BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Report by vikram virash

1. I.
Rajasthan Technical University
45 Days Industrial Training
At
Public Work Department
A
Seminar/Training report
Submitted
in partial fulfillment
for the award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In Department of Civil Engineering
Supervisor: Submitted by:
Mr. Manohar Singh Bhati Vikram
(Assistant professor) 17ECACE017
Submitted to
Mr. Mukul Sain
(H.O.D.) CE
Department of Civil Engineering
Chartered Institute of Technology, Abu road
Rajasthan Technical University, Kota
July 2019

2. 1
CERTIFICATE

3. 2
STUDENT DECLARATION
This is to certify that I, VIKRAM student of B.Tech (Civil)-5th
Semester Roll No.
17ECACE017 has undergone industrial training in “Public Work Department”.
As required of six weeks project semester for the award of degree of B.Tech Civil
Engineering, college Chartered Institute of Technology Aburoad which is an authentic
record of my work.
If any discrepancy is found regarding the originality of this report I may be held responsible. I
have not copied from any report submitted earlier this or any other university. This is purely
original and authentic work.
VIKRAM
B.Tech 3rd
Year
(Civil Engineering)

4. 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to all those people who have been directly and
indirectly with me during the competition of this seminar. I pay thank to MR. MANOHAR
SINGH BHATI who has given guidance and a light to me during this seminar. His versatile
knowledge about “BUILDING CONSTRUCTION” has eased me in the critical times
during the span of this seminar. I acknowledge here out debt to those who contributed
significantly to one or more steps. I take full responsibility for any remaining sins of omission
and commission.
Finally, special thanks also go to my family members, especially to my parents and friends
whose love, inspiration and blessings helped me to complete my graduate work
VIKRAM
B.Tech 3rd
Year
(Civil Engineering)

5. 4
ABSTRACT
Building construction is the engineering deals with the construction of building such as
residential houses. In a simple building can be define as an enclose space by walls with roof,
food, cloth and the basic needs of human beings. In the early ancient times humans lived in
caves, over trees or under trees, to protect themselves from wild animals, rain, sun, etc. as the
times passed as humans being started living in huts made of timber branches. The shelters of
those old have been developed nowadays into beautiful houses. Rich people live in sophisticated
condition houses. Buildings are the important indicator of social progress of the county. Every
human has desire to own comfortable homes on an average generally one spends his two-third
life times in the houses. The security civic sense of the responsibility. These are the few reasons
which are responsible that the person do utmost effort and spend hard earned saving in owning
houses. Nowadays the house building is major work of the social progress of the county. Daily
new techniques are being developed for the construction of houses economically, quickly and
fulfilling the requirements of the community engineers and architects do the design work,
planning and layout, etc., of the buildings. Draughtsman are responsible for doing the drawing
works of building as for the direction of engineers and architects.

6. 5
CONTENTS
Sr. No. PAGE NO.
1 Certificate……………………………………………………… 1
2 Student declaration..………………………............................... 2
3 Acknowledgement..………………............................................ 3
4 Abstract………........................................................................... 4
5 Chapter 1
Introduction…………………………….……….. 6
6 Chapter 2
Building Component..……………...………………. 16
7 Chapter 3
Elements of Building Construction………………… 19
8 Chapter 4
Materials Used for Construction…………….……... 22
19 Chapter 5
Building by Laws..………………………………... 23
10 Conclusion……………………………………………………. 27
11 Reference….…………………………………………………... 28

7. 6
LIST OF FIGURES
Sr. No. PAGE NO.
1 Shallow Foundation………………………………..………….. 10
2 Deep foundation……………………………............................. 11
3 Beam………………………………………………................... 13
4 Stair……………………………………………………………. 15
5 Components of building……………..…………………........... 17

