Vegetable

1. Solanaceous vegetable crops
Sr.
No.
Common name Botanical name Origin place
1 Tomato Lycopersicon esculentum South America
2 Brinjal Solanum melongena Indo-Burma
3 Sweet pepper Capsicum fruitescence Mexico
4 Chilli Capsicum annum Mexico
5 Potato Solanum tuberosum South America

2. Characteristics of the solanaceous crops
 Flower – Small to medium & perfect.
 Fruit – Berry with many seeds.
 Pollination – Self or often cross pollinated.
 Day neutral plants ( tomato, chilli, brinjal)
 The cluster of flower in tomato is known as “Truss”.
 Heterostyly is common in Brinjal .
 Tap root system.

3. Land requirement – The land should be free from volunteer . The
soil of selected fields should have good
texture, fertile and be well-drained. The pH
of soil should be from 6 to 7 . pH range for
potato is 5.2 to 6.4
Isolation requirement -
Crop Isolation
distance(metre)
F C
Tomato 50 25
Brinjal 200 100
Chilli 400 200
Capsicum 400 200
potato 10 5

4. Brief cultural practices
 Time of sowing :-
crop Northern plain Hills region Southern states
Tomato June to august
November to
December
March to April September to
October
Brinjal February to
March
June to July
Oct. to Nov.
March to April whole year
Chilli June to July
February to
March
Whole year
Capsicum July, November
to February
April to May September to
October

5. Preparation of land – Prepare the field to a good tilth by
ploughing and 3 to 4 harrowing followed by levelling.
 Seed rate :-
crop Seed rate
Tomato 500gm/ha
Brinjal 375 to 500gm/ha
Chilli 1 to 1.5kg/ha
Capsicum 1 to 2 kg/ha
potato 25 to 30 qtl/ha

6. Sowing in nursery bed:- seed may be sown in raised
nursery beds. Twenty-five nursery
beds of size 2 to 2.5 metres long
and 1 to 1.25 metres wide will
raise enough seedling to transplant
one ha.
Fertilisation:- 100kg nitrogen , 60kg phosphorus , 60kg
potash per ha.( In case of potato 100kg nitrogen , 80kg
phosphorus, 80kg potash.)
Transplanting:- Transplanting seedlings, when 7.5 to 10
cm in height . Irrigate immediately
afterwards.
potato, whole tuber should be used for planting. Tuber should be under
sprouting for quick emergence.

7. Spacing -
 Tomato – Winter crops : 75×60 cm , Summer crop : 60×60 cm
 Brinjal – Non – spreading type : 60×60 cm , Spreading : 75 to 90 × 60 to 70
cm
 Hot pepper - 60×45 cm
 Sweet pepper - 45×45 cm
 Potato - 60×15 to 20 cm
Irrigation:- Generarally 8 to 9 irrigation are given depending upon
rainfall, soil type, humidity and prevailing temperature.
Interculture :- Two to three hoeing and weedings are necessary.
( Orobunche is serious weed of solanacious crops in some areas , Mimosa pudica
increase insect activity in brinjal)

8. Insect and disease :-
Tomato White fly, serpentine leaf minor
Spotted wilt, leaf curl, mosaic
Brinjal Fruit borer, epilachna beetle
Little leaf
Chilli thrips
Anthracnose , mosaic, leaf curl
Potato Tuber moth , cut worm, aphid
Late blight, wart, black scurf bacterial
wilt.

9. Roguing :-
 Roguing should be based on the plant and its fruits crops as
well, on the whole rather than on individual fruits.
 Off – type plant should be removed as soon as they observed.
 The small leafed plants usually be detected among plants with
larg leaves and vice-versa.
 Remove the plants affected by fungal, bacterial and viral
diseases.
 When the fruits bigen to show their final colour ( red , yellow),
occasional plants with off-colour fruits have to be removed.

10. Haulm cutting :-
The practice of haulm cutting is adopted as a precautionary
measure to avoid the chances of viral disease transmission
through the vector like aphid. The haulm must be cut by the
end of December.

11. Harvesting :-
 Tomato is harvested for seed much in the same way
that is picked for market. (light red coulor)
 In brinjal , harvesting is done when fruits are fully
ripe. (yellow color)
 Fruits are picked when red ripe . Picking of
immatured fruits may result in serious germination
difficulties.
 Potato crop is ready for harvest ten to fifteen day
after haulm cutting when the skin of tuber has
hardened

12. Seed extraction methods
Tomato :-
Fermentation Acid Alkali
Method mix fruit pulp
with water -24 –
48 hr.
HCl @ 100ml per
14 kg pulp 20-30
minutes.
Washing soda @
425g / 5 litre of
boiling water
Salient features • Low cost
• Unskilled
labour
• More time
taken
• Low seed
recovery(0.5
to 0.6%)
• Dull seed
colour
• Seed borne
pathogen
• More cost
• Skilled labour
• Lesser time
• High seed
recovery(0.8
to 1%)
• Bright colour ,
market value
high
• Improper
washing leads
to seed injury
• Seed recovery
0.7 to 0.8 %
• Luster of the
seed will be
lost
• Pathogen free
seeds

13. Brinjal seed extraction
The outer covering is peeled off and the flesh with the seeds
is cut into thin slices.
These are then softened by soaking till the seeds are
separated from the pulp .
If the material is allowed in this condition to stand
overnight, the separation, the seeds are from the pulp
becomes easier.
After separation, the seed are dipped into water.

14. Chilli seed extraction - fruits are crushed, cut, or macerated.
Seeds are washed free of pulp and skins. After washing, seeds are dried
in the sun to below 8% moisture content , befor storage.
Dry chilli contains 6% stalk, 40% pericarp, 56% seed.
Yield -
Crop Yield kg/ha
Tomato 100 to 120
Brinjal 100 to 200
chilli 50 to 60

15. Hybrid seed production
 For hybrid seed production hand emasculation is carried out with or without
emasculation .
 Where emasculation, is used , buds are first emasculated and then enclosed
in grease-proof bags fastened with pins or threads the day befor flowering .
 At flowering , flower are hand – pollinated with forceps or camel hair brush,
and rebagged.
 if functional male sterility used it is unnecessary to emasculate flowers as
pollen cannot reach the stigma without artificial aid.

16. VARIETIES
TOMATO Sioux, Pant bahar, Pusa Ruby, Arka Alok, Sonali, S-12,PKM-
1 Arka Vardan , Best of all, Punjab Chhuhara
BRINJAL Pusa kanti , Pant Rituraj , Pusa Bindu , Pusa Upkar , Hissar
Jamuni, Pusa Bhairav
CHILLI Kalyanpur yellow, Arka Lohit, Sindur, Bhagyalakshmi, G-S,
Punjab Lal
CAPSICUM Arka Mohani , Arka Gaurav , Arka Basant, California wonder,
yolo wonder
POTATO Kufri Chandramukhi, kufri Ashok , kufri Jawahar, kufri Jyoti ,
kufri Deva, kufri Megha