Seismology is the study of earthquakes and seismic waves. It has four main branches: observational seismology which records earthquakes and catalogs them; engineering seismology which estimates seismic hazards; physical seismology which studies the interior of the Earth; and exploratory seismology which uses seismic methods for applications like oil exploration. The study of seismology helps us understand earthquakes, predict their effects, and design structures to withstand shaking. It provides insights by analyzing seismic waves recorded on seismograms at stations around the world.
This document provides a seismotectonic and seismic hazard analysis for the Simly Dam Project in Pakistan. It describes the geology, tectonics, and seismicity of the project area. A variety of faults pose seismic hazards, including the Jhelum Thrust Fault. The analysis examines historical earthquakes, conducts deterministic and probabilistic seismic hazard assessments, and estimates acceleration response spectra to determine the safety earthquake for dam design.
This document is a seismic microzonation study for the master plans of Gilgit Nomal and Naltar conducted in December 2019. It was prepared by Syed Kazim Mehdi and produced by MM Pakistan (Pvt) Ltd for seismic hazard assessment and mitigation in the areas' long term development plans through 2040.
This document presents a seismic microzonation study of Gilgit, Nomal, and Naltar cities in northern Pakistan. It analyzes the geology, seismotectonics, and historical seismicity of the region to identify nine seismic zones with maximum earthquake potential of Mw 7.5-8.0. Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis is conducted using a composite earthquake catalog and six soil profile types. Peak ground acceleration values ranging from 0.24g to 0.25g are computed for different return periods, consistent with other projects in the area. Seismic microzones are delineated on maps for use in the Gilgit, Nomal, and Naltar Master Plan 2040. A micro seismic monitoring
The document summarizes a seismic hazard study for a bus rapid transit project in Peshawar, Pakistan. It identifies seismically active features near Peshawar based on historical earthquake data. A probabilistic seismic hazard analysis was performed dividing the region into seven seismic zones based on tectonic characteristics. The analysis found a peak ground acceleration of 0.23g for a 475 year return period, consistent with the project falling in zone 2B of the Pakistani building code which ranges from 0.16g to 0.24g.
The document provides a summary of a seismic hazard study for the Peshawar Bus Rapid Transit Corridor Project. It analyzes the regional tectonic setting and identifies major active faults in the project area, including the Main Karakoram Thrust, Kohistan Faults, and Main Mantle Thrust. A probabilistic seismic hazard analysis is conducted considering seven seismic source zones. The analysis finds a peak ground acceleration of 0.23g for a 475-year return period, consistent with the project area being in Seismic Zone 2B according to the Building Code of Pakistan.
This document provides information about an earthquake that struck Pakistan on October 8, 2005 through a just-in-time lecture format. It begins with background on the Global Health Network Disaster and outlines objectives to provide scientific information about the earthquake and teach preparedness. Details provided include the earthquake's magnitude, location, impacts such as deaths and displaced people, and health needs like lack of sanitation and medical services. The document emphasizes preparing for future disasters through lessons learned and educating children now.
The document summarizes a study on seismic hazard evaluation for the Diamer Basha Dam site in Pakistan. A local seismic network was established in 2007 to monitor earthquake activity in the area and provide data for the study. Seismic hazard assessment was conducted using probabilistic and deterministic methods, establishing three seismic source zones with maximum magnitudes up to 7.8. Deterministic analysis found the Main Mantle Thrust yielded the highest ground accelerations. Probabilistic analysis assigned a peak ground acceleration of 0.33g with a 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years for dam design.
This document describes a study that uses integrated digital imaging analysis methods on ASTER satellite data to develop a site characterization map for the Islamabad, Pakistan region. Pixel-based and object-oriented analysis methods are used to characterize detailed geomorphology and geology from ASTER imagery, including stereo-correlated digital elevation models and visible to thermal infrared spectra. The resulting map classifies geomorphic units as mountain, piedmont, or basin terrain and identifies local geologic units of limestone and sandstone. Shear-wave velocity ranges are assigned to each unit based on established correlations. The map provides a basis for incorporating site response into seismic hazard assessments for Islamabad while demonstrating the potential of remote sensing for site characterization in regions with
This document summarizes the characteristics of the 2005 Kashmir-Hazara earthquake in Pakistan and its connection to the Indus Kohistan Seismic Zone. Some key points:
- The M7.7 earthquake occurred on October 8, 2005 near Muzaffarabad and Balakot, killing over 100,000 people. Fault plane solutions showed thrust faulting was responsible.