8. 7
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Building construction is the engineering deals with the construction of building such as
residential houses. In a simple building can be define as an enclose space by walls with
roof, food, cloth and the basic needs of human beings. In the early ancient times humans
lived in caves, over trees or under trees, to protect themselves from wild animals, rain,
sun, etc. as the times passed as humans being started living in huts made of timber
branches. The shelters of those old have been developed nowadays into beautiful houses.
Rich people live in sophisticated condition houses. Buildings are the important indicator
of social progress of the county. Every human has desire to own comfortable homes on
an average generally one spends his two-third life times in the houses. The security civil
sense of the responsibility. These are the few reasons which are responsible that the
person do utmost effort and spend hard earned saving in owning houses. Nowadays the
house building is major work of the social progress of the county. Daily new techniques
are being developed for the construction of houses economically, quickly and fulfilling
the requirements of the community engineers and architects do the design work,
planning and layout, etc., of the buildings. Draughtsman are responsible for doing the
drawing works of building as for the direction of engineers and architects. The
draughtsman must know his job and should be able to follow the instruction of the
engineer and should be able to draw the required drawing of the building, site plans and
layout plans etc., as for the requirements.

9. 8
1 BUILDINGS:-
A building is a structure with a roof and walls standing more or less permanently in one place,
such as a house or factory. Buildings come in a variety of sizes, shapes and functions, and have
been adapted throughout history for a wide number of factors, from building materials available,
to weather conditions, to land prices, ground conditions, specific uses and aesthetic reasons
2 DIFFERENTTYPESOFBUILDIN: Buildings are classified based up on it
• Residential Building
• Educational Building
• Institutional Building
• Assembly building
• Business buildings
• Mercantile buildings
• Industrial Buildings
• Storage buildings
• Hazardous buildings
2.1 Residential Building: Buildings in which sleeping arrangements are provided with or
without cooking arrangement. It includes single or multifamily dwelling, apartments, lodgings,
restaurants, hostels, dormitories and hotels
2.2 Educational building: These Include any building used for school, college, education
purposes.
2.3 Institutional Building: these buildings used for different purposes, such as medical or other
treatment. They include hospitals, sanatorium, jails, and asylum
2.4 Assembly Buildings: These are the buildings where group of peoples meet or gather for
amusement, social, religious, political, civil, travel and similar purposes. E.g. theatres, motion
pictures, houses, assembly halls, restaurants assembly halls.
2.5 Business buildings: These buildings are used for transactions of business, for keeping
accounts and for similar other purposes.
2.6 Mercantile building: These building are used as shops, stores, market for display and sale of
merchandise either wholesale or retail, office, shops, and storage services.
2.7 Storage buildings: these buildings are used primarily for the storage or sheltering of goods,
wares or merchandise, vehicles and animals, grains
2.8 Hazardous buildings: These buildings are used for the storage, handling, manufacturing or
processing of highly combustible or explosive materials or products

10. 9
3 FOUNDATION:-
A foundation is a lower portion of building structure that transfers its gravity loads to the earth.
Foundations are generally broken into two categories: shallow foundations and deep
foundations. A tall building must have a strong foundation if it is to stand for a long time.
To make a foundation, we normally dig a trench in the ground, digging deeper and deeper until
we come to subsoil, which is more solid than the topsoil that is used to grow plants and crops.
When the trench is deep enough, we fill it with any strong, hard material we can find. Sometimes
we pour in concrete into the trench, which we strengthen even more by first putting long thin
round pieces of steel into the trench. When the concrete dries, the steel acts like the bones in our
body to tie the foundation together. We call this reinforced concrete.
Once the foundation has been packed down tightly, or dried hard, we can begin to build the
building superstructure.
4 TYPES OF FOUNDATION:-
It is of two types (1) Shallow Foundation
(2) Deep Foundation
1 Shallow Foundation
Shallow foundations, often called footings, are usually embedded about a
meter or so into soil. One common type is the spread footing which consists of strips or pads of
concrete (or other materials) which extend below the frost line and transfer the weight from walls
and columns to the soil or bedrock.
• Spread footing
• Strap footing
• Combined footings
• Raft foundation
• Wall Footing

