Introduction to Civil Engg. Unit-III.pdf

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Vijay Kumar , GEC Page 1
VIJAY KUMAR
GEC FARMAGUDI
ICE UNIT-III
TYPES OF CIVIL ENGINEERING STRUCTURES
INFRASTRUCTURE is a system of services and communication that is required for the over all
development of the society
‘structure’ is used to describe anything that is constructed or built from different
interrelated parts with a fixed location on the ground.
IMPORTANT CIVIL STRUCTURE
1. HOUSE/BUILDING
2. BRIDGE
3. DAMS
4. EARTHWORKS
5. FOUNDATIONS
6. OFFSHORE STRUCTURES
7. PIPELINES
8. POWER STATIONS
9. RAILWAYS
10. RETAINING STRUCTURES AND WALLS
11. ROADS
12. AIR PORT
13. PORT- HARBOR, JETTY
14. WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
15. CANAL
16. TUNNELS
17. WATERWAYS
18. RESERVOIRS
19. WATER AND WASTEWATER INFRASTRUCTURE
20. SPORTS STADIUM AND COMPLEX
TYPES OF INFRASTRUCTURE
The infrastructure is of two types.
1. Economic infrastructure:
2. Social infrastructure
Economic infrastructure: It contributes directly to the economic development of any country. It consists of
transport and communication, power supply, irrigation networks, financial institutions etc.
Social infrastructure: It contributes to the process of economic development of any country indirectly. It
consists of education & training, health & family welfare, housing & water supply and other civic amenities
BUILDING
A building is a structure with walls and a roof situated in one location more or less permanently.
A permanent structure built as a dwelling, shelter, or place for human activity or for storage.
“Building”- A structure constructed with any materials whatsoever for any purpose, whether used for human
habitation or not, and includes:- i) Foundation, plinth, walls, floors, roofs, chimneys, plumbing and building
services, fixed platforms etc
USE OF BUILDING
Buildings serve several societal needs – occupancy, primarily as shelter from weather, security, living space,
privacy, to store belongings, and to comfortably live and work.
1. Residential purpose

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2. Educational purpose
3. Assembly purpose
4. Institutional purpose
5. Business purpose
6. merchandise purpose
7. Storage purpose
8. Sports activity
9. Recreation activity
10. As a transportation facility
11. Offices
12. Communication
13. Service facilities/ public utility
14. Agriculture
15. Live stock shelter
16. energy supply
17. museum/ park
BUILDINGS- IMPORTANCE
• Buildings -- integral part of human journey
• Buildings -- invariably used by all human beings
• Buildings – vital for human growth- 80% of human life spent in buildings
• Buildings--- Provider of space where all indoor human activities are performed, living, working, care
of body & spirits
• Buildings-- vital for human growth
• Buildings --provide optimum/worst living conditions
• Buildings - make people healthy/sick
• Buildings- anti-thesis to natural environment
• Buildings--constitute manmade environment
• Buildings-- will continue to define human growth development and Civilizations
• Buildings- constitute major component of any city
• Buildings- give distinct character and personality to a city
• Buildings – largest consumers of energy (50%)
• Buildings - largest consumers of resources
• Buildings -- major determinant of global sustainability

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1. ON THE BASIS OF OCCUPANCY
2. BASED ON TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION FIRE RESISTANCE
On the basis of nature of their usage or occupants / Occupancy
1. Residential building: A building in which people live and do their daily activity is called a residential
building. For example, Flats, villas, lodges, houses, apartments, hotels, hostels, etc.
2. Educational Building: Buildings that are used for educational purposes such as colleges, schools,
libraries, etc.
3. Assembly buildings: Buildings that are used for religious festivals and for entertainment. For
example, Temple, Church, Cinema, etc.
4. Institutional building: Building which is used for health, mental, physical, and medical institutions
are known as Institutional Buildings. Example: Hospital, Sanatoria, etc.

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5. Business building: Buildings used for doing any type of business such as banks, shops, etc. are called
business buildings.
6. Mercantile Buildings;This type of building is used for selling a small product in which small shops,
stores, markets, for display and sale of merchandise either wholesale or retail, office, shops, and
storage service facilities incidental to the sale of merchandise and located known as Mercantile
building.
7. Storage Buildings: Buildings in which materials such as vegetables, wheat, etc. are stored is called
storage building. For example, cold storage and warehouse.
8. Hazardous Building: Hazardous and toxic substances such as uranium, acid, etc. are stored in such
types of buildings.
BASED ON TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION FIRE RESISTANCE
1. Type 1: That provides 4 hours of fire resistance.
4. Type 4: That provides 1-hour of fire resistance
COMPONENTS OF BUILDING
1. Sub-Structure: It is the portion of a building situated underneath the surrounding ground.
2. Superstructure: The portion which is situated above the ground level is called superstructure

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1.Plinth:The part of the structure above ground and below ground level is called plinth, the height of the
plinth should be between 06 m to 0.8 m.
Functions of Plinth:
1. It provides protection from rainwater and creeping animals and insects.
2. It also provides space for courses that ultimately support flooring tiles.
2. Floor:The floor is a horizontal surface for the use of occupants in each room.The ground floor is usually
above the plinth, while a floor slab serves as a floor for the upper floor covered by a variety of floor materials
such as mosaic tile, granite, marble, quota, etc.
Functions of Floor:
1. In general, the floor should provide good resistance to wear and tear caused by its daily use.
2. It should be easy to wash and clean, fire-resistant, easy to repair.
The various types of floors commonly used for ground floor in India are murum, clay floors, brick floors, tiled
floors, timber floors, etc.
3. Wall as Building Components:
Walls are vertical building components that can support the roof or act as a partition wall or compound wall.
The various forms of masonry have walls such as brick masonry, stone masonry, composite masonry, hollow
cement concrete block masonry, cement concrete block masonry, etc.
Functions of Wall:
1. The walls form the outer boundary of the building that separates the rooms from each other.
2. It supports roofs in load-bearing structures.
They serves as the partition walls in the framed structure because the partition walls do not carry any weight
of the structure.
4. Column: Column is the vertical member or component of a framed structure made of reinforced cement
concrete.
Functions of column:
Column supports flooring at various levels in a framed structure or RCC as it takes a brief weight of the
structure.
In a load-bearing structure, the column is made of bricks or stones.
5. Beam: Beam is the horizontal components of the building structure made of steel, reinforced cement
concrete, wood, etc.
Functions of beam:
1. It supports the transverse load of the building structure.
2. It carries the tensile weight of a structure.
6. Roof:A roof is building components cover at the top of a building designed to protect from elements such
as rain, sun, and wind.
It is designed and constructed to meet the requirements of different climates and available materials.
Functions of roof:
The basic function is to provide protection from various elements for people and their property.
It also provides insulation, retains heat in winter, or cools the air in summer.

