The document discusses the definitions and key differences between state, government, association, and society. It defines a state as a group of people living in a defined territory under an organized government and international recognition. A government is the instrument that operates the state. An association is a group of people organized for a common purpose. Finally, a society is a large group of people in interpersonal relationships within a shared territory typically under the same political authority. The key difference between a state and society is that a state has sovereignty and the right to use legitimate power, while a society can exist without a state and lacks such authority.
Sovereignty means the supreme, absolute, and uncontrollable power by which any independent state is governed; supreme political authority; the supreme will; paramount control of the constitution and frame of government and its administration; the self-sufficient source of political power, from which all specific political powers are derived; the international independence of a state, combined with the right and power of regulating its internal affairs without foreign dictation; also a political society, or state, which is sovereign and independent.
The power to do everything in a state without accountability, to other countries, to execute and to apply them, to impose and collect taxes and levy contributions, to make war or peace, to form treaties of alliance or of commerce with foreign nations.
The concept of ‘sovereignty’ is one of the most complex, with many definitions, some are totally contradictory. Usually, sovereignty is defined in one of two ways. The first definition applies to supreme public power, which has the right and, in theory, the capacity to impose its authority in the last instance. The second definition refers to the holder of legitimate power, who is recognized to have authority.
When national sovereignty is discussed, the first definition applies, and it refers in particular to independence, understood as the freedom of a collective entity to act. When popular sovereignty is discussed, the second definition applies, and sovereignty is associated with power and legitimacy.1
There are various definition of sovereignty which has been defined by academicians and philosophers they are as follows:
In political science, sovereignty is usually defined as the most essential attribute of the state in the form of its complete self-sufficiency in the frames of a certain territory that is its supremacy in the domestic policy and independence in the foreign one.
John Bodin defines sovereignty “The supreme power over citizens and subjects, unrestrained by law.”
Grotius defines sovereignty as “The supreme political power vested in him whose acts are not subject to any other and whose will cannot be overridden”.
Also definition of Sovereignty by Soltau is “Final legal coercive power by the state”.
This PPT helps to understand Concept of Sovereignty. This PPT is more useful for Social Science students including Law at Graduate & Post bGrauat elevel .
Sovereignty means the supreme, absolute, and uncontrollable power by which any independent state is governed; supreme political authority; the supreme will; paramount control of the constitution and frame of government and its administration; the self-sufficient source of political power, from which all specific political powers are derived; the international independence of a state, combined with the right and power of regulating its internal affairs without foreign dictation; also a political society, or state, which is sovereign and independent.
The power to do everything in a state without accountability, to other countries, to execute and to apply them, to impose and collect taxes and levy contributions, to make war or peace, to form treaties of alliance or of commerce with foreign nations.
The concept of ‘sovereignty’ is one of the most complex, with many definitions, some are totally contradictory. Usually, sovereignty is defined in one of two ways. The first definition applies to supreme public power, which has the right and, in theory, the capacity to impose its authority in the last instance. The second definition refers to the holder of legitimate power, who is recognized to have authority.
When national sovereignty is discussed, the first definition applies, and it refers in particular to independence, understood as the freedom of a collective entity to act. When popular sovereignty is discussed, the second definition applies, and sovereignty is associated with power and legitimacy.1
There are various definition of sovereignty which has been defined by academicians and philosophers they are as follows:
In political science, sovereignty is usually defined as the most essential attribute of the state in the form of its complete self-sufficiency in the frames of a certain territory that is its supremacy in the domestic policy and independence in the foreign one.
John Bodin defines sovereignty “The supreme power over citizens and subjects, unrestrained by law.”
Grotius defines sovereignty as “The supreme political power vested in him whose acts are not subject to any other and whose will cannot be overridden”.
Also definition of Sovereignty by Soltau is “Final legal coercive power by the state”.
This PPT helps to understand Concept of Sovereignty. This PPT is more useful for Social Science students including Law at Graduate & Post bGrauat elevel .
Political socialization, what is political socialization what are the important and function of political socialization. Sociology, Polity and society, Presentation of Political Socialization.