- The earthquake reactivated the Balakot-Bagh reverse fault, with up to 7 meters of vertical separation observed along 70 km of the fault.
- The region lies within a tectonically active zone where the Indian plate is subducting beneath the Eurasian plate. Numerous active faults result from the north
The document summarizes a study on induced seismicity at the Tarbela Reservoir in Pakistan. Some key findings include:
- Seismic activity and energy release were found to be six times greater when the reservoir level was below 120m compared to above 120m.
- Energy release was also generally higher from November to May compared to June to October, relative to pre-impounding seismicity levels.
- For two major faults near the reservoir, the rate of energy release was three times greater when the reservoir level was below 120m.
This document summarizes key details about the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China:
1. The magnitude 8.3 earthquake struck the Sichuan province on May 12, 2008, causing over 69,000 deaths.
2. The earthquake occurred along the Longmenshan fault as the result of the convergence between the India and Eurasian tectonic plates.
3. The earthquake generated large surface deformations and increased stress levels at the ends of the ruptured fault, raising risks of future seismic activity.
The 2005 Kashmir-Hazara earthquake originated from a shallow depth of 16 km due to the subduction of the Indian plate beneath the Eurasian plate. It had a magnitude of 7.7 and ruptured the Jhelum Thrust fault, causing over 86,000 fatalities. The earthquake was located in the seismically active Kashmir-Hazara Syntaxis region, which accommodates shortening through structures like the Main Boundary Thrust and Jhelum Thrust. Aftershocks continued migrating northwest along the northern end of the Syntaxis, activating other deep crustal seismic zones in the region.
1) A 7.7 magnitude earthquake occurred in northern Pakistan in October 2005, caused by movement on the Jhelum Thrust fault located in the Kashmir-Hazara region.
2) The Kashmir-Hazara region has complex geology and seismotectonic activity due to the convergence of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates. Major faults like the Main Boundary Thrust and Jhelum Thrust are active.
3) The 2005 earthquake ruptured along the Jhelum Thrust fault, which was previously not well-mapped but is now confirmed to reach the surface, causing widespread damage and over 86,000 fatalities.
The document summarizes information about the 2005 Mw 7.7 Kashmir-Hazara earthquake in northern Pakistan. Key points:
- The earthquake ruptured the active Jhelum Thrust fault, killing over 100,000 people. It was one of the most destructive earthquakes along the Himalayan arc.
- The earthquake provided new insights into the regional tectonic framework and origin of the Kashmir-Hazara Syntaxis. The Jhelum Thrust is an active fault that accommodates east-west shortening in the region.
- The stresses from the earthquake indicate another potentially large earthquake could occur further south along the Jhelum Fault, which extends from the earthquake area towards
The document summarizes information about the 2005 Mw 7.7 Kashmir-Hazara earthquake in northern Pakistan. Key points:
- The earthquake ruptured the active Jhelum Thrust fault, killing over 100,000 people. It was one of the most destructive earthquakes along the Himalayan arc.
- The earthquake provided new insights into the regional tectonic framework and origin of the Kashmir-Hazara Syntaxis. The Jhelum Thrust is an active fault that accommodates east-west shortening in the region.
- The document discusses the regional geology, including the three main tectonic terrains of the Asian plate, Kohistan island arc, and Indian
This document summarizes a study on the 2005 Kashmir Hazara earthquake and its implications for the Jhelum Thrust Zone in northern Pakistan. The M7.7 earthquake caused over 85,000 deaths and widespread damage. It reactivated the Jhelum Thrust Zone, along which increased seismic activity has been observed since, including a 2005 M5.3 earthquake. The study suggests the Jhelum Thrust Zone is actively building strain and a major earthquake could impact the Mirpur area in the future, calling for improved building codes and infrastructure monitoring along the fault.
This document summarizes characteristics of reservoir induced seismicity observed at the Tarbela and Mangla Dams in Pakistan. It finds that both dams display similar seismic characteristics as other reservoirs worldwide, including an inverse correlation between seismic activity and reservoir level. Analysis shows the reservoirs experience increased seismicity during drawdown periods. The document also provides background on the geodynamic setting of the region, noting it is characterized by the ongoing collision of the Eurasian and Indian tectonic plates, forming the Himalayan mountain range.