11. 10
(a) Spread footing: Spread footing is a type of the shallow foundation. It is defined as the
structural members used to support the column and walls as well as transmit and distribute the
load coming on the structure to the soil beneath it. The base area of the spread footing is
calculated using the following formula.
(b) Strip Footing: It consist of a continuous, longitudinal strip of concrete designed to spread
the load from uniformly loaded walls of brick, masonry or concrete to sufficient area of subsoil.
The spread of the strip depends on foundation loads and the bearing capacity and shear strength
of the subsoil. The thickness of the foundation depends on the strength of the foundation
material. Strip foundation with a wide spread are commonly of ordinary or reinforced concrete.
(c) Combined Foundation: Where there is a wide spread of pad foundation to a framed
building due to the low bearing capacity of the subsoil or the close spacing of columns, such that
the edge of adjacent separate foundations would be close together, it may be economical and
convenient to form one continuous foundation as Combined foundation receives concentrated
loads from two columns. The footing shape is rectangular if columns loads are equal and take
trapezoidal shape if the loads are unequal or one of the columns close to the site boundary
(d) Raft Foundation: Raft foundations consist of a raft reinforced concrete under the whole of
the building designed to transmit the load of building to the subsoil below the raft. Raft
foundations are used for buildings on compressible ground such as very soft clays, alluvial
deposits and compressible fill material where strip foundations would not provide a stable
foundation

12. 11
(e) Wall footing: It uses to carry applied loads that transfer through bearing wall. A footing
may have a base course of concrete or may be entirely built up of one material (bricks or stones).
Bearing wall transfer applied loads to footing at angle equal to 45° which causes shear stresses,
so the width of footing with thickness ( Y ) equal ( X+2Y ) where X is the wall thickness
2 Deep Foundation: A deep foundation is used to transfer the load of a structure down through
the upper weak layer of topsoil to the stronger layer of subsoil below. There are different types of
deep footings including impact driven piles, drilled shafts, caissons, helical piles, geo-piers and
earth stabilized columns.
• Pile Foundation
• Pier Foundation
• Caisson Foundation
Deep Foundation
(a) Pile Foundation: A deep foundation is a type of foundation that transfers building loads to
the earth farther down from the surface than a shallow foundation does to a subsurface layer or a
range of depths. A pile or piling is a vertical structural element of a deep foundation, driven or
drilled deep into the ground at the building site.
There are many reasons that a geotechnical engineer would recommend a deep foundation over a
shallow foundation, such as for a skyscraper. Some of the common reasons are very large design
loads, a poor soil at shallow depth, or site constraints like property lines. There are different

13. 12
terms used to describe different types of deep foundations including the pile (which is analogous
to a pole), the pier (which is analogous to a column), drilled shafts, and caissons. Piles are
generally driven into the ground in situ; other deep foundations are typically put in place using
excavation and drilling. The naming conventions may vary between engineering disciplines and
firms. Deep foundations can be made out of timber, steel, reinforced concrete or prestressed
concrete.
(b) Pier Foundation: A pier is a raised structure in a body of water, typically supported
by piles or pillars. Bridges, buildings, and walkways may all be supported by piers. Their open
structure allows tides and currents to flow relatively unhindered, whereas the more solid
foundations of a quay or the closely spaced piles of a wharf can act as a breakwater, and are
consequently more liable to silting. Piers can range in size and complexity from a simple
lightweight wooden structure to major structures extended over 1,600 m (5,200 ft.) In American
English, a pier may be synonymous with a dock.
Piers have been built for several purposes, and because these different purposes have distinct
regional variances, the term pier tends to have different nuances of meaning in different parts of
the world. Thus in North America and Australia, where many ports were, until recently, built on
the multiple pier model, the term tends to imply a current or former cargo-handling facility.
In Europe in contrast, where ports more often use basins and river-side quays than piers, the term
is principally associated with the image of a Victorian cast iron pleasure pier. However, the
earliest piers pre-date the Victorian age.
(c) Caisson Foundation: Caisson is a water tight structure made of wood, steel, R.C.C i.e.
reinforced cement constructed in connection with excavation for the foundation of bridges, piers
in rivers, dock structures etc. Definition, uses, construction material, types of caissons, loads on
caisson, design features of caissons, floating of caissons, cutting edges, sinking of caisson,