Department of Management: Liberty : Meaning & Features
Types of Liberty
Economic Liberty
Political Liberty
Civil Liberty
National Liberty
Personal Liberty
Natural Liberty
Equality :Meaning &Aspect
Relationship between Liberty & Equality
Justice : Meaning
DIMENSIONS of RIGHTS
Federal system of government
Federal system
Federation and confederation
Difference between federation and confederation
Essential condition of federation:
1.Sense of unity
2.common culture
3.Aspiration to regional autonomy
4.Geographical contiguity
5.Equality in federating units
6.political consciousness
7.Uniformity of political institution
8.economic self sufficiency
State, Government and Society and differences among themJaskanwarSingh10
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Political socialization, what is political socialization what are the important and function of political socialization. Sociology, Polity and society, Presentation of Political Socialization.
Department of Management: Liberty : Meaning & Features
Types of Liberty
Economic Liberty
Political Liberty
Civil Liberty
National Liberty
Personal Liberty
Natural Liberty
Equality :Meaning &Aspect
Relationship between Liberty & Equality
Justice : Meaning
DIMENSIONS of RIGHTS
Federal system of government
Federal system
Federation and confederation
Difference between federation and confederation
Essential condition of federation:
1.Sense of unity
2.common culture
3.Aspiration to regional autonomy
4.Geographical contiguity
5.Equality in federating units
6.political consciousness
7.Uniformity of political institution
8.economic self sufficiency
State, Government and Society and differences among themJaskanwarSingh10
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State is a political society with its four elements - population, fixed territory, government, and sovereignty. It acts through law & it has certain powers by which it performs its functions. Society. • Society is both an organization as well as a system of social relationships
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a political system in which citizens govern themselves either directly or indirectly. The term democracy comes from Greek and means “rule of the people.” In Lincoln’s stirring words from the Gettysburg Address, democracy is “government of the people, by the people, for the people.” In direct (or pure) democracies, people make their own decisions about the policies and distribution of resources that affect them directly.
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In 2020, the Ministry of Home Affairs established a committee led by Prof. (Dr.) Ranbir Singh, former Vice Chancellor of National Law University (NLU), Delhi. This committee was tasked with reviewing the three codes of criminal law. The primary objective of the committee was to propose comprehensive reforms to the country’s criminal laws in a manner that is both principled and effective.
The committee’s focus was on ensuring the safety and security of individuals, communities, and the nation as a whole. Throughout its deliberations, the committee aimed to uphold constitutional values such as justice, dignity, and the intrinsic value of each individual. Their goal was to recommend amendments to the criminal laws that align with these values and priorities.
Subsequently, in February, the committee successfully submitted its recommendations regarding amendments to the criminal law. These recommendations are intended to serve as a foundation for enhancing the current legal framework, promoting safety and security, and upholding the constitutional principles of justice, dignity, and the inherent worth of every individual.
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INTRODUCTION
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WINDING UP of COMPANY, Modes of DissolutionKHURRAMWALI
Winding up, also known as liquidation, refers to the legal and financial process of dissolving a company. It involves ceasing operations, selling assets, settling debts, and ultimately removing the company from the official business registry.
Here's a breakdown of the key aspects of winding up:
Reasons for Winding Up:
Insolvency: This is the most common reason, where the company cannot pay its debts. Creditors may initiate a compulsory winding up to recover their dues.
Voluntary Closure: The owners may decide to close the company due to reasons like reaching business goals, facing losses, or merging with another company.
Deadlock: If shareholders or directors cannot agree on how to run the company, a court may order a winding up.
Types of Winding Up:
Voluntary Winding Up: This is initiated by the company's shareholders through a resolution passed by a majority vote. There are two main types:
Members' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is solvent (has enough assets to pay off its debts) and shareholders will receive any remaining assets after debts are settled.
Creditors' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is insolvent and creditors will be prioritized in receiving payment from the sale of assets.
Compulsory Winding Up: This is initiated by a court order, typically at the request of creditors, government agencies, or even by the company itself if it's insolvent.
Process of Winding Up:
Appointment of Liquidator: A qualified professional is appointed to oversee the winding-up process. They are responsible for selling assets, paying off debts, and distributing any remaining funds.
Cease Trading: The company stops its regular business operations.
Notification of Creditors: Creditors are informed about the winding up and invited to submit their claims.
Sale of Assets: The company's assets are sold to generate cash to pay off creditors.
Payment of Debts: Creditors are paid according to a set order of priority, with secured creditors receiving payment before unsecured creditors.
Distribution to Shareholders: If there are any remaining funds after all debts are settled, they are distributed to shareholders according to their ownership stake.
Dissolution: Once all claims are settled and distributions made, the company is officially dissolved and removed from the business register.
