 occupancy rules, and
 Rules regarding parking and traffic impact

93. PURPOSE OF BUILDING CODE
 Fire code Rules—
 to minimize risk of a fire and
 to ensure safe evacuation in the event of such an emergency
 Requirements for earthquake (seismic code, hurricane, flood,
and tsunami resistance
 in disaster prone areas or
 for very large buildings where a failure would be catastrophic
 Requirements for specific building uses
-- storage of flammable substances/housing a large number of
people)
 Energy provisions and consumption.
 Specifications of components
 Allowable installation methodologies
 Minimum and maximum room and exit sizes and location
 Qualification of individuals or corporations doing the work

94. PURPOSE OF BUILDING CODE
 Designers use building code standards as reference books
during design
 Building departments review plans submitted before
construction, issue permits
 Inspectors verify compliance to these standards at the site
during construction.
 There are additional codes/ sections of the same building code
that have more specific requirements that apply to
 -- dwellings or places of business and
 -- special construction objects such as:
 -- canopies,
 signs,
 pedestrian walkways,
 parking lots, and
 radio and television antennas.

95. BUILDING CODE- Users
 Building codes intended to be applied by----
 -- Architects, Engineers, Builders and Regulators
 --- also used for various purposes–
 ---by safety inspectors,
 --- environmental scientists,
 ---real estate developers,
 --- sub--contractors,
 -- manufacturers of building products and materials
 --- insurance companies,
 ---facility managers
 -- tenants, and others.
 Codes regulating the design and construction of
structures are adopted into law.

96. HANDBOOK OF LOW COST
HOUSING– A.K.LAL

97. Thanks for
your time and
attention