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Report 1
1.
2. Voice: (0995) 662220 Office of The Director
Fax: (0995) 660003 Micro Seismic Monitoring System
E-Mail: sspkazim@hotmail.com Tarbela Dam Project
Cell: 0300-5478842
NO. DSS/KAZ/12/ Dated: 02.08.2012
CEO/GM
Diamer Basha Dam Project
708 WAPDA House, Lahore
Subject: DIAMER BASHA DAM PROJECT SEISMIC DATA REPORT No 1
Kindly find attached two copies of Diamer Basha Dam Project (DBDP) Seismic Data Report No. 1, covering the period
January 01, 2012 to March 31, 2012.
During May 2012 recorded seismic data from February 2010 through March 2012 of ten stand-alone seismic stations
installed around DBDP was received by the Directorate of Seismic Studies, Tarbela. After merging of old format data the
offline processing/analysis was carried out with Antelope Software. Later every event was reviewed by the Tarbela
Seismologist on Antelope Software for precise detection of Seismological Parameters. As and when more data backlog is
finalized the reports will be issued.
As many as 790 micro seismic events originating from various seismically active sources were located within an area of
250 km radial distance from DBDP. Magnitude range of all the located micro seismic events was between 0.0 and 5.8,
while the focal depth varied from 0.0 to 359.94 km. Majority of the micro seismic events remained concentrated in Zone 2,
an area bounded between Main Karakoram Thrust (MKT) and Main Mantle Thrust (MMT).
Within an area covering one degree radial distance from DBDP a total of 347 micro seismic events were located.
Magnitude range remained between 0.0 and 3.8 while depth was confined between 0.0 and 213.29 km. Quite a number of
micro seismic events were located along faults mapped during the neotectonics studies.
Attachments: As Above.
SYED KAZIM MEHDI
Director Seismic Studies
Copy to,
1. Member (Water), WAPDA House, Lahore.
2. General Manager & Project Director (TDP).
3. G. M. (C & M), 530 WAPDA House, Lahore.
4. G. M. (TS) Sunny View, Kashmir Road, Lahore.
5. Consultant (Mega Dams) 191 WAPDA House, Lahore.
6. Advisor (DBDP) 707 WAPDA House Lahore.
7. Chief Engineer (Construction), DBDP, WAPDA, Chillas.
8. Chief Engineer (Civil) TDP.
9. Chief Engineer (DSO), Sunny View, Kashmir Road, Lahore.
10. Central Library, WAPDA House, Lahore.
11. PMO Library, TDP.
PAKISTAN
Water And Power Development Authority
3. LIST OF CONTENTS
Page No.
1. GENERAL 01
2. MICRO SEISMIC DATA 01
3. SEISMOTECTONIC 02
4. KOHISTAN ISLAND ARC 03
5. INDUS KOHISTAN SEISMIC ZONE 04
5.1. Faults, Shearing and Fractures/Joints 05
6. MAIN MANTLE THRUST (MMT) 05
7. MAIN KARAKORAM THRUST (MKT) 06
8. MAIN BOUNDARY THRUST (MBT) 06
9. NEOTECTONICS STUDIES 06
10.REVIEW OF SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENTS FOR
(DBDP) AREA 07
11.MICRO SEISMIC DATA ANALYSIS 08
11.0.1 Micro Seismic Data Analysis Within 10
Radius 08
4. FIGURES
Figure -1 Tectonic setting of Northern Pakistan
Figure -2 Map showing active faults around DIAMER BASHA DAM PROJECT
Figure -3 Magnitude versus seismic events
Figure -4 Focal depths versus seismic events
Figure -5 Monthwise energy release
5. 1.0 GENERAL
The Diamer-Basha Dam Project (DBDP) is proposed to be located on the Indus River 315 km
upstream of Tarbela Dam Project about 180 km below the town of Gilgit and around 40 km
downstream of Chillas. Main features of DBDP are:
Project Structure Description
Main Dam
Maximum height
Type
272 meters
Roller concrete
Diversion System 2 Nos Diversion Tunnels (right side)
1 Nos Diversion Channel (right side)
Upstream & Downstream coffer dams
Main Spillway
No of gates
Size of gates
14
11.5 * 16.24 meters.
Reservoir
Full Supply Level
Crest Elevation Level
Gross Storage
Live storage
Min. operating level
1160 mals.
1170 mals.
8.5 MAF.
6.4 MAF.
1160 mals.