Impact of Winding Up:
Employees: Employees will likely lose their jobs during the winding-up process.
Creditors: Creditors may not recover their debts in full, especially if the company is insolvent.
Shareholders: Shareholders may not receive any payout if the company's debts exceed its assets.
Winding up is a complex legal and financial process that can have significant consequences for all parties involved. It's important to seek professional legal and financial advice when considering winding up a company.
1. Mahesh Jaiwantrao Patil
M.A. (Political Science), M.Phil, NET, SET, & Ph.D(Pursuing)
Assistant Professor,
Narayanrao Chavan Law College, Nanded, Maharashtra, India
2. State
Government
Association
Society
Difference between State & Government
Difference between State & Association
Difference between State & Society
3. Introduction:
It is a political institution.
It is a greatest of all human associations.
Every individual is a member of the state.
It is a politically organized society.
The term state became very popular in 16th
century when the Italian political thinker
Nicolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) used it for
the first time in his book “The Prince”.
4. Meaning: vFkZ &
It is assembly of human being occupying a
definite territory of defined boundaries under
an organized government, subject to no
outside authority will control.
It is established by the consent of people and
recognized internationally.
5. Definition:O;k[;k &
Woodrow Wilson: State is people organized
for law within definite territory.
Oppenheim: The State exists when a people
settle in a country under its own sovereignty.
Burger: State is a particular portion of a
mankind viewed as an organised unit.
6. Essential elements of State:
jkT;kps vk/kkjHkqr /kVd &
1) Population
2) Territory
3) Government
4) Sovereignty
5) International Recognition
7. Territory:- Hkqizns’k
people must live permanently on a definite
portion of land permanently to make a State.
the people do not become a State until they have
acquired territory.
Now days whether a State is small or big in
territory, it becomes powerful provided it has
scientific technological advancement.
Example: U.K, France, Austria and Switzerland.
India & China –are not powerful –in spite of their
vast areas ,big population and long history.
8. Government: ‘kklu
Government is a instrument /machinery in
the hands of State to express the will of State
/ people.
It is a sum total of Legislature, Executive and
Judiciary & internals bodies –which are
engaged to perform some functions of the
State to make the life of the people
comfortable .
It sets rules and regulations ,control men’s
behavior.
It Solves the common problem of society.
9. Sovereignty: lkoZHkkSeRo
it is supreme power of the State to take any
decision regarding with internal and external
matters of the country.
It makes a state independent & supreme.
It is internal supremacy & external
independence.
It is free to make its own foreign policy
decision without any external pressure.
11. State
It is broader concept. It
consists of all citizen of
State.
Example: U.S.A & U.K
It has four element.
It is a permanent institution.
State powers are original
,unlimited ,fundamental &
primary.
Government
It is narrow concept. It is a
body of some citizen of
state.
Example: Mr.Modi & Mr.
Obama Government.
It is one of the element of
State. The State operates
through Government
It is temporary institution
subject to change.
It has only limited powers
delegated by State authority.
12. For State- sovereignty is
essentials.
State can’t be opposed by
the people because they
don’t have right to do so.
Loyalty of the citizen to
their state is compulsory.
It does not have different
form / types.
It is the master.
It does not possess
sovereignty. It acts on
behalf of the State.
A government can be
opposed / changed by
people when it does not
work.
People have rights to
criticize for its acts.
It has many forms / types
Example: Democracy,
Dictatorship, military
Rule & etc….
It is a servant of the State
13. Introduction:-
It is a group of people having a common purpose, interest and
aim.
Example: Club, Family, Church, Chamber of Commerce
an organization of people with a common purpose and having
a formal structure.
It is a group of persons or members who are associated &
organized into a unity of will for common good.
It can be organized On the basis of Political , social ,economic
& religious ground.
14. Essential requirement for Association.
1. A group of People.
2. These people must be organized one
3. They must have a common purpose.
Definition:
1. Bogardus: - “ Association is usually a working
together of people to achieve some purpose”.
2. MacIver:- “ An organization deliberately formed for
the collective pursuit of some interest or set so interests,
which the members of it share ,it terms as association ”.
Meaning
It is group of individual who are organized .They are
associated by will for a common end.
15. State
State is permanent.
Example: India , U.S.A.
State is supreme to all
other associations
Association
Associations are
temporary. They can be
dissolved after their
specific purpose is
achieved.
Example: Lokpal
Movement 2011.