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7. Doors and windows:Doors: These are openings that allow entry into the building and circulation through
various rooms.
Windows: These are usually built into the outer wall providing air and light inside the rooms.
Functions of Doors:
The doors are used for the free movement of people inside and outside the house. They should be minimal for
each room because more doors cause cause-obstruction. Exterior doors are a means of separating the home
from the surroundings in terms of privacy and security. The door should be located near the end of the room,
especially in residential buildings.
Functions of Windows:Windows are building components provided for the entry of light into the building for
the free circulation of air.
8. Lintel:The lintel is a small horizontal building component acts as a beam always provided over openings
such as door, window or any other. It is made of R.C.C., timber, stone slabs or precast concrete, nowadays
commonly made in R.C.C. in framed structure.
Functions of lintel: It supports part of the wall at the opening.
9. Sill as building components: The lower structure of a window or door opening is called a sill. The sills are
modern building components constructed in stone slabs such as kota, kadapa or ceramic tiles. The portion of
the cob is sometimes well kept flat.
Functions of Sill:
This provides a suitable finish for the window opening.
It provides protection to the wall below the window.
It also supports the vertical members of the opening.
Also, drains rainwater from the face of the wall immediately after the opening.
10. Staircase: Staircase is a tilt passage with steps connected to the floor at various levels composed of
R.C.C., steel or wood.
Nowadays, it is usually made in reinforced cement concrete in a framed structure.
Functions of Staircase:
It provides easy access from one floor to another.
11. Parapet as building components: Parapet is a part of a low height wall built along the edge of the roof.
It is built with brick masonry then applied with plaster.
Functions of parapet: Fall protection for men, machinery, debris, etc. It also provide fire protection.
BRIDGE
A bridge is a structure that provides passages for a road, railway, pedestrians, canal or a pipeline over an
obstacle without closing the way beneath.
A bridge is a structure built to span a gorge, valley, road, railroad track, river, body of water, or any other
physical obstacle.
PUROSE:-
1. Movement of vehicle
2. Movement of train
3. Carrying pedestrians, cycles and animals.
4. To support pipeline for water, gas, oil, etc.
5. connecting land
IMPORTANCE OF BRIDGE
1. Improvement of environment for emergency care.
2. Improvement of convenience of public transportation.
3. Ease of traffic jam and reduction of railroad crossing.
4. crossing any obstacle
5. Perform an effective communication between two destinations.
6. Reduce travelling distance
7. Connects Difficult Terrains
8. Easy Trade and Transportation of Goods

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9. Military use
10. Political and Economic importance
11. Less Emission due to displacement
CLASSIFICATION OF BRIDGE
According to function:
1. Foot bridge (Pedestrian bridge)
2. Road bridge
3. Railway bridge
4. Pipeline bridge
5. Pedestrian Bridge
6. Viaduct : It is a bridge constructed over a valley
7. Aquaduct ;- is a bridge carrying a canal constructed over a drainage / passage underneath..
According to the materials of construction:
1. Timber bridge
2. Masonry bridge
3. Iron bridge
4. Steel bridge
5. RCC bridge
6. Pre-stressed concrete bridge
7. Composite bridge
According to type of super structure:
Slab bridge : Slabs (i.e. flat structural element) are placed across an open to carry the super-imposed loads by
bending action. These are used up to spans of 10 m.
Beam bridge: In this bridge, two or more rectangular beams or T-beams or I-beams are placed parallel to one
another over the piers. T-beam bridges are used for the spans 10-25 m.
Truss bridge ; This consists of trusses which are nothing but frame works built up of straight members which
carry the loads either by axial tension or axial compression. This bridge can be used economically in the span
range 100 – 200 m
Arch bridge ;- The arch bridge is best suited to deep gorges with steep rocky banks which furnished efficient
natural abutments to receive heavy thrusts exerted by the ribs. Steel arch bridges are used in the span range
100 – 250 m.
Bow-string girder bridge ; It is an arch bridge with the feet of arch ribs are connected by a horizontal beam.
These bridges are used where unyielding abutments for arch action are not available. They are used in the
span range 30 – 35 m.
Suspension bridge : In this bridge, floor of the bridge is suspended from a pair of cables hung in the form of
catenary between two tall supports. These bridges are best suited for spans more than 500 m.
Cable stayed bridge : It is a bridge whose deck is suspended by multiple cables that run down to the main
girder from one or more towers. These bridges are suitable in this span range 200 – 900 m.

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COMPONENT OF BRIDGE

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The components of a bridge is broke down into two, namely the SUBSTRUCTURE and the
SUPERSTRUCTURE.
The Substructure is anything that is below the bearing of the bridge. This is composed of Foundation
(pile/spread footing), Pier (Column), Abutment & Wing Wall. The primary purpose of the Substructure is to
support the superstructure components of the bridge.
Superstructure components are any structure that is above the bearing of the bridge. It is basically consists of
Beams/Girders, Arch/Cables, Parapet wall/Handrail & Flooring or Deck slab.
A. SUBSTRUCTURE
1. Foundation – the foundation of a bridge is usually composed of piles and pile cap. These elements make
up the initial foundation and is usually constructed to give support to the bridge. The piles help to create a
smooth transition that allows the internal forces to flow evenly between the bridge and the ground.
2. Pier (Column) – this part of the bridge is used to transfer the loads from the superstructure onto the
foundation. It is constructed above the foundation and is usually rises above a body of water.
3. Abutment – it is a structure that is constructed at either end of the bridge and is connected to the
embankment (sometimes retaining wall).
4. Wing Wall – it is the part of the bridge that also acts as one of the earth retaining structure. It is usually
located adjacent to the abutments and can be constructed either attached or independent to the abutment.
B. SUPERSTRUCTURE
1. Beam / Girder – beam, also referred to as beams, gives support to the deck by preventing its bending.
These can be a single or multiple span and is dependent on the length of the bridge.
2. Arch / Cable – this component gives additional strength to the bridge. It also helps control the safety and
load bearing ability of the bridge.
3. Parapet Wall / Handrail / Railings – this part of the bridge is built to serve as a safety component which
prevents the vehicles or the pedestrians from falling off the bridge.
4. Flooring / Deck Slab – this structure gets the direct traffic load from the road users. It is made from either
concrete or bituminous and sometimes from metal.
5. Bearing - are structural members capable of transferring loads from the deck (superstructure) to the
substructure.
DAM
A dam is a hydraulic structure of fairly impervious material built across a river to create a reservoir
on its upstream side for impounding water for various purposes
PURPOSE
1. Water storage: Dams are one of the major sources of water for domestic uses like cooking,
cleaning, bathing, washing, drinking water, gardening, agricultural uses, industrial purposes,
etc. The water is supplied through the canal or with the help of a pipe system from the dam.
2. Water diversion
3. Irrigation – The water from the dams is diverted through canals to the field where the water
level is low for irrigation purposes.
4. Hydroelectric power – The water stored in the dam is passed through turbines for
hydroelectric power generation.
5. Flood prevention – The water level of rivers, streams, etc is maintained by constructing
dams across it. This prevents the loss and damage from unexpected floods.
6. Recreation – The water stored in the dam is used for fishing, boating, and other recreational
activities.