Outlets in The Dam Body
Low level
Flushing
2
5
Power House
Total Installed Capacity
Location and Type
Location and Type
No. of Units
Average Generation
2
4500 MW
Unattended
Underground, one each on right and left side
12 each of 375 MW
19208 GWh/year.
2.0 MICRO SEISMIC DATA
According to the recommendations of International Committee On Large Dams (ICOLD), “on
such a large dam, micro seismic network be installed at least five years before the main
constructions, for the purpose of safety monitoring”.
The Diamer Basha Micro Seismic Monitoring System (MSMS) comprising of ten stand-alone
stations was commissioned during September 2007. Location coordinates of WAPDA MSMS
are given in Table-1.
The recorded seismic data was downloaded by WAPDA Seismologists from individual sites and
sent to M/S Kinemetrics Inc., Switzerland for processing/analysis through Antelope Software, up
till February 2009. However, due to some unavoidable reasons it was not possible to record the
data from March 2009 till January 2010. Recently during May 2012 the data from the sites was
Page 1
6. downloaded for the period February 2010 through March 2012 and sent to Directorate of
Seismic Studies, Tarbela, for processing /analysis. Antelope Software was purchased and
installed at seismic Central Recording Station (CRS), Tarbela, by WAPDA during March 2010.
Since the seismic data is recorded through an old version system of stand-alone stations,
therefore it is not immediately possible to process/analyze the whole data. All the individual
stations are to be merged together and then every single event is to be studied and reviewed by
the Tarbela Seismologists. As a first step the data from January 2012 to March 2012 is
processed/analyzed and submitted for further interpretations.
3.0 SEISMOTECTONIC
The accretion of the Indian Plate after north-directed subduction of oceanic crust with the
Kohistan Arc/Asian Craton occurred about 20 Ma ago along a suture stretching from western
Europe through the Alps, Greece, Pakistan, the Himalayas, China before turning south towards
Indonesia. This continental collision zone has since changed character into a fold-and thrust belt
e.g. in the Pakistan region the continent–continent collision produced several major thrust – and
associated strike-slip fault zones. Structural geometry shows that the duplex stacks in nappe
structures became younger away from the suture zone in the opposite direction that the footwall
plate is moving. Thus for the Pakistan region the older thrusts are near the Main Mantle Thrust
or suture zone (MMT) and the youngest further down south along the Salt Range Thrust well
within the India plate.
The three major geotectonic provinces are:
• Eurasian Plate (containing the Northern Karakorum Tethyan Zone, The Karakorum
Batholith, Volcanic and Metasediments south of Karakorum Batholith).
• Kohistan Island Arc.
• Indian Plate.
All provinces have distinctly different lithologies and tectonic settings and are separated by two
major branches of the Indus suture, the Main Karakoram Thrust (MKT) and Main Mantle Thrust
(MMT). Both sutures are marked by the occurrence of a mélange including ultramafic rocks, the
southern one also having a wedge of garnet granulites, the second largest such occurrence in
the world.
The geotectonic setting of northern Pakistan is characterized by the occurrence of ancient
island arcs known as the Kohistan Arc and the Ladakh Arc, divided by the Nanga Parbat -
Haramosh Massif. This region is seismically one of the most active intercontinental regions in
the world. In Pakistan the NW margin of the seismically active Indo-Pakistan plate forms a belt
consisting of the
• Sulaiman belt representing a zone of transpression
• NW Himalayan belt representing a zone of convergence. This zone is further
subdivided by the following major thrusts MonaLisa, et al (2005)
O Main Karakoram Thrust (MKT) or Shyok Suture Zone
O Main Mantle Thrust (MMT) or Indus Suture Zone
O Main Boundary Thrust (MBT)
O Salt Range Thrust (SRT)
Page 2
7. 4.0 KOHISTAN ISLAND ARC
The Basha Diamer dam site is situated on the Kohistan Arc (~100 Ma) which is sandwiched
between the northern Asian/Eurasian continental plate and the southern Indian plate. The
Kohistan Oceanic Arc is bounded in the north by the Main Karakoram Thrust (MKT) and in the
south by the Main Mantle Thrust (MMT). Along the MKT the region is sutured to the Asiatic
mass/Asian Plate, including the Eurasian Continent and Karakoram micro-continental blocks.
