This document discusses asthma, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. It defines asthma as a chronic lung disease that causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways. Common symptoms include coughing, wheezing, chest tightness and shortness of breath. Diagnosis may involve pulmonary function tests and blood gas analysis. Treatment focuses on avoiding triggers and using medications to relieve symptoms and prevent attacks.
After graduating from medical school, Tomifumi Onishi, MD, focused his practice on general internal medicine. As a general internist, Dr. Tomifumi Onishi is trained to diagnose and treat patients suffering from a wide variety of health problems, both chronic and acute. One such illness commonly treated by general internists is asthma.
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
ntroduction
Definition
Etiological factors
Pathophysiology
Types of asthma
Clinical manifestation Restlessness Wheezing or crackles Absent or diminished lung sounds Hyper resonance Use of accessory muscles for breathing Tachypnea with hyperventilation
Clinical manifestation
Diagnostic evaluation
Bronchoprovocation Testing: Testing that is done to identify inhaled allergens; mucous membranes are directly exposed to suspected allergen in increasing amounts. Skin Testing: Done to identify specific allergens. Exercise Challenges: Exercise is used to identify the occurrence of exercise-induced bronchospasm. Radio allergosorbent Test: Blood test used to identify a specific allergen. Chest Radiograph: May show hyper expansion of the airways.
Managemnet
Goal- Promote bronchodilationn Reduce inflammation Remove secretions Prevent ongoing symptoms Prevent asthma attack Maintain normal lung function Avoid triggers
Pharmacological therapy 1. Long term control medication- Inhaled corticosteroid Leukotriene modifiers Long acting beta agonist Methylxanthines Combine inhaler
2 Quick relief medication Short acting beta agonist Anticholinergic Oral or I/V corticosteroid
3 Bronchial thermoplasty- Form severe asthma that does not respond to medication
Non- pharmacological
Oxygen therapy Postural drainage & chest physiotherapy Coughing & deep breathing exercise Avoidance of allergen relaxation technique acupuncture
Prevention
Patients with recurrent asthma should undergo tests to identify the substances that precipitate the symptoms. Possible causes are dust, dust mites, roaches, certain types of cloth, pets, horses, detergents, soaps, certain foods, molds, and pol- lens. If the attacks are seasonal, pollens can be strongly sus- pected. Patients are instructed to avoid the causative agents whenever possible.
Complications Complications of asthma may include status asthmaticus, respiratory failure, pneumonia, and atelectasis. Airway obstruction, particularly during acute asthmatic episodes, often results in hypoxemia, requiring the administration of oxygen and the monitoring of pulse oximetry and arterial blood gases. Fluids are administered, because people with asthma are frequently dehydrated from diaphoresis and in- sensible fluid loss with hyperventilation.
Nursing diagnosis
Impaired gas exchange r/t altered oxygen supply Ineffective airway clearance r/t bronchospasm & obstruction from narrow lumen Ineffective breathing pattern r/t bronchospasm Risk for increasing attack of r
espiratory distress r/t exposure to allergens
Asthma in children & Infants: Symptoms and TreatmentEPIC Health
Asthma affects over 7 million children in the U.S, which is about 8.5% of the child population, making it one of the most common pediatric illnesses in the country.
After graduating from medical school, Tomifumi Onishi, MD, focused his practice on general internal medicine. As a general internist, Dr. Tomifumi Onishi is trained to diagnose and treat patients suffering from a wide variety of health problems, both chronic and acute. One such illness commonly treated by general internists is asthma.
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
ntroduction
Definition
Etiological factors
Pathophysiology
Types of asthma
Clinical manifestation Restlessness Wheezing or crackles Absent or diminished lung sounds Hyper resonance Use of accessory muscles for breathing Tachypnea with hyperventilation
Clinical manifestation
Diagnostic evaluation
Bronchoprovocation Testing: Testing that is done to identify inhaled allergens; mucous membranes are directly exposed to suspected allergen in increasing amounts. Skin Testing: Done to identify specific allergens. Exercise Challenges: Exercise is used to identify the occurrence of exercise-induced bronchospasm. Radio allergosorbent Test: Blood test used to identify a specific allergen. Chest Radiograph: May show hyper expansion of the airways.
