This document provides information about brinjal (eggplant), including its scientific name, family, places of origin, cultivation areas in Nepal, climate and soil requirements, common varieties, cultivation practices from land preparation to harvesting, as well as common diseases and pests. Brinjal is a warm weather crop that is grown in summer months in Nepal. It is a nutritious vegetable that is rich in antioxidants and vitamins. The major varieties grown in Nepal include Nurki and Pusa Purple Long. Standard agronomic practices like manure application, transplanting, irrigation, pruning and pest management are required to obtain yields of 1500-2500 kg per ropani.
In this PPT you will come to know about the cultivation practices of FODDER SORGHUM, its cultivation aspects, climate, varieties, type of soils, weed management,ETC.,
The detail cultivation practices of Banana fruit crop.
HORT-243 Production technology of fruit crops and plantation crops.
Here, within this ppt the detail cultivation of banana fruit crop is included.
In this PPT you will come to know about the cultivation practices of FODDER SORGHUM, its cultivation aspects, climate, varieties, type of soils, weed management,ETC.,
The detail cultivation practices of Banana fruit crop.
HORT-243 Production technology of fruit crops and plantation crops.
Here, within this ppt the detail cultivation of banana fruit crop is included.
It is a minor vegetable crop ,can be used in place of cucumber as salad ,still lot of work possibility are there in standardization of inputs in this crop .
Raddish cultivation based on botany, plant characteristic, soil, climate, variety and varietal characteristic, problem in cultivation and their management practices and storage and post harvest handling.
CULTIVATION OF OKRA , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF OKRA ,Arvind Yadav
OKRA
Scientific Name : Abelmoschus esculentus
Family : Malvaceae,
Chromosome number : 2n=72, 108,130
Origin : Asiatic region /Etthiopea/Africa.
Common names : Bhendi, Lady’s FingerEconomic importance and uses :-
Okra is more remunerative than the leafy vegetables.
Tender green fruits are cooked in curry and also used in soups. The root and stem are useful for clearing cane juice in preparation of jaggery.
Okra is rich in vitamins, calcium, potassium and other minerals. 100g consumable unripe bhendi fruits contain 10.4g dry matter, 3,100 calorie energy, 1.8g protein.
The dry seeds contain 13-22% edible oil and 20-24% protein.Area and production:-
India is the largest producer of okra in the world. The major bhendi growing states are Utter Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal.
Popular varieties:-
Pusa Makhmali
Pusa Sawani
Arka Anamika (Selection 10)
Arka Abhay (Selection
Punjab Padmini
Punjab -7
Parbhani Kranti
Varsha Uphar (HRB 9-2)
Gujarat Bhendi 1
Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and ElectrophoresisNSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and Electrophoresis.
Origin, Distribution, Botanical description, Cytogenetics, Genetic resources, Climate and soil, Propagation, Manures and fertilizers, Irrigation, Interculture, Use of PGR, Plant protection, Harvesting, Yield and Storage of Sponge gourd
It is a minor vegetable crop ,can be used in place of cucumber as salad ,still lot of work possibility are there in standardization of inputs in this crop .
Raddish cultivation based on botany, plant characteristic, soil, climate, variety and varietal characteristic, problem in cultivation and their management practices and storage and post harvest handling.
CULTIVATION OF OKRA , PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF OKRA ,Arvind Yadav
OKRA
Scientific Name : Abelmoschus esculentus
Family : Malvaceae,
Chromosome number : 2n=72, 108,130
Origin : Asiatic region /Etthiopea/Africa.
Common names : Bhendi, Lady’s FingerEconomic importance and uses :-
Okra is more remunerative than the leafy vegetables.
Tender green fruits are cooked in curry and also used in soups. The root and stem are useful for clearing cane juice in preparation of jaggery.
Okra is rich in vitamins, calcium, potassium and other minerals. 100g consumable unripe bhendi fruits contain 10.4g dry matter, 3,100 calorie energy, 1.8g protein.
The dry seeds contain 13-22% edible oil and 20-24% protein.Area and production:-
India is the largest producer of okra in the world. The major bhendi growing states are Utter Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar and West Bengal.
Popular varieties:-
Pusa Makhmali
Pusa Sawani
Arka Anamika (Selection 10)
Arka Abhay (Selection
Punjab Padmini
Punjab -7
Parbhani Kranti
Varsha Uphar (HRB 9-2)
Gujarat Bhendi 1
Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and ElectrophoresisNSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Varietal identificaton through grow-out test and Electrophoresis.
Origin, Distribution, Botanical description, Cytogenetics, Genetic resources, Climate and soil, Propagation, Manures and fertilizers, Irrigation, Interculture, Use of PGR, Plant protection, Harvesting, Yield and Storage of Sponge gourd
It is also known as Candrabhaga, Chota chand, Serpentina root & Chandrika and is one of the most important native medicinal plants of India.
The roots of sarpagandha have a 400 years history of use in treatment of snake bite, insect stings, nervous disorders and psoriasis.
This content is created for helping the students pursuing Agriculture Science.
It deals with the cultivation practice of Broad Leaf Mustard which is one of major leafy vegetable grown in Nepal.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Fruit Vegetable Crops
English Name Nepali Name Scientific Name Family
Tomato गोलभेडा Lycopersicon esculentum Solanaceae
Chilli पिरो खुर्ाानी Capsicum frutescens Solanaceae
Eggplant भान्टा Solanum melongena Solanaceae
Sweet Pepper भेडे खुर्ाानी Capsicum annum Solanaceae
Okra पभिंडी Abelmoschus esculentus Malvaceae
4. INTRODUCTION
Scientific Name- Solanum melongena
Family- Solanaceae
English Name- Brinjal, Egg plant
Nepali Name- भान्टा, बैगन
Originated in tropical to subtropical region of China, Nepal or India
Its cultivation has been done since long time ago
It is cultivated in most part of Nepal
Most of tomato pocket area are located in Sarlahi, Mahottari, Parsa, Baglung,
Myagdi, Kapilbastu, Banke, Bardiya, Dailekh, Kailali
It is mostly grown when the climate is warm (summer)
5. Uses
Eggplant can provide at least 5% of a person’s daily requirement of
fiber, copper, manganese, B-6, and thiamine.