The territory of Kohistan covers about 36000 km2
. The Kohistan sequence represents a
structurally coherent section of an island arc terrain, compromising of a 30 to 40 km thick
section consisting of metamorphosed, plutonic, volcanic and sedimentary rocks. The tectonic
and the stratigraphic sequence of the area are extremely complex
The southern part of the Kohistan Arc consists of:
• The Kohistan batholith (Kohistan northern Boundary Fault).
• Chillas Complex (Kohistan northern Boundary Fault).
The Diamer-Basha Dam site is situated on the Chillas Complex which represents a vast
stratiform cumulate body of more than 300 km long and up to 8 km thick. It mainly consists of
calc-alkaline gabbro-norites which locally show magmatic layering with various syncrystallization
slumping, faulting and brecciation features. The igneous rocks of this complex display several
phases of tectonic deformation during which a penetrative tectonic fabric was generated. During
this tctogenesis the basic rocks were deformed into a series of recumbent south-verging
isoclinal anticlines separated by tight narrow synclines. The sub-horizontal fold axis and the
northerly dipping regional tectonic layering mostly trend roughly eastwest. These synclines
probably represent the planes along which the majority of shear strain was accommodated and
which in places developed into ductile thrust planes. The proposed dam site for the dam occurs
on the upper limb of such a northward dipping (south-verging) overturned recumbent structure.
This sequence is fault-bounded on both sides by pyroxene diorites, tonalite and amphibolites
(northern and southern amphibolites). The further subdivisions of the Chillas complex rocks are
in faulted contact with each other. As such these contacts would form the closest major through-
going (continuous over long distances) fault structures to the dam site. The configuration of
these faults may change locally depending upon the thickness of individual rock bodies at
various places.
• Kamila amphibolite Complex (Kohistan southern Boundary Fault) comprising mostly
amphibolites (Ka) which include banded, bedded and layered amphibolites,
metamorphosed mainly from basic to intermediate, volcanic to plutonic igneous rocks.
The belt represents the mid crustal regions of the primitive arc.
• Jijal Complex, contains a variety of orthoamphibolites, mostly of volcanic origin,
represents the higher grade granulites of the Chillas Complex subjected to
metamorphic conditions of the lower crust.
• The Raikot shear develops towards the east, separate from MMT, displaying a North-
South trend.
• The area between MMT and SRT, (Indian Plate) containing pre-collisional
sedimentary units (Pz) as well as syn- to posttectonic molasse deposits, is known as
the NW Himalayan Fold and Thrust belt (250 km wide and 560 km long). This northern
boundary of this zone (marked by MMT) is approximately 46 km south of the proposed
dam site MonaLisa, et al (2005). Within this zone the Panjal-Khairabad Fault divides it
into a;
Page 3
8. O Northern hinterland zone (or Hazara Crystalline Zone or Himalayan Crystalline
Zone) is lying between MMT and Panjal-Khairabad Fault represented by
metamorphic and igneous rocks where shearing and imbrications have resulted
in complex deformation patterns along with basement thrusting. It is subdivided
into six nappe zones.
Southern foreland zone is lying between the Panjal-Khairabad Fault and the Salt
Range Thrust (SRT) consisting of a thick (8 km) sequence of sedimentary rocks
overlying the older crystalline basement. It is subdivided into three zones.
5.0 INDUS KOHISTAN SEISMIC ZONE
On the basis of Tarbela Microseismic data in the region during 1973-74, a wedged shaped NW
trending structure was recognized and named as Indus Kohistan Seismic Zone (IKSZ). Later
more data and studies confirmed the presence of this 100 km long feature between HKS and
MMT. This 50 km wide zone of seismicity has a nearly horizontal upper surface and a NE
dipping lower surface. On the basis of re-located hypocenters, two seismic zones were
identified within the IKSZ. A shallow zone extending from the surface to a depth of 8 km and a
more pronounced midcrustal zone lying at depths of 12 to 25 km. The upper boundary at depth
of about 12 km is considered to represent a decollement surface that decouples the sediments
and metasediments from the basement.
Fig. 1 Tectonic setting of northern Pakistan. Also shown are hinterland and foreland zones of the NW Himalayan fold and-thrust belt.
