This document provides information on legislatures, specifically unicameral and bicameral systems. It defines unicameral as having one legislative chamber and notes some countries that use this system, including advantages like lower costs and disadvantages like possibility of hasty legislation. Bicameral is defined as having two chambers and examples provided are India, UK, USA. Benefits include preventing despotism and checking hasty laws, while drawbacks include potential deadlocks and higher expenses. The document also outlines some key differences between the systems and structures of legislatures in India, UK, and USA.
The term ‘Legg' means "law" and 'lature’ the "place"
Another term, which is used as a synonym of Legislature, is ‘Parliament.’ This word stands derived from the French word ‘Parley’ which means to ‘talk’ or to discuss and deliberate.
Each chamber of legislature consists of a number of legislators who use some form of parliamentary procedure to debate political issues and vote on proposed legislation.
The term ‘Legg' means "law" and 'lature’ the "place"
Another term, which is used as a synonym of Legislature, is ‘Parliament.’ This word stands derived from the French word ‘Parley’ which means to ‘talk’ or to discuss and deliberate.
Each chamber of legislature consists of a number of legislators who use some form of parliamentary procedure to debate political issues and vote on proposed legislation.
Sovereignty means the supreme, absolute, and uncontrollable power by which any independent state is governed; supreme political authority; the supreme will; paramount control of the constitution and frame of government and its administration; the self-sufficient source of political power, from which all specific political powers are derived; the international independence of a state, combined with the right and power of regulating its internal affairs without foreign dictation; also a political society, or state, which is sovereign and independent.
The power to do everything in a state without accountability, to other countries, to execute and to apply them, to impose and collect taxes and levy contributions, to make war or peace, to form treaties of alliance or of commerce with foreign nations.
The concept of ‘sovereignty’ is one of the most complex, with many definitions, some are totally contradictory. Usually, sovereignty is defined in one of two ways. The first definition applies to supreme public power, which has the right and, in theory, the capacity to impose its authority in the last instance. The second definition refers to the holder of legitimate power, who is recognized to have authority.
When national sovereignty is discussed, the first definition applies, and it refers in particular to independence, understood as the freedom of a collective entity to act. When popular sovereignty is discussed, the second definition applies, and sovereignty is associated with power and legitimacy.1
There are various definition of sovereignty which has been defined by academicians and philosophers they are as follows:
In political science, sovereignty is usually defined as the most essential attribute of the state in the form of its complete self-sufficiency in the frames of a certain territory that is its supremacy in the domestic policy and independence in the foreign one.
John Bodin defines sovereignty “The supreme power over citizens and subjects, unrestrained by law.”
Grotius defines sovereignty as “The supreme political power vested in him whose acts are not subject to any other and whose will cannot be overridden”.
Also definition of Sovereignty by Soltau is “Final legal coercive power by the state”.
This presentation covers the knowledge about UNICAMERAL LEGISLATURE
inclusive of topics like - meaning, merits, demerits, modern examples and a small conclusive note..
Sovereignty means the supreme, absolute, and uncontrollable power by which any independent state is governed; supreme political authority; the supreme will; paramount control of the constitution and frame of government and its administration; the self-sufficient source of political power, from which all specific political powers are derived; the international independence of a state, combined with the right and power of regulating its internal affairs without foreign dictation; also a political society, or state, which is sovereign and independent.
The power to do everything in a state without accountability, to other countries, to execute and to apply them, to impose and collect taxes and levy contributions, to make war or peace, to form treaties of alliance or of commerce with foreign nations.
The concept of ‘sovereignty’ is one of the most complex, with many definitions, some are totally contradictory. Usually, sovereignty is defined in one of two ways. The first definition applies to supreme public power, which has the right and, in theory, the capacity to impose its authority in the last instance. The second definition refers to the holder of legitimate power, who is recognized to have authority.
When national sovereignty is discussed, the first definition applies, and it refers in particular to independence, understood as the freedom of a collective entity to act. When popular sovereignty is discussed, the second definition applies, and sovereignty is associated with power and legitimacy.1
There are various definition of sovereignty which has been defined by academicians and philosophers they are as follows:
In political science, sovereignty is usually defined as the most essential attribute of the state in the form of its complete self-sufficiency in the frames of a certain territory that is its supremacy in the domestic policy and independence in the foreign one.
John Bodin defines sovereignty “The supreme power over citizens and subjects, unrestrained by law.”
Grotius defines sovereignty as “The supreme political power vested in him whose acts are not subject to any other and whose will cannot be overridden”.
Also definition of Sovereignty by Soltau is “Final legal coercive power by the state”.
This presentation covers the knowledge about UNICAMERAL LEGISLATURE
inclusive of topics like - meaning, merits, demerits, modern examples and a small conclusive note..
Constitution of USA
Congress
House of representative
Senate
composition of senate
Composition of house of representative
Function of speaker of USA and U.K.
Difference between U.K and USA parliament
special powers of senate and house of representative
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. Introduction
The legislature occupies an important place in modern
State. It is regarded as the most important organ of the
government. The legislature represents the general will
of the people in the democratic system. The legislature
is that organ of the government, which is primarily
concerned with the function of making laws.