14. 13
4.1 Beams: A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to the
beam's axis. Its mode of deflection is primarily by bending. The loads applied to the beam result
in reaction forces at the beam's support points. The total effect of all the forces acting on the
beam is to produce shear forces and bending moments within the beam, that in turn induce
internal stresses, strains and deflections of the beam. Beams are characterized by their manner of
support, profile (shape of cross-section), equilibrium conditions, length, and their material.
Beams are traditionally descriptions of building or civil engineering structural elements, but any
structures such as automotive automobile frames, aircraft components, machine frames, and
other mechanical or structural systems contain beam structures that are designed to carry lateral
loads are analyzed in a similar fashion.
1 Simple Supported beam
2 Fixed beam
3 Continuous beam
4 Cantilever beam
5 Overhang beam
Beams

15. 14
4.2 Columns: A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural
element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural
elements below. In other words, a column is a compression member. The term column applies
especially to a large round support (the shaft of the column) with a capital and
a base or pedestal[1]
which is made of stone, or appearing to be so. A small wooden or metal
support is typically called a post, and supports with a rectangular or other non-round section are
usually called piers. For the purpose of wind or earthquake engineering, columns may be
designed to resist lateral forces. Other compression members are often termed "columns"
because of the similar stress conditions. Columns are frequently used to
support beams or arches on which the upper parts of walls or ceilings rest. In architecture,
"column" refers to such a structural element that also has certain proportional and decorative
features. A column might also be a decorative element not needed for structural purposes; many
columns are "engaged", that is to say form part of a wall.
4.3 Slab: A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings, consisting of a
flat, horizontal surface made of cast concrete. Steel-reinforced slabs, typically between 100 and
500 mm thick, are most often used to construct floors and ceilings, while thinner mud slabs may
be used for exterior paving In many domestic and industrial buildings, a thick concrete slab
supported on foundations or directly on the subsoil, is used to construct the ground floor. These
slabs are generally classified as ground-bearing or suspended. A slab is ground-bearing if it rests
directly on the foundation, otherwise the slab is suspended For multi-storey buildings, there are
several common slab designs
1 One way slab
2 two way slab
4.4 Stair: Stairs is a term applied to a complete flight of steps between two floors. A stair
flight is a run of stairs or steps between landings. A staircase or stairway is one or more flights of
stairs leading from one floor to another, and includes landings, newel posts, handrails,
balustrades and additional parts. A stairwell is a compartment extending vertically through a
building in which stairs are placed. A stair hall is the stairs, landings, hallways, or other portions
of the public hall through which it is necessary to pass when going from the entrance floor to the

16. 15
other floors of a building. Box stairs are stairs built between walls, usually with no support
except the wall strings Stairs may be in a straight run, leading from one floor to another without
a turn or change in direction. Stairs may change direction, commonly by two straight flights
connected at a 90 degree angle landing. Stairs may also return onto themselves with 180 degree
angle landings at each end of straight flights forming a vertical stairway commonly used in
multistory and highrise buildings. Many variations of geometrical stairs may be formed of
circular, elliptical and irregular constructions
Stairs may be a required component of egress from structures and buildings. Stairs are also
provided for convenience to access floors, roofs, levels and walking surfaces not accessible by
other means. Stairs may also be a fanciful physical construct such as the stairs that go
nowhere located at the Winchester Mystery House. Stairs are also a subject used in art to
represent real or imaginary places built around impossible objects using geometric distortion, as
in the work of artist M. C. Escher.
Stair:

17. 16
Chapter 2
BUILDING COMPONENTS
2.1 Plinth: Plinth is that part of the building between surrounding ground surface and floor
space immediately above the ground. Plinth resists the entry of rain water entry inside the
building, entry of animals, insects & Rodents General plinth height is 45, 60, 75, 90, 120 cm
2.2 Wall: The walls are building blocks of bricks or stones. They divide the building space
into various space into various rooms. They support slabs and beams. They safely transmits
the loads coming on them from beams and slabs to the foundation. They provide privacy
and protection against heat, cold, rain, noise, dust winds. They offer resistant to firewalls
may be of Brick masonry and Stone masonry
2.3 Columns: are vertical members along which beams and slab /roof is supported They are
square, rectangular and circular in shape in C/S
2.4 Floor: A floor is a plane area to support occupants, furniture's, and equipment’s.
2.5 Roof: The upper most part of the building constitutes the roof. The Slab and roof
encloses the space and offers protection from rain heat snow wind sound fire Slabs are 10,
12,15 cm.
2.6 Doors and windows:-A door provides a connecting link between rooms, allowing easy
free movement in the building. Window are opening provided in walls. Doors and windows
provide lighting and ventilation. The provide resistance to weather, sound and heat. They
provide security and privacy
2.7 Sills: Sills are lower portion of window and ventilator opening.
2.8 Parapet: Parapet: Parapet is generally 10 cm thick partition wall constructed above slab to
enclose the terrace open to sky. Thickness is 10 to 15 cm height is 1.0 m to 1.2 m
2.9 Chajjas: Chajjas are provided on external wall opening to get protection from rain, snow and
heat. They are weather sheds. Their thickness tapers from 100 to 75 mm and projection is 30, 45,
60, 75, 90 cm
2.10 Steps and Stairs: Steps and stairs are meant to provide access between different levels.
Stairs should be properly located to provide easy access and fast services to the building.

18. 17
In one flight maximum 8 steps should be provided for more than 8 steps it is
recommended to provide them with lending.
• Generally for residential building width of stair is 1.0 m and 1.2 m
• No of risers= Total height of floor/ Height of riser
• No of tread= Number of riser-1
2.11Beams: Beams are horizontal members above which the slabs are provided. The beams are
instead supported on walls and columns They are generally 20, 39, and 45, 60 cm thick and deep
members as per structural design.
2.12 Lintels and arch: Lintel is a horizontal member which is placed across the opening. • An
arch is normally a curved member comprising of wedge shaped building blocks holding each
other with mutual pressure.
COMPONENT OF BUILDING

19. 18
2.13 Types of Loads:
Various loads are taken into account while designing the foundation of a structure.
1. Dead loads
2. Live loads
3. Wind loads
4. Earthquake loads
5. Erection loads
6. Snow load
1 Dead Load: Dead load comprises of the weight of all walls, partitions, floors and roofs
including all other permanent construction in the building
2 Live Load: Live Loads consist of moving or variable loads due to people or occupants,
their furniture, temporary stores, machineries.
3 Wind load: It is considered as basic wind pressure which is equivalent static pressure in
the direction of the wind
• Wind pressure= k v2
• Where k= co-efficient, 0.006
• V= wind velocity
• Wind pressure always acts in the vertically exposed surface of the walls and columns.
4 Earthquake load: an earthquake load produced waves in every possible direction below
ground. As per intensity or scale of earthquake, jerks and shocks are acting on the earth. As
per the location of the building in the prescribed zone of earthquake coefficients of
earthquake loads are decided.
5 Erection Load: All loads required to be carried by the structure or any part of it due to
storage or positioning of construction material and erection equipment including all loads
due to operation of such equipment, shall be considered as ‘erection loads
6 Snow load: Actual load due to snow depends upon the shape of the roof and its capacity
to retain the snow. The load due to snow may be assumed to be 2.5 kg/m3 per cm depth of
snow

20. 19
Chapter 3
ELEMENT OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PLANNING
3 Principles and building planning: The term planning of a building refers to mean the
arrangement of all the units of a building on all the floors and at all the levels. There are
certain general principles which as a engineer should bear in mind while planning a building
3.1 Aspect: different rooms of the buildings are placed and located accordingly to the
functional utility in such a way that maximum advantage of natural elements like sun, wind,
can be obtained. To obtain sufficient sunlight inside the room windows are placed in
external walls
3.2 Kitchen Aspect: Kitchen should have window in east, because morning sun kills the
germs. So kitchen should have eastern aspect.
3.3 Bed room aspect: Bed room is a unit of residential building generally used in night
time, for sleeping so evening sun rays, which are cool in nature should enter the bed room to
create cheerful atmosphere. So bed room should have western aspect, south-western or
north-western aspect.
3.4 Drawing room aspect: It is a room which is used by the occupants for maximum hours
of the day. To achieve good sunlight it should be placed in south or southeast or north-east.
Windows should be provided in external walls
3.5 Study room aspect: Windows in this room should be in northern side to obtain
sufficient light throughout the day. So aspect of this room is north.
3.6 Verandah: there should be sufficient light in the above unit throughout the day so they
should be placed with opening in north-direction.
3.7 Prospect: It is related with the views as seen of the outside from doors and windows in
the external wall. For pleasant atmosphere view of a garden, hill and a river, etc. is a good
prospect. Towards these objective doors and windows should be provided in the external
wall of the building. Undesirable views like a small nallah, slum area, drainage disposal
unit, garbage collection centers should be concealed by not providing windows in that