Associations are
controlled by the State,
through laws &
regulations
16. Members of a State is
compulsory.
The scope of a state is very
wide.
State has a fixed & definite
territory
State possesses the element
of sovereignty. No one can
challenge or disobey the
State.
State has the authority to
use the power.
Membership of association
is optional.
Associations have a limited
scope.
Associations are not limited
by boundaries . they can
branches in any part of the
world.
Associations are not
sovereign. Its membership
depends upon the will of the
individual.
Association does not have
power to use the force. It is
based on co-operation.
17. Welfare of all is the
objective of the State.
An individual can be
citizen of only one
State.
State is a political
association, supreme to
all other state.
Welfare of its members
is the aim of an
association.
An individual can be
member of any number
of associations at the
same time.
Associations can be
social, economic,
cultural, political or
religious.
18. Introduction:-
A group of people living independently, attempting
to solve their problem by common action. it is the
web of social relationships.
A human society is a group of people involved in
persistent interpersonal relationships, or a large
social grouping sharing the same geographical or
social territory, typically subject to the same
political authority.
19. Man never lives in isolation. He lives in association
with other men, because nature itself has made man a
social animal with various types needs. A man has to
depend on many other men for satisfying his
countless need.
Many men for satisfying their countless need form
society.
In modern world , we take it for granted that all men
& women live as members of society with mutual
help, co-operation & support.
20. Meaning:-
It is very large group of men & women. Within the
large framework , we find family, class, caste, club,
trade Union, school,chruch, political party & many
other groups.
Definition :-
Prof.Ginsberg:-
“ A society is a collection of
individuals united by certain relations or
modes of behavior which work them off from
others who do not enter into those relations
or who differ from them in behavior”.
21. State
The state is a small part
of the society.
State is artificial.
State is the result of
man’s political
consciousness..
State is only political
association.
Sovereignty is an
essential element of
State.
Society
Society is a primary
association.
Society is natural.
Society is prior to the
state.
Society is an association
of many associations.
Society does not
possess any sovereign
power. It can only
exercise moral force.
22. State is a compulsory
organization.
State is only concerned
with man in his political
dimensions.
State is a legal
organization.
State must have the
Government.
A state has rules & laws
Society is a voluntary
organization.
Society seeks to develop
all aspects of human life.
Society is a social
organization.
Society may not have any
organization to implement
its principles.
A society is based on
custom & traditions.
23. State can not exist
without society.
State has the right to use
legitimate power.
Society can exist
without state.
Society has no such
authority.
24. Distinguish the State & Government in detail. (April
2012).
Elements of State.(April 2012).
Explain in detail difference between state & society,
State & association.(April 2014)
Distinguish clearly between state & society, state &
association. (Nov. 2012)
What is state ? Explain the essential elements of State.
(Nov 2011)
What is meant by state ? Discuss the essential elements
of State. (Nov 2011, 2013)
Difference between state & society.(Nov 2011, 2013)
26. Introduction:-
A group of people living independently, attempting to solve
their problem by common action. it is the web of social
relationships.
A human society is a group of people involved in
persistent interpersonal relationships, or a large social
grouping sharing the same geographical or social territory,
typically subject to the same political authority.
27. Meaning:-
It is very large group of men & women. Within the large
framework , we find family, class, caste, club, trade
Union, school,chruch, political party & many other
groups.
Definition :-
Prof.Ginsberg:-
“ A society is a collection of
individuals united by certain relations or modes
of behavior which work them off from others who
do not enter into those relations or who differ
from them in behavior
28. State can not exist
without society.
State has the right to use
legitimate power State
can not exist without
society.
State has the right to use
legitimate power
Society can exist
without state.
Society has no such
authority.
29. Distinguish the State & Government in detail. (April
2012).
Elements of State.(April 2012).
Explain in detail difference between state & society,
State & association.(April 2014)
Distinguish clearly between state & society, state &
association. (Nov. 2012)
What is state ? Explain the essential elements of State.
(Nov 2011)
What is meant by state ? Discuss the essential elements
of State. (Nov 2011, 2013)
Difference between state & society.(Nov 2011, 2013
30. Meaning:-
It is very large group of men & women. Within the
large framework , we find family, class, caste, club,
trade Union, school,chruch, political party & many
other groups.
Definition :-
Prof.Ginsberg:-
“ A society is a collection of
individuals united by certain relations or
modes of behavior which work them off from
others who do not enter into those relations
or who differ from them in behavior”.