It provides a basis for the working of the executive and
the judiciary. Unless laws are made, the question of
enforcing them or interpreting them does not arise.
Thus, it can be said that the executive and the judicial
organ cannot function without the legislature
3. Meaning of legislature (Parliament)
Meaning of the word ‘Parliament’ --
is a word derived from the French
expression parlement which means
‘speaking’, and Latin word
‘parliamentum’ which means ‘talking.
It has come to mean ‘meeting for
discussion’. Or talking Shop where we
can discuss national and international
issues.
Different Names of Legislature: In
India Parliament is known as Sansad.
Other nations have their own names
viz. Diet in Japan, Congress in US,
Parliament in UK, Knesset in Israel.
4. Legislature
Uni-Cameral
(One Chamber/ House)
▪If the Parliament (National
Assembly) has only one chamber,
it is known as Uni-Cameral
Legislature .
▪Examples : Greece, Finland,
Denmark, Sweden, Sri Lanka &
etc.
Bi –Cameral
(Two chambers / Houses)
▪If the Parliament (National
Assembly) has two chamber, it
is known as Bi-Cameral
Legislature.
▪Examples: India, U.K., U.S.A.
Afghanistan, Pakistan, etc.
4
5. Unicameral Legislature
The word 'uni' means one and 'cameral' means chamber.
Unicameral legislature means one chamber or house. A legislature
with one chamber is called as Unicameral legislature.
In 18th and 19th century Unicameral legislature was very popular.
The advocates of unicameralism felt that, sovereignty which rests
with the people is indivisible. The will of the people could be
expressed through the legislative house. Thus, the concept of
popular sovereignty demanded the establishment of a single
chamber consisting of members expressing the will of the people
and their hopes and aspirations.
Unicameral legislature is now in practice in Greece, Turkey,
Finland, Ethiopia, Portugal, Bangladesh, New Zealand, Denmark,
Sweden, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria etc.
6. Merits of Unicameral Legislature
Less expensive : Unicameral legislature is less expensive. As
there is only one chamber in the legislature, less amount of
money is spent towards its maintenance and payment of
allowances to the legislatures.
No Duplication of work: There is no chance of duplication of
work in Unicameral legislature. Once a bill is passed in this
chamber, there is no chance again for re-discussion. Every bill
will be passed after through discussion at one time.
Progressive legislation : Unicameral legislature provides for
progressive legislation, because this legislature is constituted
on the basis of direct elections. Its members reflect and
represent public opinion. Hence, the laws enacted by them are
approved and obeyed by the people as they are progressive.
7. Quick legislation : Because of Unicameral legislation, there is
legislation. If the second house exists, it may act as a break on
progressive legislation.
Simple structure :'Since there is only one house, Unicameral
legislation is simple in form and structure. Responsibility in this
system can be easily and definitely located. Unicameralism is
best suited to the needs of modern State.
Checks on Despotic tendencies: In Unicameral legislation,
despotic tendencies of the executive are effectively controlled
8. Demerits of Unicameral Legislature
Hasty legislation : Unicameral legislation may provide scope for
hasty legislation. It may produce hasty, radical, ill-considered and
rash legislation.
No Re-thinking : No provision is made for second thought in this
system. Emotions, impulses and high passions may influence the
making of legislation.
Legislative dominance : Legislative dominance or despotism is
possible particularly when it is under a control of a single political
party having a overwhelming majority.
Political instability : Due to absence of moderation and second
thought, the government may face the danger of changing
frequently because of unpopular legislation.
9. Unequal representation: In the unicameral
legislature, representation is given in
proportion to the population, which makes it
difficult for the minorities and special interests
to get their due say in public Offices.
10. Bicameral Legislature
'Bi' means two, 'cameral' means chamber or house. Bicameral
legislature means two chambers or two houses. Lower house is
called the First House and the Upper house is called the Second
House. America, Britain and India are the classic examples of
bicameral legislature. In England, Bicameral legislature has been
developed according to the historical evolution.
11. Merits of Bicameral Legislature
Prevents despotism of a single house : A bicameral legislature
is a safeguard against the despotism of a single chamber
legislature. If there are two houses, one can act as a check on the
other.
Check on hasty legislation : Bicameral legislature serves as a
check upon hasty, rash and ill-considered legislation. The second
chamber can remove the defects while revising the bills.
Reduces burden of legislature : Bicameral legislature reduces
the burden of legislation. If there is second chamber, then it
reduces the burden of legislation of the first chamber.
Representation of different interests : Bicameralism provides a
convenient means of giving representation to different groups
and interests. Distinguished people in the field of arts, science,
literature and minorities can be nominated.
12. Possibility of detailed discussion : In bicameralism there is a
possibility of detailed discussion. Generally, the membership of
the second chamber is limited. So, it can be discussed the bills in
detail before it is enacted.
Less Politicized: As the member of second chamber are
nominated, they represent the intellectuals and they work without
biases of political affinities.