This document provides a seismic data interpretation report for the Diamer Basha Dam project in Pakistan from 2007-2012. It summarizes previous seismic studies conducted during project feasibility which recommended design earthquake parameters. It then discusses the seismotectonic setting of the project area, including major active faults like the Main Mantle Thrust, Main Karakoram Thrust, and Kohistan faults. Microseismic monitoring data from an on-site network is presented, showing seismicity patterns and magnitudes in the project region. The conclusion is that while several active faults are present near the site, no active faults were observed in the immediate vicinity based on the available data and studies.
Seismology is the study of earthquakes and seismic waves. It has four main branches: observational seismology which records earthquakes and catalogs them; engineering seismology which estimates seismic hazards; physical seismology which studies the interior of the Earth; and exploratory seismology which uses seismic methods for applications like oil exploration. The study of seismology helps us understand earthquakes, predict their effects, and design structures to withstand shaking. It provides insights by analyzing seismic waves recorded on seismograms at stations around the world.
This document provides a seismotectonic and seismic hazard analysis for the Simly Dam Project in Pakistan. It describes the geology, tectonics, and seismicity of the project area. A variety of faults pose seismic hazards, including the Jhelum Thrust Fault. The analysis examines historical earthquakes, conducts deterministic and probabilistic seismic hazard assessments, and estimates acceleration response spectra to determine the safety earthquake for dam design.
This document is a seismic microzonation study for the master plans of Gilgit Nomal and Naltar conducted in December 2019. It was prepared by Syed Kazim Mehdi and produced by MM Pakistan (Pvt) Ltd for seismic hazard assessment and mitigation in the areas' long term development plans through 2040.
This document presents a seismic microzonation study of Gilgit, Nomal, and Naltar cities in northern Pakistan. It analyzes the geology, seismotectonics, and historical seismicity of the region to identify nine seismic zones with maximum earthquake potential of Mw 7.5-8.0. Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis is conducted using a composite earthquake catalog and six soil profile types. Peak ground acceleration values ranging from 0.24g to 0.25g are computed for different return periods, consistent with other projects in the area. Seismic microzones are delineated on maps for use in the Gilgit, Nomal, and Naltar Master Plan 2040. A micro seismic monitoring
The document summarizes a seismic hazard study for a bus rapid transit project in Peshawar, Pakistan. It identifies seismically active features near Peshawar based on historical earthquake data. A probabilistic seismic hazard analysis was performed dividing the region into seven seismic zones based on tectonic characteristics. The analysis found a peak ground acceleration of 0.23g for a 475 year return period, consistent with the project falling in zone 2B of the Pakistani building code which ranges from 0.16g to 0.24g.
The document provides a summary of a seismic hazard study for the Peshawar Bus Rapid Transit Corridor Project. It analyzes the regional tectonic setting and identifies major active faults in the project area, including the Main Karakoram Thrust, Kohistan Faults, and Main Mantle Thrust. A probabilistic seismic hazard analysis is conducted considering seven seismic source zones. The analysis finds a peak ground acceleration of 0.23g for a 475-year return period, consistent with the project area being in Seismic Zone 2B according to the Building Code of Pakistan.
This document provides information about an earthquake that struck Pakistan on October 8, 2005 through a just-in-time lecture format. It begins with background on the Global Health Network Disaster and outlines objectives to provide scientific information about the earthquake and teach preparedness. Details provided include the earthquake's magnitude, location, impacts such as deaths and displaced people, and health needs like lack of sanitation and medical services. The document emphasizes preparing for future disasters through lessons learned and educating children now.
The document summarizes a study on seismic hazard evaluation for the Diamer Basha Dam site in Pakistan. A local seismic network was established in 2007 to monitor earthquake activity in the area and provide data for the study. Seismic hazard assessment was conducted using probabilistic and deterministic methods, establishing three seismic source zones with maximum magnitudes up to 7.8. Deterministic analysis found the Main Mantle Thrust yielded the highest ground accelerations. Probabilistic analysis assigned a peak ground acceleration of 0.33g with a 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years for dam design.