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7. Debris control – The dam also provides the retention of hazardous material and protects the
environment.
8. Land reclamation
9. Wild life / Fishing
10. Navigation
11. Mine Tailings;- It allows the mining and processing of coal and other vital minerals while protecting
the environment.
12. Debris Control;-Dams provide enhanced environmental protection, such as the retention of
hazardous materials and detrimental sedimentation.
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IMPORTANCE OF DAM
1. Dams are symbol of modernity and a source of nation prestige,, partially because they are
multipurpose tool of development. .
2. Importance of dams gets more significant when it is viewed from the perspective of a country and
especially if a country is in the developing phase. It is so because dams help in the storage of
resources which can prove to be really helpful for developing countries.
3. Dams serve a nation in multiple ways i.e., they provide water for domestic use, industrial use as well
as agricultural use.
4. They also help in generating the economy and preserving nature. Therefore, the importance of dams is
not only to benefit humans but also animals, the environment, the government, and the economy.
5. The dams also help in meeting the energy demands of the country. Hydropower is expected to
contribute almost 30 percent to the total energy produced while thermal power plants produce as high
as 60 percent. Hydropower currently used in over 150 countries with 24 of these countries depending
on it for 90 per cent of their supply.
6. Increase in hydropower capacity , the burden of importing oil to run thermal power plants would
decrease. This step will save the economy as well as the atmosphere.
7. Dams play a great role in sustainable development in the economy .
8. Employment opportunities have been generated, incidence of poverty has been reduced, rural
population including nomads has been stabilized locally and migration of rural unemployed
population to urban centres has been reversed.
9. Decide food production and food security;-Half of the world's large dams were built exclusively or
primarily for irrigation, and an estimated 30 to 40 per cent of the 271 million hectares of irrigated

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lands worldwide rely on dams. Dams are estimated to contribute to 12-16 per cent of world food
production. Food security to ever growing population, protection from floods and droughts to
chronically vulnerable areas
COMPONENT OF DAM
• The parts of the dams are broadly classified as follows.
1. Water-retaining structure
2. Water-releasing structure
3. Water conveying structure
Water-retaining structure
controlled amount to flow downstream. Accordingly, the side of the barrier where water is collected is known
as the upstream side, and where the water flows is known as the downstream side. Generally, the following
component of dams makes up the dam’s water-retention section
1. Heel
2. Toe
3. Abutment
4. Crest
5. Cutoff
6. Parapet wallHeel ; The part of the dams meeting with the groundwater or upstream side is called the
heel.
Toe;-The portion of the dams meeting with the groundwater or downstream side is called the Toe.
Abutment; Abutments support the lateral pressure. These are the sides of the valley. These are concrete or
masonry structures.
Crest/Roadway of Dams;- The section of the dams used as a roadway or walkway is the crest. It is the upper
area of the dam.
Cut off ;- The cut-off is an impervious barrier constructed beneath the earthen dams. The main function is to
reduce the loss of stored water in the reservoir by preventing seepage. cut off – Earthen dams
Parapet wall; -The parapet wall is seen below the crest near the roadway. This assists in the dam
investigation and safety barriers.
Water-releasing structure
structure. Generally, these dam components are technically known as the dam’s spillways. Generally, the
spillway’s mechanism allows for controlled water volume. A spillway contains the following components.
1. Galleries
2. Spillways
3. Diversion tunnel
4. Sluiceway

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5. Freeboard
Galleries; These are hollow openings passing through the dam as shown in fig. The main purpose of
providing a drainage gallery is to collect seepage water from the foundation and body of the dam and drain it
out. The seepage water received by foundation galleries is drained away under gravity.
Spillway; The role of the spillway is to convey excess water and prevent damage. The water passes from
upstream to downstream. The spillway helps in the emergency discharge of water.
Diversion tunnel; -The purpose of the diversion canal is to redirect the water. Diversion tunnels are
constructed during the construction stage of dams.A diversion tunnel may also be constructed to divert
floodwater to divert water from mountainous regions to low-lying areas experiencing a water shortage supply.
Sluice way;- The role of the sluiceway is to remove the silt accumulated.
Freeboard; -The interval between the dam heads to the maximum water level on the upstream side
Water conveying structure
Water-conveying structure mainly conduit and conveys the water from reservoirs through, around, or under an
embankment dam
Conduit;-These are closed pipe structures. Conduits act as a passage for the water supply. Bottom
discharge conduits are pipes that cross the body of the dam from the upstream to the downstream sides
enabling water flow.
CLASSIFICATION OF DAMS
• Based on
1. Size
2. purpose
3. material used
4. action
Classification based on Size
1. Small Dam (<10 m high)
2. Medium size Dam (10 – 25 m high)
3. Large Dam (>25 m high)
4. Major Dam (>150 m high)
Classification based on Purpose
1. Hydro-electric dam
2. Irrigation dam
3. Water supply dam for city for the purposes of drinking water, recreation, navigation thro canals,
industrial use.
4. Flood Control
5. Habitat dam for fishes & wild life
6. Effluent containing dams from industry, mine, factory etc.
7. Multi-purpose dam
Classification based on Material of construction
1. Masonry Dam
2. Concrete Dam
3. Timber Dam
4. Steel Dam
5. Earth Dam
6. Rockfill Dam
7. Composite Dam
Classification based on action
• Gravity Dam
• Arch Dam