Essential for federation : Bicameralism is essential for all the
federal States. The Lower House represents the people and the
Upper House represents the States. The Lower House stands for
natural principle, while the Upper House stands for federal
principles.
Perfect and sound laws : Bicameral legislatures enables fie
legislatures to make perfect and sound laws. It helps to correct
the errors committed by the Lower House.
13. Conservative attitude: Bicameral legislature is having
conservative attitude. The members of this house are generally
aged and experienced. They can prevent hasty legislations
14. Demerits of Bicameral Legislature
Superfluous and unnecessary : If the second Chamber always
agrees with the first chamber, second chamber is superfluous. If it
disagrees, it is mischievous. According to Bentham, the second
chamber is needless, useless and worse than useless.
Prevention of hasty legislation : If there is one chamber, the
opposition parties are there to prevent hasty legislation. For that
purpose, there is no need of bicameral legislation.
Creation of deadlocks: If there are two houses, they may fight for
supremacy. In such cases, the legislation is too delayed. If two
houses are dominated by two different political parties, it results in
frequent conflicts and deadlocks.
Highly wasteful : As bicameralism is very expensive, it is highly
wasteful. There is lot of expenditure in the form of salaries,
maintenance and allowances.
15. Anti-democratic : As the member of second chamber are not
directly elected, it is against the principle of democracy. They
do not hold any kind of responsibility to the people. They are
not representing the interest of the people.
No essential in federalism : The interest of the States can be
protected by the members of the Lower House, political parties
and independent judiciary.
Conservative and representation of vested interests :
Second chambers are citadel of conservation. They oppose
radical reforms and prevent the progress of the nation.
16. Distinction between Unicameral & Bicameral
Legislature
Unicameral
Responsibility is located.
Hasty legislation.
Leads to despotism.
There is no delay in legislation.
No occasion for legislative dead-
locks.
No duplication of work
Few countries are following
Unicameral.
Work load is heavy.
Economy of national expenditure.
No scope for representation to
minorities and other interests.
Bicameral
Responsibility is divided.
Checks on hasty legislation.
Checks the despotism.
Delay in legislation.
Occasion for legislative dead-
locks.
Duplication of work.
Many countries are following
Bicameral.
Reduces the work load.
Higher expenditure .
Scope for representation to
minorities and other interests
18. Indian Parliament
Lok Sabha (House of People)
▪Lower House.
▪Mother of Indian Executive.
▪Member : 552= (530+20+2)
(At present 543)
▪Tenure : 5 years.
▪Dissolved at any time by
President.
▪Reservation for SC /ST/Anglo
Indian community.
▪No reservation for OBC &
Women.
▪Direct election.
Rajya Sabha (Council of States)
▪Upper / State House.
▪Member: 250= (238+12)
(AT Present : 250)
▪Permanent House.
(Not dissolved by President)
▪Tenure of members is six years.
(1/3 of its members retire every
two years)
▪No reservation for SC/ST/ Anglo
Indian community.
▪No equal Representation to the
State.
▪Indirect election. 18
19. U.K. Parliament
House of Commons
▪Lower/House of People.
▪Mother of U.K. Executive.
▪Total Members: 650 .
▪Tenure : 5 Years
▪Members are directly elected by
People.
▪Dissolved at any time by Crown.
House of Lords
▪Upper House
▪Not a mother of Executive.
▪Total Members: 830.
▪Tenure : 5 Years.
▪Members are elected by
hereditary Principle .
▪It is a Permanent Chamber.
19
20. USA
Congress
House of Representative
▪Lower/House of People.
▪Not a mother of U.S.A .
Executive .
▪Total Members : 435
▪Elected directly by the people.
▪Tenure: 2 years.
Senate
▪Upper House.
▪Not a mother of U.S.A . Executive
▪Total Members : 100.
▪Equal Representation to each state.
▪Tenure: Permanent Chamber.
Tenure of Member is 6 years and
1/3rd of its members retire after
every two years.
20
21. 21
Power and
functions of
Legislature
Legislative
▪To make Law.
▪To modify Law.
▪To delete Law.
▪To reject Bill.
▪To debate Bill.
▪To form Legislative
committees.
Executive
▪To ask question.
▪To control and
criticize Executive.
▪To pass No-
confidence motion.
▪To control National
and International
policies.
▪To ask resignation.
Financial
▪To pass Budget.
▪To debate and
discuss on Budget.
▪To audit and check
accounts.
▪To form financial
committees.
22. Power & functions of
Legislature
(Continued…)
Judicial
▪To control indirectly.
▪To remove the Judges.
▪To control Judicial activity through
executive in some extent.
▪To remove President and Vice
President.
Diplomatic
▪To discuss foreign policy of a
Country.
▪To Give a Shape of foreign
Policy.
▪To discuss bi-lateral issues.
▪To discuss International
Treaties and Agreements. 22
23. Questions
Define Legislature. Explain the power and function of
Legislature.
What are the merits and demerits of Unicameral and
Bicameral Legislature.