Area with diagonal lines represents the Indus Kohistan seismic zone, with its probable south–eastward extension shown in dashes. MKT
main Karakoram Thrust, MMT main mantle thrust, MBT main boundary thrust, PT Punjal Thrust, HTS Hazara Thrust System
Page 4
9. The IKSZ is seismically the most active structure in the region, as it is capable of generating
large events. It is predominantly a thrust fault with a NW striking and NE dipping plane parallel
to the general trend of the MBT to the SE of Muzaffarabad. However, one cannot equate the
IKSZ with MBT because of their different tectonic history. The MBT and HTS are among the
many structural units. Prior to 2005, the most destructive earthquake, associated with IKSZ, was
the December 28, 1974 Pattan earthquake with Mw = 6.5. One of the reports during 1981
proposed a shallow dipping seismically active detachment under the outer and lesser Himalayas
from the steeper and mostly aseismic basement thrust under the Higher Himalayas that extends
further north past the HKS. This 200 to 300 km width detachment joins IKSZ and extends
northward beyond it.
After the October 08, 2005 Kashmir Hazara earthquake of 7.6 magnitude and aftershocks
recorded by the WAPDA seismic observatories it was concluded that the IKSZ is seismically
active and was the source of the earthquake. The results also indicated that IKSZ extends
further southeast into the center of Syntaxis.
5.1 Faults, Shearing and Fractures/Joints
The NEAC (2004) investigation proposed that the Indian plate is still moving northwards at a
very high rate of 40 mm per annum, by which the continental crust of the India craton and plate
is been subducted beneath the Kohistan Arc/Asian craton. This implies either compression to
the east of the Jhelum Fault or extension to the west thereof. The uplift rate of 7 mm per annum
for the Kohistan Oceanic Arc may be indicative of a compression mechanism or isostatic
effects, because post-glacial uplift of 10mm/a are measured in Europe without any
compressional tectonic regime. This implies a relative higher subduction rate along the MMT
east of the shear and therefore underneath the dam site. Since this is a post-nappe forming
shear event it may be responsible for the shear strain present in the Kohistan Arc, causing the
brittle joint development.
The most recent values established by Diamer Basha Consultants yield a plate convergence
rate of 36 mm/a. Recent adits undertaken for power plants, covering 900 m of excavations, did
not intersect any significant tectonic elements. In the crystalline terrain it is possible to
distinguish between sheared and unsheared rock. The sheared matrix contains metamorphic
actinolite and migmatites reflecting the healing of the disturbed texture after deformation in a
ductile metamorphic environment and is therefore unlikely to pose a structural weakness during
neotectonic activities. None of these shears were reactivated during the recent past. Some of
the smaller veins and bodies were emplaced parallel to each other and along pre-deformation
and metamorphism weak zones. At least forty major and seismically active quaternary faults
(further than 50 km from the dam site, south of Main Mantle Thrust) capable of causing damage
were identified by MonaLisa, et al 2005).
6.0 MAIN MANTLE THRUST (MMT)
The Main Mantle Thrust (MMT) is a 400 km long, north dipping suture zone between the Indo-
Pakistan Sub-continental plate and the Kohistan Arc. It extends from Khar (Bajaur Agency) in
the west to the north of Naran (Kaghan Valley) in the east where it takes a northeast ward bend
towards the east of Bunji and gets truncated by Raikot Fault. The thrust inclines steeply near the
surface; however, this inclination is believed to decrease considerably with depth likewise as
interpreted for other local thrust faults of the region. This mega-thrust zone is marked by the
presence of upper mantle and lower crustal rocks on the Kohistan side and exhumed deep
lower crustal rocks such as blue schist and eclogite on the Indian side. The rocks in the
Kohistan Arc which are exposed along the MMT are defined as the Shangla melange, the
Page 5
10. Dargai-Kot-Prang Gar melange, the Jijal ultramafics and the Spat ultramafic complex. Dunite is
present all along the MMT, in places altered to talc-carbonates, serpentinites, or occurring fresh.
The dunite is frequently sheared at many places along with peridotite, pyroxenites and cumulate
layers are amphibolized. This thrust manifests a broad high topography and the structure is
inclined at a steep angle near the surface, but the dip is thought to decrease with depth, as
interpreted for other thrusts in the region. As such it is assumed that this north dipping fault
passes under the dam site at a minimum depth of ±20 km. Auxilliary structures associated with
the MMT include imbricate thrusts and shears parallel to it, including the Kamila Shear Zone.
Towards the east the major north-south striking Raikhot Fault zone, which together with its
associated structures, exhibits remarkable neotectonic features with recent associated
earthquakes between November 2002 and January 2003 (NEAC, 2004).