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• Saddle Dam
• Check Dam
• Diversion Dam
• Overflow Dam
• Cofferdam
ADVANTAGES OF DAM
1. Water conservation
2. Assure water supply
3. Generation of hydroelectricity
4. Irrigation of field
5. Recreation and tourism
6. Job creation
7. Flood control
8. Environment improvement/ ecosystem
9. Navigation
10. Debris control
DISADVANTAGES OF DAM
1. Relocation of people
2. Deforestation and change in ecosystem
3. Change in water flow pattern
4. In case of dam failure flooding downstream/ submergence
5. Methane production
6. Water wastage
7. Reduction in diversity
8. High cost
9. Maintenance challenge
10. Potential conflict

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WATER TANK
A water tank is a container for storing water. Water Tank: In simple words a water tank is a container for
storing liquid.
USE OF WATER TANK
• They are used to provide storage of water for use in many applications,
1. drinking water,
2. irrigation agriculture,
3. Water for the garden/land scapping
4. fire suppression,
5. agricultural farming, both for plants and livestock,
6. chemical manufacturing,
7. food preparation
8. Industrial process and cooling
9. Water for washing
10. Water for cooking
11. Rainwater harvesting
IMPORTANCE OF WATER TANK
1. Basic amenities;-Daily activities consume a lot of water. Storing water can help usage over the long
run. An average human uses around 150 liters of water each day. Therefore storing water and using it
further would keep a track of further usage.
2. Reliable Drinking Water Supply; For most communities, water demand tends to fluctuate
throughout the day. Elevated demand in the morning and evening is commonly followed by much
lower demand in the middle of the day and overnight. To accommodate these swings, adequate water
storage facilities are essential to reliably and safely serve a community drinking water.
3. Backup water source; - In an emergency, such as a power outage or natural disaster, treatment plant
pumps may fail. The community water tank acts as a backup water source, keeping treated water
flowing smoothly for around 24 hours in most cases. This provides city leaders with a measure of
confidence their water infrastructure will continue to function for a limited period.

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4. Fire protection; Life is uncertain and accidents can happen anytime. If there isn’t access to enough
water during any fire accident, firefighters may not be able to put out the fire by the time they reach
the spot. So storing water could be a huge asset in such catastrophic circumstances.
5. storing water:-Protection against contamination by animals and human waste, Stops water loss due
to evaporation, Prohibits breeding grounds of mosquitoes and other insects.
6. Save Money On Water Bills; Nothing is free in this world, not even water. Water usage both at
home and your workplace can be endless and costly. If you install a commercial water storage tank,
you will be able to save a lot of money, especially if you use rainwater. Storing rainwater and making
it clean and safe for the people using it daily can lower your expenditure by a lot and also keep them
safe and healthy.
7. Save water; Just because it is a tank in a workplace doesn’t mean there is not much use of it. Just like
in-home where you use water for every single household chore like washing, cooking, cleaning,
gardening, etc., a workplace also requires a lot of water. Rather too many people can end up using and
wasting unnecessary water. So, using rainwater collected in the water tank can save a lot of water.
8. Save The Environment; Conserving water is important to save the environment. Not only that, some
people think that a plastic water tank is harmful to the environment. But rather it is quite the opposite.
A commercial water storage tank can be used for a very long time and the manufacturing process does
not emit any kind of harmful gas.
Based On Material Used
 R.C.C.
 Plastic (PVC)
 Fibreglass
 Steel
 Masonry
CLASSIFICATION OF TANK
(i) Resting on ground water tank;-Tanks resting on ground are normally circular or rectangular in shape and
are used where large quantity of water need to stored. Resisting on ground water tank
This is the most commonly used in the clear water reservoir and setting tanks. The concrete RCC structure is
initially built on the ground surface and water is stored for the usage. The water distribution from one location
to another location was done with the help of the motor pumps and sometimes distribution of water done with
gravity force.

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(ii) Ground water tank: This type of water tank is made of lined carbon steel, it may receive water from a
water well or from surface water allowing a large volume of water to be placed in inventory and used during
peak demand cycles.
The underground water tank is the commonly used in the residential, apartments and commercial structures.
The water tank structure was constructed under the ground for the specified capacity like 200000 liters,
300000 liters etc. Due to the water is exists below the ground surface distribution is takes place through the
water pump system only.
(iii)Elevated Water Tank: This type of water tank is also known as a water tower, an elevated water tower
will create pressure at the ground- level outlet of 1 psi per 2.31 feet of elevation, thus a tank elevated to 70
feet creates about 30 psi of discharge pressure. 30 psi is sufficient for most domestic and industrial
requirements.
The elevated type water tank systems will be commonly seen in the group of large scale of communities. In
this type the water is stored above the ground level. Initially the construction of structure with beams and
columns are carried out and then the water tank is made on the bare frame structure (Beams and columns).
The water distribution is completely done with the help of the gravitational force only because of the water
stored above the ground.
Circular Tanks: They are most economical and used for large capacity in water supply, sewage treatment etc.
Rectangular Tanks: They are used for small storage capacity and their framework is costly.
Spherical Tanks: They are used for the economy and aesthetic view point.
Intze Tanks: They are used for large storage capacity. In such tanks, domes are used in place of level slabs.
COMPONENT OF WATER TANK
• The basic components of a water storage tank include the following:
Inlet and Outlet;The inlet and outlet allow the water to enter and exit the tank for daily uses. Therefore
its placement should be done at the right location. The inlet should be at the topmost location to store the
maximum water possible. The outlet should be at the bottom of the tank to use the maximum water. The
water needs to be circulated well to maintain the residuals and impurities that settle at the bottom. The
outlet should be ideally above four to six inches from the bottom.
Overflow Pipe;-The overflow pipe is located at the inlet level at the top of the tank so that more water is
not stored. It is required for freeboard to maintain the air gasp otherwise tank might burst due to excessive
pressure.
Drain; It is located at the bottom of the tank to remove the residual deposits while cleaning the tank.