Contains other vitamins and minerals.
A source of phenolic compounds that act as antioxidants
Contains anthocyanins, which helps reduce the risk of heart disease
Lowers blood cholesterol and helps in prevention of cancer
Useful to reduce tooth ache
Acts as medicine to diabetic patients
6. Climate and Soil Requirement
Climate:
A day neutral crop
Susceptible to severe frost
Summer crop so long summer climatic condition are preferable
Optimum temperature for plant growth and fruit setting is 21-27°C
Fruit setting is adversely affected when minimum temperature is below
15°C and maximum temperature exceeds 35°C
Soil:
Can be cultivated in various types of soil
Grows best in sandy and loamy soil with adequate amount of organic
matters
Requires slightly acidic soil with pH range 5.5 to 6.0
7. Variety
Nurki-
For terai, mid-hill and high hills of Nepal
Plant height is medium and stem-leaves are of pinkish color
Hard stalk
Fruit length is 15-20cm and about 4-5 fruits are developed in a cluster
It can be harvested in 60-65days after transplanting
Yield-25-30MT/ha
Pusa Purple Long:
Fruit is purple in color and matures early
Fruit length is 20-25cm
Harvesting begins after 75-80 days after sowing
Yield - approx. 1500kg/ropani
Other varieties- NS 797,Arka Keshav,Anna 806, Runako
8. Land preparation and Manure Application
Land Preparation:
2-3 deep ploughing along with clearing the weeds and crop debris
Soil should be well pulverized and well levelled
Manure Application:
For ropani of land-
FYM -1500kg
DAP – 7 kg
Urea – 6kg
MOP- 4.5 kg
Before final ploughing half of N and rest of all fertilizers should be applied.
Remaining 3kg of urea is applied in split dose where first 1.5kg is applied
after 20-25 DAT and other 1.5kg is applied after the initiation of flowering.
Top dressing is done by making ring around the plant.
9. Seed rate and seedling transplanting
For one ropani of land required seedling is prepared by using only 20-
25g of seeds.
Seedling is prepared in 45-60 days of sowing.
The seed bed should be well irrigated and moistened one day before the
transplanting.
Seedlings are transplanted in furrows in light soils and on side of the
ridges in case of heavy soils
Transplanting is done at evening time
In winter, ridge should be 120cm wide and spacing should be 60cm R-R
and 45 cm P-P.
In rainy season, transplanting is done in middle part of 45cm wider
ridge while P-P spacing is 45cm.
The width of furrow between two consecutive ridge is 30cm.
10.
11. Time for sowing, transplanting, and harvesting
Brinjal is generally sown and transplanted after the end of winter season
in mid and high hills whereas after the end of rainy season in terai region
Such cultivation practices lead to harvesting season as follow:
It harvested during summer - rainy season in mid and high hills while during
winter season in terai region
Sowing and transplanting date along with their harvesting date is as
given below:
Area Sowing and transplanting Harvesting
High hills Chaitra-Baishak Asar- Bhadra
Mid hills Magh-Falgun Baishak-Asar
Terai Bhadra-Asoj Mangsir-Magh
12. Weeding and irrigation
At time of top dressing the plant in 20-25 days after the transplantation,
the surface soil should be properly raked and weeded.
The eggplant should be weeded and top dressed with additional compost
in 20-25 days after the first weeding.
After that, the plant can be weeded 1-2 times and looking at the
condition of the crop and field.
The furrows should be drained with water. The eggplants should be
watered at the interval of 10 - 15 days in winter while at 5 -7 days or
when the soil becomes dry in the summer season.
The moisture of soil can be maintained using shade or compost mulch.
13. Pruning
First pruning should be done in the month of Asar-Shrawan as this time
there is a lot of damaging fruits by fruits fly. It is appropriate to prune
plant before flowering.
Second round of pruning in Mangsir-Poush after harvested all fruits.
The pruning should be done with secateurs or sharp sickles.
While first and second pruning, leave total of two growing branches on
the main stem.
De-suckering should be done. Remove the lower leaves that grow so
that air can pass freely.
Cut and remove the upper part of eggplant that withers due to pod
borer during day time. It should be done when this problem is found.
Auxiliary roots should be pruned underground making a round circle
with a hoe or spade, and put compost around plant.
14. Harvesting and Yield
Fruits should be picked when the fruit reaches the size as per the species and
when it has an attractive color.All fruits should be picked in cool of the
morning with the help of scissors or sickle.
After fruit is picked, should be consumed soon. It is better to consume the
eggplants within 5 days of harvesting in hot season, and within 5-7 days in
winter season.
It can be stored for 7-10 days if the temperature of 7-10 °C with RH of 90-
95% can be maintained.
From one ropani of land following yield can be obtained:
SummerYield-1500 kg
Winter yield – 2000-2500kg
15. D/s and pests of Brinjal:
PESTS :
Brinjal shoot and fruit borer
Aphids
Red Spider Mite
Write about symptom and control of given d/s and pests.
Submit Next Sunday
DISEASES:
• Phomopsis Blight
• Little leaf