21. 20
direction Prospect of living room should be toward the main road to keep control on the
plot. Prospects of bed should be on the rear side of the building so that to avoid disturbance
due to noise.
3.8 Privacy: This is very important factor to be considered while planning both residential
as well as public building Privacy of one room from another in a building as well as privacy
of the whole building with other building should be achieved The privacy of residential
building as a whole can be achieved by planting trees, and by providing entrance. Even the
compound wall of required height can be constructed to provide privacy of trespassers
Privacy in different rooms can be achieved by providing doors in such a way that minimum
view of room is seen when shutter is opened. Privacy is very important in bed rooms and
wick. And the view of bed room should not be visible from any other room.
3.9 Grouping: t is the arrangement of various rooms with respect to their functions, In case
of residential building to achieve maximum efficiency of the plan the grouping should be
done as follows
• Verandah should be the first unit after the entrance of the house
• Living room and dining room should be close next to verandah
• Kitchen and dining should be close to each other
• Sanitary arrangements should be close to bed rooms.
• Staircase should be approachable from each room
• Passages connecting various rooms should be well lighted and ventilated
3.10 Roominess: This principle of planning is directly related to dimensions of the room. A
rectangular room is found more convenient as compared to a square room of the same size.
Hence length to width ratio should be 1.2 to 1 or 1.5 to 1 if the ratio is greater it will give a
tunnel effect to the room. Height of doors and windows, ceilings, floorings,
3.11 Flexibility: Flexibility means a room which was planned for one function can be used
for other, if so required. If rooms are big enough and are having a minimum width of 3m are
more flexible and even the activities of various rooms can be exchanged.
3.12 Furniture requirement: one of the most important requirement of a building planner,
is to know how much space is needed by each function in a particular building. The room
sizes for a particular function can be completed on the basis of permanent furniture's to be

22. 21
used in the room. Hence while planning a building furniture arrangement must be shown.
3.13 Circulation: Circulation is the access into or out of a room. It is the internal movement
inside the building and the area earmarked for it.
• Circulation area should be straight, short, bright, lighted.
• Circulation should not affect the privacy of a room nor interfere with the utility space
• Circulation in a building is of two types
• Horizontal circulation and vertical circulation
• Circulation within a floor is called horizontal circulation
• And circulation between different floors is called vertical communication
3.14 Lighting: It can be natural light as that obtained from the sun during the day or
artificial light. Adequate illumination is essential in day to day activities to execute the
safety and comfort and efficiency
3.15 Elegance: Elegance refers to the planning of elevation and layout of the plan to give an
impressive appearance to the building. The proper width, height, location of doors and windows,
3.16 Economy Building planning should be carried out in the financial limit of the client.
An engineer should know in advance, the client intends to spend for the building and
accordingly material of construction, finishing items, stage of construction should be
suggested. By estimation proposed amount should be derived and as per that progress
should be followed to avoid delay in work progress.
3.17 Sanitation: Provision for cleanliness, lighting and ventilation in sanitary units avoid
growing of bacteria's, and spread of diseases and give hygienic condition. In bath and w.c.
glazed tiles and dado should be provided on wall to maintain clean condition. The ventilator
in bath, w.c. permit sunlight and air collation to maintain hygienic condition. The flooring
material s should be easy to clean, skirting's should be provided in rooms. Bath tubs, w.c. ,
kitchen sink should be made of ceramic material to maintain clean easily.