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Vent;-Vent pipes are located at the top of the tank to release air. Air is removed out through vent pipes at
the time of refilling water in the tank. Opening of vent pipes should face downwards to prevent any
unwanted object to enter the tank.
Level Indicator; A level indicator is dipstick or graduated rod that indicates the quantity of water stored
inside the tank.
Sump;-A sump is located at the base of the tank for draining purpose. The additional sump may be
required for installation of submersible pumps in case of underground or on ground water tanks.
Manhole; Manhole is an opening into a tank top for cleaning, inspection, and maintenance. It is an
opening in the top of the tank with a lid that can be locked.
These are the basic components of a water storage tank that needs to be checked at the time of
installation properly.
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS,
water supply system, infrastructure for the collection, transmission, treatment, storage, and distribution of
water for homes, commercial establishments, industry, and irrigation, as well as for such public needs as
firefighting and street flushing
A water supply system includes all facilities for water transport from the source, treatment, and then to the
distribution
USE OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
1. Collection of water
2. Transmission of water
3. Treatment of water
4. Storage of water
5. Distribution of water for homes, commercial establishments, industry, and irrigation, as well as for
such public needs as firefighting and street flushing
IMPORTANCE of WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
1. To supply safe and wholesome water to consumers
2. To supply water in sufficient quantities
3. To supply water at convenient points and timings
4. To supply water at reasonable cost to the users
5. To encourage personal and house hold cleanliness of user
6. ensure people have enough to meet their basic needs along with contingencies such as firefighting,
festivals, meetings, etc.
7. plan for future demands due to population growth, rising living standards, storage, and transportation.
8. Preventing water pollution at the source, making the storage clean and hygienic, and ensuring a safe
and clean transport system for water.
9. economic and social development;
10. it is vital to maintain health, grow food, manage the environment, and create jobs
ELEMENTS OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLIES

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1. The source of supply; The raw water source for a public water system must have enough water to satisfy
both urban, institutional, and industrial needs, as well as fire-fighting demand. The most common kinds of
water are sourced either from the surface or the ground.
2. The processing or treatment of the water;-Surface water quality may vary since this type of water may
contain microorganisms that may or may not include organic or inorganic particles and contain dissolved
solids. Typically surface water may look, taste, and smell undesirable because it may be contaminated with
sewage, industrial waste, agricultural runoff, and animal waste.
Raw water treatment may be performed through the following processes: coagulation, sedimentation,
filtration, softening, and removal of iron plus disinfection.
3. The distribution of water to consumers;-The distribution system is responsible for the transportation of
water from the treatment plant to the would-be consumers. This system is highly complex and demands a
sound system design to avoid costly problems in the future; water quality may be hampered or improved
depending on the physical structure, construction, and operation of this valuable component of the public
water supply.
A municipal water supply system is made up of pipelines, pumps, water storage facilities, and other
distribution accessories. The main components include:
1. Water source: The sources of drinking water can come from groundwater, lakes, reservoirs, rivers,
canals, rainwater, and saltwater.
2. Water purification & treatment facilities: Different treatment systems are used depending on the
source of the water.
3. Transmission & distribution systems: The treated water is transported from the source via water mains
and sub-mains to the end-users.
4. Storage systems: these may include water tanks, reservoirs, and water towers. In smaller systems,
pressure vessels and cisterns may be used.
5. Pumping stations: in order to maintain optimal water pressure, additional pressurizing components,
called pumping stations, are often used.
6. Accessories: these may include support components such as valves, service lines, generators, meters,
fire hydrants, and other accessories needed to ensure a smoothly running system.

19
TYPES OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS?
The water distributed via municipal water supply systems should reach the end-user with sufficient pressure
and flow rates. In order to achieve this, four main water distribution system types are used:
1. Gridiron systems; In gridiron systems, the main water supply line goes through the central part of the
area, while sub mains branch out perpendicular to the main line. This system has no dead-ends, as all
of the individual pipes are interconnected. This type of water supply system is great for cities that
have a rectangular layout that resembles a gridiron.
2. Ring systems;-Circular or ring systems feature a supply main that forms a circle or ring around the
area of distribution. In this system, the branches are cross-connected to the supply mains and each
other. This type of system has similar advantages and disadvantages to gridiron systems and is
suitable for towns and cities with well-planned roads and streets.
3. Radial systems;-In radial systems, the distribution area is divided into different distribution districts
or zones. Each zone has an elevated distribution reservoir in the middle from which supply lines run
in a radial pattern towards the distribution district periphery. Radial systems offer swift distribution
and allow for simpler design calculations.
4. Dead-end systems;-Dead-end water supply systems are the best choice for cities and towns without
definite road patterns. In this type of system, there is one main line that runs through the town or city
with sub-mains branching off from left and right. These sub-mains then divide into a number of
branch lines that provide service connections.

20
TUNNEL
A tunnel is an underground passageway, dug through surrounding soil, earth or rock, and enclosed except for
the entrance and exit, commonly at each end.
USE OF TUNNEL
1. Movement of vehicle
2. Movement of train
3. Movement of ship
4. communication cables
5. Electricity cables.
6. Safety of people during war
7. Special needs of the military.
8. Storage
9. Conducting water and sewage
10. Parking
11. built for animals
12. Defense/ safety escape/ safe hiding during war
TUNNEL IMPORTANCE
1. Solve traffic: Tunneling networks provide high-throughput transportation in an economically viable
way.
2. Beautify our cities: Tunnels minimize usage of surface area and could move entire transportation
networks underground. Taking transportation underground allows us to repurpose roads into
community-enhancing spaces, and beautify our cities.
3. Enable Hyperloop: Hyperloop networks unlock high-speed regional transportation surpassing other
alternatives. Hyperloop enables access to individualized, point to point high-speed transportation.
4. Reduce travelling distance and time
5. Weatherproof Operation: rain, snow, wind, and surface temperatures do not affect system operation
6. Minimal Surface Impact: tunnel construction and operation do not create any discernible surface
noise or vibration. Tunnel construction and operation are invisible, silent, and undetectable
7. Minimal Use of Land: tunnels minimize the use of valuable surface land. Tunnels also do not
conflict with currently operating transportation systems, such as roads and sidewalks
CLASSIFICATION OF TUNNEL
1. Traffic Tunnels.
2. Hydropower Tunnels.
3. Public Utility Tunnels.
Traffic Tunnel;-tunnels which are unearthed for the purpose of diverting traffic loads from the ground to
subsurface roads for a limited distance to facilitate.
• Types of traffic tunnels
• Railway tunnels.
• Highway tunnels.
• Pedestrian tunnels.
Hydropower Tunnels;-While the title indicates, such tunnels are being unearthed from the production of
hydropower. These are pushed around rocks bringing underneath gravity the water.
Public Utility Tunnels.;Such specially modified tunnels are unearthed for the dumping of urban waste, for
the transport of pipes, cables and oil sources, including water, respectively. Nowadays, they have also
unearthed for underground parking and processing in heavily populated cosmopolitan
1. Based on the purpose of the tunnel :
– Traffic tunnels;- Railway, Highway, Navigation, Subway,Pedestrain