It is considered that ruptures on the MMT would be limited to comparatively short segments of
the system of faults, shears and sutures. This assumption is supported by mapping that the
trace of this feature is remarkably sinuous (NEAC, 2004). The approximate horizontal distance
from the dam site is 46 km.
7.0 MAIN KARAKORAM THRUST (MKT)
The Main Karakorum Thrust (MKT), also called the Shyok Suture Zone, is a regional thrust
separating the Asian mass from the Kohistan Island/Oceanic Arc, which contains among other
the Chillas Complex. The north dipping MKT is associated with significant seismic activity e.g.
1948 with magnitude of 6.8. It is considered that a rupture along the MKT could involve long
portions of the fault system, because it is comparatively straight over significant distances and
other boundary structures elsewhere in the Himalayas behave similarly (NEAC, 2004). This
thrust is approximately at a 94 km horizontal distance from the dam site.
8.0 MAIN BOUNDARY THRUST (MBT)
The most significant and active tectonic feature of regional extent is the Main Boundary Thrust
(MBT). It is main frontal thrust of the Himalayan Range, which runs along the Himalayan arc for
almost 2500 km from Assam in the east to Kashmir and Parachinar in the west. The MBT along
with other associated thrusts forms the sharp conspicuous Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis. This
syntaxial bend is the most dominant tectonic feature of the area as all local major fault systems
and geologic structures follow its trend. On the west side of this feature, the MBT initially follows
a rather southwest trend and then extends westward reaching Parachinar. Near its surface
trace, the MBT dips northward at a steep angle, which becomes sub-horizontal with depth.
A number of large to major earthquakes have occurred along the Himalayan Arc east of the
Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis during the last two centuries, which places it amongst the most active
regions of the world. Much of the seismicity recorded during the last century is attributed to
surface and subsurface extensions of the MBT and other associated thrusts. Based on this data
Seeber et al. (1981) have shown that great earthquakes occurring along Himalayan Arc are
probably related to slips taking place along this quasi-horizontal detachment surface. The most
recent shallow depth Kashmir-Hazara earthquake of October 08, 2005 (Mw = 7.6) originated
along the Bagh-Balakot fault or Jhelum Thrust (Mehdi 2009) that is branch of MBT.
9.0 NEOTECTONICS STUDIES
During the Neotectonics studies around Diamer Basha Dam site faults F0, F1, F2 and F3 were
mapped in the close vicinity. The detections and alignment of epicenters shall make clear the
original extent of these faults.
Page 6
11. 10.0 REVIEW OF SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENTS FOR
THE DIAMER BASHA DAM PROJECT (DBDP) AREA
The Atlas on Seismicity and Volcanism divides the world into the following four Seismic
Zones:
1. Very heavy exposure to earthquakes.
2. Heavy exposure to earthquakes.
3. Moderate exposure to earthquakes.
4. Low exposure to earthquakes.
The Diamer Basha dam site is located in the second zone (heavy exposure to earthquakes).
Similarly within the scenario of the 8 October 2005 earthquake in which more than 0.10 million
lives were lost, it becomes important to treat the seismic safety monitoring for a dam that is
located in an area experiencing significant seismicity very carefully and correctly.
During the feasibility study carried out by M/S Montreal Engineering Company (MONENCO),
Canada in 1984, it was assessed that most of the seismicity occurs as seismic cluster northwest
of the dam site (along Jaglot Syncline) and along the Main Mantle Thrust (MMT), about 46 km
south of the dam site. They concluded a peak horizontal ground acceleration (PGA) of 0.4g for a
Maximum Credible Earthquake (MCE) of M=7.75, (located 15 km away), and a PGA=0.3g for a
Maximum Design Earthquake (MDE). Although, MONENCO ruled out the existence of some
active faults in the vicinity of the dam site, they did report one earthquake with magnitude 5.7
(1974) located only about 13 km from the project. It should be noted that these distances were
relevant to the position of the proposed dam site at that stage.
As an update of the MONENCO study NEAC (2004) found that contacts of all the major
Lithologic units are faulted, including the southern and northern boundaries of the Chillas
Complex in which the dam site is located. The Kamila Complex is also dissected by numerous
shear zones and is bound to the north (nearer to the dam site) by a major shear zone (Kamila
Shear Zone). NEAC (2004) concluded an MCE of magnitude 7.5 for MMT (at 30 km horizontal
distance), 8.0 for MKT (Main Karakorum Thrust at 94 km), 7.5 for the Chillas Fault (at 15 km)
and a Floating Earthquake with magnitude 6.0 to be located about 15 km from the dam site.