Managemnet
Goal- Promote bronchodilationn Reduce inflammation Remove secretions Prevent ongoing symptoms Prevent asthma attack Maintain normal lung function Avoid triggers
Pharmacological therapy 1. Long term control medication- Inhaled corticosteroid Leukotriene modifiers Long acting beta agonist Methylxanthines Combine inhaler
2 Quick relief medication Short acting beta agonist Anticholinergic Oral or I/V corticosteroid
3 Bronchial thermoplasty- Form severe asthma that does not respond to medication
Non- pharmacological
Oxygen therapy Postural drainage & chest physiotherapy Coughing & deep breathing exercise Avoidance of allergen relaxation technique acupuncture
Prevention
Patients with recurrent asthma should undergo tests to identify the substances that precipitate the symptoms. Possible causes are dust, dust mites, roaches, certain types of cloth, pets, horses, detergents, soaps, certain foods, molds, and pol- lens. If the attacks are seasonal, pollens can be strongly sus- pected. Patients are instructed to avoid the causative agents whenever possible.
Complications Complications of asthma may include status asthmaticus, respiratory failure, pneumonia, and atelectasis. Airway obstruction, particularly during acute asthmatic episodes, often results in hypoxemia, requiring the administration of oxygen and the monitoring of pulse oximetry and arterial blood gases. Fluids are administered, because people with asthma are frequently dehydrated from diaphoresis and in- sensible fluid loss with hyperventilation.
Nursing diagnosis
Impaired gas exchange r/t altered oxygen supply Ineffective airway clearance r/t bronchospasm & obstruction from narrow lumen Ineffective breathing pattern r/t bronchospasm Risk for increasing attack of r
espiratory distress r/t exposure to allergens
Asthma in children & Infants: Symptoms and TreatmentEPIC Health
Asthma affects over 7 million children in the U.S, which is about 8.5% of the child population, making it one of the most common pediatric illnesses in the country.
AIDS, HIV, History of AIDs, Symptoms & Treatment of AIDs, Asthma, Types of As...Usama Adeel
AIDS, HIV, History of AIDs, Symptoms & Treatment of AIDs, Asthma, Types of Asthma, Allergic Asthma, Non-Allergic Asthma, Mix Asthma, Symptoms & Treatment of Asthma.
Asthma is a chronic disease that affects your airways. Your
airways are tubes that carry air in and out of your lungs. If you have asthma,
the inside walls of your airways become sore and swollen. That makes them very
sensitive, and they may react strongly to things that you are allergic to
or find irritating. When your airways react, they get narrower and your lungs
get less air. This can cause wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and trouble
breathing, especially early in the morning or at night.When your asthma symptoms become worse than usual, it's called
an asthma attack. In a severe asthma attack, the airways can close so much that
your vital organs do not get enough oxygen. People can die from severe asthma
attacks.
Asthma is treated with two kinds of medicines: quick-relief
medicines to stop asthma symptoms and long-term control medicines to prevent
symptoms.
Asthma is one of the most common respiratory tract infections, In this presentation I have explained the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and the management of Asthma.
Asthma (symptoms, treatment and risk factors)Dito Gagua
To understand asthma, it helps to know how the airways work. The airways are tubes that carry air into and out of your lungs. People who have asthma have inflamed airways. The inflammation makes the airways swollen and very sensitive. The airways tend to react strongly to certain inhaled substances.
Asthma affects people of all ages, but it most often starts during childhood.
Come winter and respiratory problems are on the rise and become worse. Two of the most common respiratory problems that affect people are asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
AIDS, HIV, History of AIDs, Symptoms & Treatment of AIDs, Asthma, Types of As...Usama Adeel
AIDS, HIV, History of AIDs, Symptoms & Treatment of AIDs, Asthma, Types of Asthma, Allergic Asthma, Non-Allergic Asthma, Mix Asthma, Symptoms & Treatment of Asthma.
Asthma is a chronic disease that affects your airways. Your
airways are tubes that carry air in and out of your lungs. If you have asthma,
the inside walls of your airways become sore and swollen. That makes them very
sensitive, and they may react strongly to things that you are allergic to
or find irritating. When your airways react, they get narrower and your lungs
get less air. This can cause wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and trouble
breathing, especially early in the morning or at night.When your asthma symptoms become worse than usual, it's called
an asthma attack. In a severe asthma attack, the airways can close so much that
your vital organs do not get enough oxygen. People can die from severe asthma
attacks.
Asthma is treated with two kinds of medicines: quick-relief
medicines to stop asthma symptoms and long-term control medicines to prevent
symptoms.