21
– Conveyance tunnels;- Water supply ,Hydropower, Sewage
2. Based on the type of material for the construction of the tunnel :
– Tunnel in hard rock.
– Tunnel in soft rock.
– Open cut tunnel.
– The tunnel underneath the river bed or submarine tunnel.
– Tunnel in quicksand.
3. Based on the alignment of the tunnel :
– Saddle and base tunnel.
– Spiral tunnel.
– Off spur tunnel.
– Slope tunnel.
4. Based on the shape of the tunnel :
– Circular tunnel.
– Egg-shaped tunnel.
– Horseshoe tunnel.
– Elliptical tunnel.
– Vertical walls with arch roof type.
– Polycentric.
ADVANTAGES OF TUNNELS
1. Tunnels enable rapid yet unhindered transport in large congested areas.
2. Tunnels shield the system under which it is built from changing weather conditions including snow,
haze, etc
3. Tunnels forestall issues with surface life including traffic all through construction
4. Tunnels safeguard the device from damage by bombs during the war.
5. less expensive to cross the mountain or river than open cut or bridges
6. In its most heavily developed metropolitan area, underground rail or highways is the most secure
decision for the accessibility of modes of transport.
7. Tunnels gets away from an unsafe open-cut close to the structure
8. Tunnels are likewise proven economical to convey publicly owned utilities like water, power, sewers,
etc.
9. Reduce transportation distance
10. If gradient is easy less transportation cost
11. Less cost for land acquisition
12. Secure against bombing in times of war
13. Cheapest means to carrying water through long distances
DISADVANTAGES OF TUNNELS
1. High initial cost
2. Slow progress of work
3. More construction time than bridge and open cut
4. Requires skilled labor and high-level proficient oversight.
5. sophisticated and specialized machinery
6. Need for illumination both during and after construction
7. May cause suffocation if ventilation not provided properly

22
ROAD
A road is a linear way for the conveyance of traffic that mostly has an improved surface for use by vehicles
(motorized and non-motorized) and pedestrians
USES OF ROADS:
1. Roads play a very significant role in the transportation of goods and passengers for short and medium
distances.
2. Road transport system establishes easy communication between farms, fields, factories and markets.
3. Roads can negotiate high slopes and sharp bends which railways cannot do. As roads can be built in
hilly areas also.
4. Roads act as incredible feeders to railways.
5. Road transport is more adaptable than the railway transport. Buses and trucks may be halted at any
place for loading and unloading passengers and goods whereas trains will only stop at selective
stations.
6. Perishable products like vegetables, fruits and milk are transported more effortlessly and quickly by
roads than by railways.
IMPORTANCE OF ROAD
1. Roads Make Our Infrastructure
2. Roads Make Traveling Easy
3. Roads Make Trades And Commerce Possible
4. Roads Determine Your Business Scope
5. Roads Are Great For Business Innovation
6. Roads Are The Backbone Of A Country’s Economy
7. Roads Are A Part Of Everyday Life
8. Roads Make A Country Livable
9. Roads Make A Country Competitive
10. Roads Help Discover New Sights
11. Roads Provide Routes To Recreational Spots
12. Roads Support Tourism
13. Roads Are Necessary For Emergency Situations
14. Roads Facilitate Forest Management Activities
15. Roads Keep The Environment Clean
CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS
I. Based on administrative jurisdiction and function:
• Primary System
1. Express way
2. National Highway (NH)
• Secondary System
1. State Highway (SH)
2. Major District Roads (MDR)
• Tertiary System
• Other District Roads (ODR)
• Village Roads (VR)
II. Based on their suitability for usage during different seasons of the year:
1. All weather roads
2. Fair weather roads
III. Based on the type of road pavement:
1. Paved roads
2. Unpaved Roads

23
IV. Based on the type of pavement surfacing
1. Surface roads
2. Unsurfaced roads
V. Based on size
1. Single lane
2. Double lane
3. Four lane
4. Six lane
VI. Based on type of road surface
1. Mud road
2. Bituminous road
3. Concrete road
4. Water bond macadam road
COMPONENT OF ROAD
• Sub grade: It is the natural soil on which the roads are constructed. It can also refer to the top of the
embankment over which the pavement is laid. The surface of the sub-grade is generally known as
formation.
• Entire load of the structure and that of traffic on the road surface are ultimately transferred to the sub-
grade. If natural sub-grade is not of good quality, it requires strengthening through compaction.
• Sub-base course: The layer which is immediately above the sub-grade is the sub-base. It consists of
granular materials (naturally occurring / compacted / stabilized with cement or lime). This layer shall
be stronger than sub-grade.
• It performs the following functions.

24
1. It distributes the traffic loads to sub-grade underneath
2. It acts as a good drainage layer
3. It prevents moisture migration from the sub-grade upwards Natural sand, murrum, gravel, crushed
stone, crushed concrete, laterite etc. can be the granular material constituents of sub-base course.
• Base course: This is the main load bearing layer, underlying the wearing or surface course. The
material of the base shall be of high quality. It is normally made of crushed / broken aggregates
mechanically interlocked by rolling and bonded together with screenings, soil binder and water
(Water Bound Macadam). The main function of this layer is to withstand the high traffic loads
imposed at the surface and to distribute them to the underlying layers of the pavement.
• Surface course (Wearing course): It generally consists of a binder course (normally bituminous
macadam) and a 2 – 5 cm thick bituminous surface dressing. The functions of this surface are
1. to withstand the stresses induced by the traffic, without undergoing unacceptable deformations.
2. to prevent the ingress of water (i.e. water proofing the base course)
3. to provide a smooth, skid resistant riding surface.
Merits: –
1. Construction Cost is less.
2. Very convenient for passenger and good transport.
3. Destination and starting points are not necessary to define.
4. Any type of vehicle can used this mode of transport.
• Demerits:
1. Early wear of road pavement.
2. Speed limit and restriction.
3. Suitable for short distance only.
4. Affected by weather
5. Traffic jam
RAILWAY
It is a means of transport, on vehicles which run on tracks (rails or railroads).
USE OF RAILWAY
1. Transportation of men, material and machine
2. Transportation of agricultural product
3. Transportation of Arm and ammunition
4. Transportation of emergency supply
5. Transportation of oil and water
6. Transportation of vehicle/ truck
7. Transportation of ore/ mineral
IMPORTANCE OF RAILWAY
1. Railways are significant & potential means of transporting men and material over large distances in a
country.
2. This economical transport system enables the local growers to get adequate returns for the efforts
from extended markets
3. Help in international trade
4. Railways plays its vital role in national defence of a country by transporting army & ammunition
quickly on a large scale during war days.
5. Railways form a main source of revenue to the country without any taxation.
6. Create lot of job opportunities
7. Railways promote economic growth