This document describes a study that uses integrated digital imaging analysis methods on ASTER satellite data to develop a site characterization map for the Islamabad, Pakistan region. Pixel-based and object-oriented analysis methods are used to characterize detailed geomorphology and geology from ASTER imagery, including stereo-correlated digital elevation models and visible to thermal infrared spectra. The resulting map classifies geomorphic units as mountain, piedmont, or basin terrain and identifies local geologic units of limestone and sandstone. Shear-wave velocity ranges are assigned to each unit based on established correlations. The map provides a basis for incorporating site response into seismic hazard assessments for Islamabad while demonstrating the potential of remote sensing for site characterization in regions with
This document summarizes the characteristics of the 2005 Kashmir-Hazara earthquake in Pakistan and its connection to the Indus Kohistan Seismic Zone. Some key points:
- The M7.7 earthquake occurred on October 8, 2005 near Muzaffarabad and Balakot, killing over 100,000 people. Fault plane solutions showed thrust faulting was responsible.
- The earthquake reactivated the Balakot-Bagh reverse fault, with up to 7 meters of vertical separation observed along 70 km of the fault.
- The region lies within a tectonically active zone where the Indian plate is subducting beneath the Eurasian plate. Numerous active faults result from the north
The document summarizes a study on induced seismicity at the Tarbela Reservoir in Pakistan. Some key findings include:
- Seismic activity and energy release were found to be six times greater when the reservoir level was below 120m compared to above 120m.
- Energy release was also generally higher from November to May compared to June to October, relative to pre-impounding seismicity levels.
- For two major faults near the reservoir, the rate of energy release was three times greater when the reservoir level was below 120m.
This document summarizes key details about the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China:
1. The magnitude 8.3 earthquake struck the Sichuan province on May 12, 2008, causing over 69,000 deaths.
2. The earthquake occurred along the Longmenshan fault as the result of the convergence between the India and Eurasian tectonic plates.
3. The earthquake generated large surface deformations and increased stress levels at the ends of the ruptured fault, raising risks of future seismic activity.
The 2005 Kashmir-Hazara earthquake originated from a shallow depth of 16 km due to the subduction of the Indian plate beneath the Eurasian plate. It had a magnitude of 7.7 and ruptured the Jhelum Thrust fault, causing over 86,000 fatalities. The earthquake was located in the seismically active Kashmir-Hazara Syntaxis region, which accommodates shortening through structures like the Main Boundary Thrust and Jhelum Thrust. Aftershocks continued migrating northwest along the northern end of the Syntaxis, activating other deep crustal seismic zones in the region.
1) A 7.7 magnitude earthquake occurred in northern Pakistan in October 2005, caused by movement on the Jhelum Thrust fault located in the Kashmir-Hazara region.
2) The Kashmir-Hazara region has complex geology and seismotectonic activity due to the convergence of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates. Major faults like the Main Boundary Thrust and Jhelum Thrust are active.
3) The 2005 earthquake ruptured along the Jhelum Thrust fault, which was previously not well-mapped but is now confirmed to reach the surface, causing widespread damage and over 86,000 fatalities.
The document summarizes information about the 2005 Mw 7.7 Kashmir-Hazara earthquake in northern Pakistan. Key points:
- The earthquake ruptured the active Jhelum Thrust fault, killing over 100,000 people. It was one of the most destructive earthquakes along the Himalayan arc.
- The earthquake provided new insights into the regional tectonic framework and origin of the Kashmir-Hazara Syntaxis. The Jhelum Thrust is an active fault that accommodates east-west shortening in the region.
- The stresses from the earthquake indicate another potentially large earthquake could occur further south along the Jhelum Fault, which extends from the earthquake area towards
The document summarizes information about the 2005 Mw 7.7 Kashmir-Hazara earthquake in northern Pakistan. Key points:
- The earthquake ruptured the active Jhelum Thrust fault, killing over 100,000 people. It was one of the most destructive earthquakes along the Himalayan arc.
- The earthquake provided new insights into the regional tectonic framework and origin of the Kashmir-Hazara Syntaxis. The Jhelum Thrust is an active fault that accommodates east-west shortening in the region.