Based on these, they recommended a PGA for both the MCE and MDE as 0.4g on the fault
along the boundary of the Chillas Complex.
Based on the relative tectonic regions/characteristics, the combination of seismic zones defined
by NEAC (2004) and Monalisa (2005) are:
• Zone 1 which covers the area north of MKT. MCE of Magnitude 8.0 for MKT
(Main Karakorum Thrust at 94 km north from dam site).
• Zone 2 which cover the Kohistan Island Arc area, containing the proposed
dam site. MCE of Magnitude 7.5 for the Chillas active fault in the Thak Gah,
approximately 40 km upstream from the dam site (DBC geological mapping)
Floating Earthquake with magnitude 6 to be located about 15 km from the
dam site.
• Zone 3 which covers the area south of MMT subdivided into the following four
seismotectonic zones, from north to south:
Page 7
12. i. Swat-Astor Zone (SASZ), nearest to the dam site, with its most
critical tectonic feature, MMT, forming its northern boundary.
MCE of Magnitude 7.5 for MMT 46 km south from dam site.
ii. Peshawar-Hazara Seismic Zone (PHSC)
iii. Kohat-Potwar-Salt Range Seismic Zone (KPSZ)
iv. Surghar-Kurram Seismic Zone (SKSZ)
Based on the above seismic zones the Council for Geosciences of South Africa during 2007
calculated the maximum possible magnitude for each zone as:
Zone-1 maximum M = 7.8.
Zone-2 maximum M = 7.4.
Zone-3 maximum M = 8.0.
For a radius of 450 km surrounding the site, a maximum Magnitude of 8.0 was obtained. Hence,
it was recommended that the MCE should be an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 for the dam site.
11.0 MICRO SEISMIC DATA ANALYSIS
The micro seismic data recordings contained around 2500 seismic events from January 2012 to
March 2012. After careful processing/analysis and review 790 micro seismic events were
located within an area of 250 km radial distance around the Diamer-Basha Dam Project
(DBDP), by the Tarbela Seismologists, through the Antelope Software. Seismological
parameters of all the located micro seismic events are given in Table-2.
Magnitude range of all the located micro seismic events is between 0.0 and 5.8, while the focal
depth varies from 0.0 to 359.94 km. There are 56 seismic events having Magnitudes ≥ 3.0.
Prominent was a shallow focused seismic event located on March 12, 2012 with Magnitude 5.8
and around NW 156 km away from DBDP. It was followed by more than 100 aftershocks
ranging from 1.9 and 4.6.
Located micro seismic events have been plotted on seismotectonic map presented as Figure-2.
Mostly the micro seismic events have aligned along the know/mapped faults like Main
Karakoram Thrust (MKT), Main Mantle Thrust (MMT) and Indus Kohistan Seismic Zone (IKSZ).
IKSZ is interpreted as the source for the October 08, 2005 Kashmir Hazara earthquake.
As indicated in the Seismic Hazard Analysis Report 2007 the micro seismicity is concentrated
in Zone 2, an area bounded between MKT and MMT.
11.0.1 Micro Seismic Data Analysis Within 10
Radius
There are 347 micro seismic events located 10
radius off DBDP. Magnitude range remained
between 0.0 and 3.8 while depth was confined between 0.0 and 213.29 km. As many as 285
(82.1 %) micro seismic events originated with Magnitude 0.0 to 2.0 (Figure-3). In this area there
are only seven seismic events located with Magnitude ≥ 3.0.
Page 8
13. Depth wise distribution of micro seismic events is presented in Figure-4, indicating that 222
(63.9 %) originated from crustal depth confined up 30 km. Due to four seismic events with
Magnitude > 3.0 the energy release during March 2012 was higher as compared to the months
of January 2012 and February 2012 (Figure-5)
In the neotectonics studies Faults F0, F1, F2 and F3 were mapped by the Consultants within an
area of 50 km around DBDP and confined up to depth of 20 km. This area can be designated as
DBDP Seismic Zone. Quite a number of micro seismic events have aligned along the mapped
faults, specifically the Fault F0, along which there is concentration of seismic events.
34.5
35
35.5
36
36.5
72.5 73 73.5 74 74.5
Fig.2
Page 9
MAP SHOWING ACTIVE FAULTS AROUND DIAMER BASHA DAM PROJECT