Asthma is one of the most common respiratory tract infections, In this presentation I have explained the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and the management of Asthma.
Asthma (symptoms, treatment and risk factors)Dito Gagua
To understand asthma, it helps to know how the airways work. The airways are tubes that carry air into and out of your lungs. People who have asthma have inflamed airways. The inflammation makes the airways swollen and very sensitive. The airways tend to react strongly to certain inhaled substances.
Asthma affects people of all ages, but it most often starts during childhood.
Come winter and respiratory problems are on the rise and become worse. Two of the most common respiratory problems that affect people are asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
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Anaphylaxis is an acute, multi organ, life threatening allergic reaction. Initial symptoms may look like a normal allergy with runny nose or rash and usually occur within minutes of exposure to an allergen. Within a few minutes, symptoms get more severe and can be deadly if not treated. Anaphylaxis requires immediate medical attention.
1. ALLIANZE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
Prepared by Clarinda Clare Linus
DMS003/11 – January 2011 intake
Lecturer : Dr. Angelo M. Nino Santos (Immunology)
2. Asthma is a chronic lung disease that
inflames and narrows the airways.
People who suffer from this chronic condition
(long-lasting or recurrent) are said to be
asthmatic.
3.
4. People who have asthma have inflamed airways.
This makes them swollen and very sensitive.
They tend to react strongly to certain inhaled
substances.
When the airways react, the muscles around them
tighten. This narrows the airways, causing less
air to flow into the lungs. The swelling also can
worsen, making the airways even narrower.
Cells in the airways might make more mucus
than usual. Mucus is a sticky, thick liquid that
can further narrow the airways.
5.
6. Type I hypersensitivity is also known as immediate
or anaphylactic hypersensitivity.
The reaction may involve skin (urticaria and
eczema), eyes (conjunctivitis), nasopharynx
(rhinorrhea, rhinitis), bronchopulmonary tissues
(asthma) and gastrointestinal tract (gastroenteritis).
The reaction may cause a range of symptoms from
minor inconvenience to death. The reaction usually
takes 15 - 30 minutes from the time of exposure to
the antigen, although sometimes it may have a
delayed onset (10 - 12 hours).
7.
8.
9.
10.
11. An inherited tendency to develop allergies, called
atopy
Inherited by parents who have asthma
Certain respiratory infections during childhood
Contact with some airborne allergens or
exposure to some viral infections in infancy or in
early childhood when the immune system is
developing
12. Certain asthma triggers can set off the cascade of
asthma symptoms. Some asthma triggers may
include:
Air pollution
Allergies
Cold air
A cold or flu virus
Sinusitis
Smoke
Fragrances
aspirin
13.
14. Coughing from asthma often is worse at night or
early in the morning, making it hard to sleep.
Wheezing. Wheezing is a whistling or squeaky
sound that occurs when you breathe.
Chest tightness. This may feel like something is
squeezing or sitting on your chest.
Shortness of breath. Some people who have
asthma say they can't catch their breath or they
feel out of breath. You may feel like you can't get
air out of your lungs.
15.
16. Mild-to-moderate hypoxemia is a common
arterial blood gas (ABG) finding.
Hypocapnia and respiratory alkalosis may be
present due to the increased respiratory rate
of an acute asthma exacerbation
prolonged or severe symptoms may results in
hypercapnea and metabolic acidosis.
17.
18. Findings can include hyperinflation of the lungs
with flattened diaphragm if there is significant air
trapping, supporting the diagnosis of asthma.
19. In patients who have associated chest pain or
a history of CHF, an ECG may be helpful to
evaluate for other potential causes of the
patient's difficulty breathing or wheezing.
20. Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs) performed at
the bedside are the most useful objective test
to aid in the treatment and disposition of a
patient with an acute exacerbation of asthma.
These tests confirm that the patient's
symptoms are due to obstructive lung
disease, assess the severity of the
exacerbation, and monitor the response to
treatment.
25. Avoiding or minimizing contact with the
substance you are allergic to can help prevent an
asthma attack.
Avoid Smoke
Smoke and asthma are a bad mix. Minimize
exposure to all sources of smoke, including
tobacco, incense, candles, fires, and fireworks.
Avoid Colds
Avoid close contact with people who have a cold
or the flu since your asthma symptoms may
worsen if you catch the infection from them
26. Asthma medicines can be taken in pill
form, but most are taken using a device
called an inhaler. An inhaler allows the
medicine to go directly to your lungs.