25
8. Agricultural growth
9. Encourage tourism
10. cutting greenhouse gas emissions.
11. Importance to defense
12. Political importance
SYSTEM OF RAILWAYS
There are four types of railways systems;
1. Surface railways- The railways provided over the ground surface is called surface railways. This is the
most extensively used and best rails throughout the world. In surface railways, various means like level
crossings, over bridge, under bridge etc are to be provided for crossing of the railway and road traffic safely
and efficiently.
2. Elevated railways- The railways provided at higher or elevated portion, above the ground surface is called
elevated railways.A continuous viaduct supported on piers, columns etc are constructed and the track is
carried on its steel deck. This system is very costly because stations, waiting rooms, offices are to be
constructed at higher levels requiring staircases, escalators etc. This type of railways is proved in the heavily
congested urban area where underground railways cannot be constructed.
3. Under ground railways- The railways provided just below the ground level are called U.G. railways.
Tunnels are constructed for carrying tracks through them and an overbridge is necessary at every road-
crossing to carry the road traffic over the railway traffic. Due to ventilation problem in tunnels, electricity is
the only source of power for traction in underground railways.This system is provided in the heavily
congested area where the traffic intensity on roads is heavy.
4. Tube railways- The railways provided underground at a greater depth of about 18m-52m are called tube
railways.This system of railways is so called as the section of the underground tunnels, carrying the track, is
circular like a tube. The main purpose of providing tube railways is to avoid the interference of the tracks with
water and gas pipes, sewerage systems and oil or drainage pipes etc.
RAILWY STATION

26
1. Baggage lockers ; Metal compartments for keeping luggage temporarily for a small fee.
2. Platform edge ; Zone along the edge of the platform, usually demarcated by a safety line.
3. platform number
4. Baggage room ; Counter where passengers leave their baggage to be taken to the train’s baggage car,
if it has one.
5. parcel office ; Courier-service window for sending envelopes and packages to be dispatched by train.
6. passenger train ; Set of cars coupled together and pulled along tracks by a locomotive.
7. passenger platform ; -Area alongside the tracks for passengers to embark and disembark trains.
8. concourse ;-Large space for passengers and the public at large housing the various services of the
station, such as ticket sales, information counter and shops.
9. indicator board ;-Panel showing the destination and the configuration of the train, such as type and
numbering of cars.
10. glassed roof ;-Large glassed surface forming the walls and roof.
11. office ;-Workplace of the employees managing the station.
12. track ;-A pair of parallel rails laid end to end and on which trains run.
railroad track
13. platform entrance ;-Area leading to the platforms, sometimes reserved for passengers who have
valid tickets.
14. ticket collector ;-Person checking that passengers’ tickets correspond to their destinations.
15. schedules ;-Grid showing the departure and arrival times of the trains, their number and their
destination or point of departure.
16. destination ;-Name of the last station where the train stops at the end of its route.
17. departure time indicator
18. baggage cart ;-Four-wheeled handcart available to passengers for transporting baggage inside the
station.
19. metal structure ;-Set of metal components comprising the skeleton of a building and supporting its
roof; here, the roof is made of glass.
•

27
• Advantages/ Merits:
1. Economic for common people.
2. Safe and comfortable.
3. Suitable for heavy goods and materials
4. Suitable for long distance.
5. Cheap and regular
6. Reliability and safety
7. Maximum Revenue.
8. Provide maximum employment .
9. Less weather effect
• Disadvantages/ Demerits:
1. Huge Investment;- Initial cost of construction is more.
2. Frequently maintenance required.
3. Less Flexible;
4. Door to door transportation is not possible.
5. Expensive Repair And Maintenance
6. Because goods in bulk quantities are carried chances of goods getting lost
7. unsafe for carrying fragile items like glass
8. not suitable in cases of emergency.
AIRPORT
An airport is a place where people go when they want to travel on a plan .Airport, also called air
terminal, aerodrome, or airfield, site and installation for the takeoff and landing of aircraft.
An airport usually has paved runways and maintenance facilities and serves as a terminal for
passengers and cargo.
It is fastest mode of transport
PURPOSE;
1. Transportation of men, material and machine
2. Transportation of agricultural product
3. Transportation of Arm and ammunition
4. Transportation of emergency supply
5. Transportation of vehicle
6. Air base for war
AIRPORT IMPORTANCE
1. the economic role of airports among the largest public facilities, airport play significant roles in
shaping economic of the communities they serve
2. Foreign exchange earner.
3. airports also represent a country's window on the world
4. taxes airports generate billion dollar in “taxes "annually
5. air access providing air access for various companies to expand their business.
6. business opportunities local services-most airports generate billion dollar in economic activity
7. employment /job opportunities most airports generate hundred thousand jobs
8. tourism
9. time & cost savings associated with air transportation
10. access to national and international markets
11. global connections enhancement to community well-being/quality of life
12. enhance defense system
13. emergency response
14. connects rural & urban populations

28
15. Shorten the temporal and spatial distances between cities, which significantly increases the
productivity, sales, output, exports, and investment scale of industrial firms.
Civil Military Co-ordination

29
COMPONENTS OF AN AIRPORT LAYOUT
1. Runway
2. Terminal Building
3. Apron
4. Taxiway
5. Aircraft Stand
6. Hanger
7. Control Tower
8. Parking
Runways A runway is the area where an aircraft lands or takes off. It can be grass, or packed dirt, or a hard
surface such as asphalt or concrete. Runways have special markings on them to help a pilot in the air to tell
that it is a runway (and not a road) and to help them when they are landing or taking off.
Terminal Buildings Also known as airport terminal, these buildings are the spaces where passengers board
or alight from flights. These buildings house all the necessary facilities for passengers to check-in their
luggage, clear the customs and have lounges to wait before disembarking.
The terminals can house cafes, lounges and bars to serve as waiting areas for passengers. Ticket counters,
luggage check-in or transfer, security checks and customs are the basics of all airport terminals.
Large airports can have more than one terminal that are connected to one another through link ways such as
walkways, sky-bridges or trams. Smaller airports usually have only one terminal that houses all the required
facilities.
Aprons ;-Aircraft aprons are the areas where the aircraft park. Aprons are also sometimes called ramps.
They vary in size, from areas that may hold five or ten small planes, to the very large areas that the major
airports have. Unlike the runways or taxiways, vehicles can use aprons
Taxiway A taxiway is a path on an airport connecting runways with ramps, hangars, terminals and other
facilities. They mostly have hard surface such as asphalt or concrete, although smaller airports sometimes use
gravel or grass. Aircraft Stand A portion of an apron designated as a taxiway and intended to provide access
to aircraft stands only
Aircraft Stand A portion of an apron designated as a taxiway and intended to provide access to aircraft
stands only
• Hangers ;- Closed structure to hold planes in protective storage. Steel, Wood or Concrete is used for
construction . Protect planes from weather and UV radiations. Also used to hold helicopters