- The document discusses the regional geology, including the three main tectonic terrains of the Asian plate, Kohistan island arc, and Indian
This document summarizes a study on the 2005 Kashmir Hazara earthquake and its implications for the Jhelum Thrust Zone in northern Pakistan. The M7.7 earthquake caused over 85,000 deaths and widespread damage. It reactivated the Jhelum Thrust Zone, along which increased seismic activity has been observed since, including a 2005 M5.3 earthquake. The study suggests the Jhelum Thrust Zone is actively building strain and a major earthquake could impact the Mirpur area in the future, calling for improved building codes and infrastructure monitoring along the fault.
This document summarizes characteristics of reservoir induced seismicity observed at the Tarbela and Mangla Dams in Pakistan. It finds that both dams display similar seismic characteristics as other reservoirs worldwide, including an inverse correlation between seismic activity and reservoir level. Analysis shows the reservoirs experience increased seismicity during drawdown periods. The document also provides background on the geodynamic setting of the region, noting it is characterized by the ongoing collision of the Eurasian and Indian tectonic plates, forming the Himalayan mountain range.
This document provides a seismic data interpretation report for the Diamer Basha Dam project in Pakistan from 2007-2012. It summarizes previous seismic studies conducted during project feasibility which recommended design earthquake parameters. It then discusses the seismotectonic setting of the project area, including major active faults like the Main Mantle Thrust, Main Karakoram Thrust, and Kohistan faults. Microseismic monitoring data from an on-site network is presented, showing seismicity patterns and magnitudes in the project region. The conclusion is that while several active faults are present near the site, no active faults were observed in the immediate vicinity based on the available data and studies.
1. PAKISTAN WATER AND POWER DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
DIAMER BASHA DAM PROJECT
SUBMITTED BY
DIRECTORATE OF SEISMOLOGY TARBELA
OFFICE OF THE
GENERAL MANAGER & PROJECT DIRECTOR
TARBELA DAM PROJEC
SEISMIC DATA INTERPRETATION REPORT NO.4
January 2014 through December 2014
2. A
W
PAKISTAN
Water And Power Development Authorify
Additional Chief Seismologist
P.O.Tarbela Dam Colonv
District HARIPUR
Dated: 20.02.2015
Voice:
Fax:
(0ee5) 350006
(0995) 350086
NO. DSS/KAZ|15| 261 - 68
Chief Engineer & Project Director
Diamer-Basha Dam Project, WAPDA
Chillas. District Diamer. GB
Subject: DIAMER-BASHA MSMS SEISMIC DATA INTERPRETATION RBPORT NO. 4
Kindly find attached Diamer-Basha Micro Seismic Monitoring System (MSMS) seismic data
interpretation Report No. 4, pertaining to the period January 01. 2014 to December 31,2014. In
the WAPDA MSMS there are 29 seismic stations installed along various critical locations of
Northern Pakistan. All the seismic stations are transmitting seismic data to a Central Recording
Station (CRS) located at Tarbela Dam Project. At the CRS seismic data is processed, analyzed
and catalogued Online/Offline through Antelope Software. Now the seismic data is also backup
and catalogued Online at the newly established Seismic Data Centers (SDC) of Mangla and
Lahore. Seismic parameters of located seismic events are presented in Table-1.
During this report period a total of 696 seismic events were located within a radius of 250 km
around Diamer-Basha Dam. Magnitude of located events ranged between - 1.4 and 4.9, while
the depth ranged from 0 to 312 km. In the area 1o radius (111 km) around Diamer-Basha Dam as
many as 254 seismic events were located. In this area magnitude of seismic events ranged
between - 1.4 and 4.3, while depth ranged from 0 to 196 km. Located seismic events in this area
are plotted in Figure-, .
Attachments: As Above
y/ozf zots
SYED KAZIM MEHDI
Additional Chief Seismologist
GM & PD, TDP.
GM (DBDP), WAPDA House, Lahore.
GM (TS), Sunny View, Lahore.
Advisor to Authority on DBDP, 708 WAPDA House, Lahore.
Consultants Mega Dams, 191 WAPDA House, Lahore.
CE (DSO), Sunny View, Lahore.
CE (Civil), TDP.
Copy to,
1.
2.
a
4.
5.
6.
7.
3. DIAMER BASHA DAM PROJECT
Figure 1 Magnitude-wise distribution of seismic events around 1° radius of DBDP from January
to December 2014.
1