23. 22
Chapter 4
MATERIALS USED FOR CONSTRUCTON
4 Stone: - The stone is always obtained from rock. The rock quarried from quarries is called
stone. Quarried stone may be in the form of stone blocks, stone aggregate, stone slabs, and
stone lintels. Here to be used as impact test, water absorption test, hardness test and
crushing strength. It is preferred according to SP27-1987.
4.1 Brick: - Brick is made up of soil and it is used to make the masonry structure
Absorption test, Shape and size test, Crushing strength test, Soundness test, Hardness test.
The bricks be table- molded, well burnt in kilns, copper- colored, free from cracks and with
sharp and square edges.
4.2 Aggregate:- Aggregates shall comply with the requirements of IS 383. As far as
possible reference shall be given to natural aggregate. Aggregates are the important
constituents in concrete. They give body to the concrete, reduce shrinkage and effect
economy. One of the most important factors for producing workable concrete is good
gradation of aggregates. For most work, 20 mm aggregates are suitable.
4.3 Cement:- The most common cement used is Ordinary Portland Cement. The type I is
preferred according to IS: 269-1976, which is used for general concrete structures. 53 Grade
ordinary Portland cement is confirming to 12269. Out of the total production, Ordinary
Portland Cement accounts for about 80-90 percent.
Fineness of cement = 8%
4.4 Water: - Water is an important ingredient of concrete as it actually participates in the
chemical reaction with cement. Since it helps to form the strength giving cement gel, the
quantity and quality of water is required to be looked into very carefully. Water used for
mixing and curing shall be clean and free from materials like oils, acids, alkalis, salts, sugar,
organic materials or other materials that may be harmful to concrete or steel. PH value of
the water used in concreting shall not be less than 6
4.5 Steel: - Steel is important ingredient of qualify structure and it is used to carry out the
load easily from the structure to column and it is having high tensile strength. It is preferred

24. 23
Chapter 5
BUILDING BYLAWS
During planning and construction of any building, certain regulations are laid by Municipal
bodies, authorities, and other government departments as town planning so as to prevent
haphazard development of city such rules and regulations are called as building bylaws.
Objectives of Building bylaws:
Building bylaws allow disciplined and systematic growth
of buildings and towns and prevent haphazard development
1 Building bye-laws protect safety of public against fire, noise, health and structural failure.
2 They provide proper utilization of space, hence maximum efficiency in planning
3 They provide health, safety, and comfort to peoples living in the building.
Limitation of built up area:
Area of plot up to 200sq.m (240sq.yd)
Ground and first .………...
maximum permissible built up area
70% of site area on floor only.
201 to 500sq.m (241to 600sq.yd) ………… 50% of the site area.
501 to 1000sq.m (601 to 1200sq.yd) ................
.
40% of the site area
More than 1000sq.m ………… 33% of the site area.

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Minimum floor area & height of rooms:
LIVING
FLOOR AREA 10sqm (100sqft)
(Breadth min 2.7 m or 9’)
HIEGHT (m) 3.3 (11’)
KITCHEN 6sqm (60sqft) 3.0 (10’)
BATH 2sqm (20sqft) 2.7 (9’)
LATTRINE 1.6sqm (16sqft) 2.7 (9’)
BATH & WATER CLOSET 3.6sqm (36sqft) 2.7 (9’)
SERVANT ROOM 10sqm (100sqft) 3.0 (10’)
GARAGE 2.5*4.8 m (8’*16’) 3.0 (10’)
MIN. HIEGHT OF PLINTH ……………… ……
FOR MAIN BUILDING ……………… 0.6 (2’)
MIN.HIEGHTOFPLINTH
FOR SERVANT QUARTES
……………… 0.3 (1’)
MIN.DEPTH OF
FOUNDATION
……………… 0.9 (3’)
THICKNESS OF WALL 20cms to 30cms ……
DAMP PROOF COURSE (9” to13.5”)2cms to 2.5cms thick full width of
(3/4” to1”) plinth wall