30
• Control Tower A tower at an airfield from which air traffic is controlled by radio and observed
physically and by radar. 8. Parking
• Parking is a specific area of airport at which vehicles park.This is a place provided for parking the
vehicles of airport staff or passengers which is outside the terminal building or sometimes under the
ground of terminal building
• Limitations:
1. Operating expenses.
2. Capacity
3. Weather Condition
PORT & HARBOR
Harbor;-The word harbour is derived from the Old English word “herebeorg” meaning shelter or refuge. It is
partly enclosed area which provides safe and suitable accommodation for supplies, refueling, repair, loading
and unloading cargo.
Port;-A port is a location on a coast or shore containing one or more harbours where ships can dock and
transfer people or cargo to or from land. (Or) A port is a place on the coast that facilitates loading and
unloading cargo. A port is usually located inside a harbour.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HARBOR
1. Definition
• Harbor is a place on the coast where ships, boats and barges can seek shelter from a stormy weather.
• Port: Port is a location on the coast that can be used to load and unload cargo.
2. Location
• Port: A port is located inside a harbor.
• Harbor: A harbor cannot be located inside a port.

31
3. Purpose
• Harbor: The purpose of a harbor is to provide shelter from the weather conditions.
• Port: The purpose of a port is to load and unload cargo.
4. Creation
• Harbor: A harbor is usually a natural structure.
• Port: Ports are generally artificially created.
5. Facilities
• Port: Ports are commercial entities and often have many facilities like warehouses to store cargo and
well-built transportation systems.
• Harbor: Harbors do not provide as many facilities as ports
PURPOSE OF HARBOR AND PORT
• Harbors and ports are constructed to operate container ships for parking, loading-unloading, and
storage of cargo.
• Harbor: The purpose of a harbor is to provide shelter from the weather conditions.
• Port: The purpose of a port is to load and unload cargo.
• Ports are land facilities constructed to transfer goods between water and land.
• berthing and anchoring ships
• providing equipment for transfer of goods from ship-shore, shore-ship & ship-ship.
• Ports function as • distribution centers; • industrial zones; • energy supply bases; • mercantile trading
centers with banks, brokers, and traders; • urbanization and city redevelopment centers;

32
IMPORTANCE
1. Water transportation is the main transport mode for global trading. Almost 90% of the global trade is
conducted through waterways.
2. Ports serve as important transportation hubs that facilitate goods movement to businesses in local
communities and worldwide markets
3. Ports are a critical part of global supply chains and also a major focus for global security./ global
economy
4. Port development not only accelerates the rate of international trade but also acts as a catalyst to
employment and revenue effects
5. Create synergies
6. Economic development; Ports constitute an important economic activity in coastal areas.
7. Support industry; Support raw material acquisition, manufacturing and distribution of finished
products
8. Employment
9. Enhancing standard of living
10. National Defense and Emergency Preparedness
11. Ports supply both of safety and protection for the several types of cargos .
CLASSIFICATION OF HARBOR
1.CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE PROTECTION NEEDED
• Natural Harbor:-Harbor protected by storms and waves by natural land contours, rocky out crops, or
island that is called Natural Contour. (Eg. Kandla port, Cochin port & Mumbai Harbor)
• Semi - Natural Harbor:-A semi – natural harbor is protected on the sides by the contours of land and
requires manmade protection only to the entrance. (Eg. Mandvi, Veraval & Visakhapatnam port)
• Artificial Harbor:-An artificial harbor is one which is manmade and protected from storms and
waves by engineering works.(Eg. Chennai Harbor)
2. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON UTILITY
• Commercial Harbor:-It is an harbor in which docks are provided with necessary facilities for
loading and unloading of cargo.(Eg. Chennai Harbor)
• Refuge Harbor:-These are used as a heaven for ships in a storm or it may be part of a commercial
harbor.(Eg. Chennai Harbor & Visakhapatnam Harbor)
• Military Harbor:-It is a naval base for the purpose of accommodating naval ships or vessels and it
serves as a supply depot.(Eg. Mumbai Harbor & Cochin Harbor)
• Fishing Harbor:-These harbors have facilities for departure and arrival of fishing ships. They have
also necessary arrangement to catch fish.
3. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON LOCATION
• Ocean Harbor
• River Harbor
• Canal Harbor
• Lake Harbor
CLASSIFICATION OF PORTS
1. Ocean Port:-This is a port intended for large ocean going ships.
2. River Port:-River port is located on the banks of the river inside the land.
3. Entry Port:-This is location where foreign citizens and goods are cleared through custom house.
4. Free Port:-This is an isolated and enclosed area within which goods may be landed, stored, mixed,
repacked, manufactured and reshipped without payment of duties

33
Harbor Components
1. Entrance Channel
2. Break Water
3. Turning Basin
4. Shelter Basin
5. Pier
6. Wharf
7. Quay
8. Dry Dock
9. Wet Dock
10. Jetty
ENTRANCE CHANNEL:-Water area from which ships enter in the harbor and it should have sufficient
width, 100 for small harbor, 100 to 160m for medium and 160 to 260m for large harbor.
BREAK WATER:-A protective barrier made up of Concrete or Course Rubble Masonry constructed from
shore towards the sea to enclose harbour .
TURNING BASIN:-It is water area which is required for maneuvering the ship after entering to the harbor
and it is large enough to permit free turning.
SHELTER BASIN:-It is area protected by shore and breakwater.
PIER:-It is a solid platform at which berthing of ships on both the sides are possible.
WHARF:-It is a docking platform constructed parallel to shoreline providing berthing facility on one side
only.
QUAY:-It is also dock parallel to the shore which is solid structure providing berthing on one side and
retaining the earth
Dry DOCK:-It is a chamber provided for maintenance, repairs and construction of ships. It includes walls,
floor and gate.
WET DOCK:-Due to variation in tidal level, an enclosed basin is provided where in number of ships can be
berthed. It has an entrance which is controlled by a lock gate.
JETTY:-It is a solid platform constructed perpendicular to the shoreline for berthing of ships.

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