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5 Sizes of rooms:
5.1 Drawing room: Drawing room should be the very first room of a house as we enter
• The minimum area should be 15 to 20 sq. m
• General sizes: 3.5m x 5.5 m
• 5m x 6 m
• 7 m x 9 m
• Ventilation in Drawing rooms: Minimum window area should never be less than 10 %
of floor area but 20 % is preferred
5.2 Dining room: It is a place where families take their breakfast, lunch, dinner
• Size: 4 m x 3 m
• 4m x 5 m
• 5 m x 6 m
5.3 Kitchen: A Kitchen is a place where food is prepared and stored for consumption
• Sizes: 1.5 m x 3m
• 3 m x 5 m
• 4 m x 6 m
5.4 Ventilation in kitchen: window area should be at least 15 % of floor area
5.5 Bed room: A man spends major part of the day in the bed room either sleeping or relaxing.
• A minimum floor area 0f 10 sq. m should be provided
• Sizes: 4 m x 3 m
• 5 m x 4 m
• 3 m x 3m
• 4 m x 4 m
5.6 Ventilation: Minimum window area of 10 % of floor area.
5.7 Bath and W.C.: Bathroom is a place where inmates take bath and the waste water is
collected and conveyed off

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• Water Closet is the place of collection of human discharge
• A minimum floor area of 1.8 sq. m
• Floor are of Bath and w.c should not be less than 2.8 m2 with minimum width of 1.2 m
• W.C should have a minimum width of 0.9 m and minimum length of 1.2 m
• A minimum floor area of 1.1 sq. m is to be provided for w.c
• Ventilator of 500 mm x 300 mm is to be provided at a height of 1.8 from floor area. •
Sizes: 1.5m x 2 m • 2m x 3 m • 3m x 4m
5.8 Store Room: It is to store Items like food grains cylinders, utensils etc. • Floor area 15
sq. m to 20 sq. m
5.9 Verandah: It is area open on 1 side, 2 sides or 3 sides.
• Minimum width 1.5 m not greater than 4m
• Minimum Height of verandah 2.1 m
5.10 Puja Room: Many people perform puja in houses. It is quite calm space to perform puja.
• It should be located in N-E corner of the building
• Sizes: 2.1 m x 2.1 m
• Roughly 4 m2 in area
5.11 Study room: It is place where study material are stocked and read
• Area of study room should be 10 m2 to 12 m.

28. 27
CONCLUSION
Building construction is the engineering deals with the construction of building such as
residential houses. In a simple building can be define as an enclose space by walls with roof,
food, cloth and the basic needs of human beings. In the early ancient times humans lived in
caves, over trees or under trees, to protect themselves from wild animals, rain, sun, etc. as the
times passed as humans being started living in huts made of timber branches. The shelters of
those old have been developed nowadays into beautiful houses. Rich people live in sophisticated
condition houses. Buildings are the important indicator of social progress of the county. Every
human has desire to own comfortable homes on an average generally one spends his two-third
life times in the houses. The security civil sense of the responsibility. These are the few reasons
which are responsible that the person do utmost effort and spend hard earned saving in owning
houses. Nowadays the house building is major work of the social progress of the county. Daily
new techniques are being developed for the construction of houses economically, quickly and
fulfilling the requirements of the community engineers and architects do the design work,
planning and layout, etc., of the buildings. Draughtsman are responsible for doing the drawing
works of building as for the direction of engineers and architects. The draughtsman must know
his job and should be able to follow the instruction of the engineer and should be able to draw
the required drawing of the building, site plans and layout plans etc., as for the requirements.

29. 28
REFERENCE
1 Terzaghi, K., Peck, R.B. and Mesri, G. (1996), Soil Mechanics in Engineering
Practice 3rd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-08658-4
2 Beohar, Rakesh Ranjan. Basic Civil Engineering. 2005. 90. ISBN 8170087937
3 "Beam" def. 1. Whitney, William Dwight, and Benjamin E. Smith. The Century
dictionary and cyclopedia. vol, 1. New York: Century Co., 1901. 487. Print.
4 ^ Ching, Frank. A visual dictionary of architecture. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold,
1995. 8–9. Print.
5 Column-Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-
webster.com 2012-08-31 Archived from the original on 2013-10-04Retrieved 2013-07-04