Interrupts are particularly useful when interfacing I/O devices that provide or require data at relatively low data transfer rates .
If the person using the keyboard typed one character per second. The software of the Processors waited an entire second between each key stroke for the person to type another key .
Introduces the core architecture of the Atari 2600 graphics chip (TIA), its 6502 CPU and showcases a "Hello, World!" application that can be executed on an emulator or on the real console. Includes reference links for those who want to learn more. Originally presented in Brazil at events such as Dev in Sampa and Campus Party.
Interrupts are particularly useful when interfacing I/O devices that provide or require data at relatively low data transfer rates .
If the person using the keyboard typed one character per second. The software of the Processors waited an entire second between each key stroke for the person to type another key .
Introduces the core architecture of the Atari 2600 graphics chip (TIA), its 6502 CPU and showcases a "Hello, World!" application that can be executed on an emulator or on the real console. Includes reference links for those who want to learn more. Originally presented in Brazil at events such as Dev in Sampa and Campus Party.
First 16- bit processor released by INTEL in the year 1978
Originally HMOS, now manufactured using HMOS III technique
Approximately 29, 000 transistors, 40 pin DIP, 5V supply
Does not have internal clock; external asymmetric clock source with 33% duty cycle
20-bit address to access memory can address up to 220 = 1 megabytes of memory space.
Uses a separate 16 bit address for I/O mapped a devices can generate 216 = 64 k addresses
This ppt covers the following topics
Software quality
A framework for product metrics
A product metrics taxonomy
Metrics for the analysis model
Metrics for the design model
Metrics for maintenance
First 16- bit processor released by INTEL in the year 1978
Originally HMOS, now manufactured using HMOS III technique
Approximately 29, 000 transistors, 40 pin DIP, 5V supply
Does not have internal clock; external asymmetric clock source with 33% duty cycle
20-bit address to access memory can address up to 220 = 1 megabytes of memory space.
Uses a separate 16 bit address for I/O mapped a devices can generate 216 = 64 k addresses
This ppt covers the following topics
Software quality
A framework for product metrics
A product metrics taxonomy
Metrics for the analysis model
Metrics for the design model
Metrics for maintenance
This ppt covers the following
A strategic approach to testing
Test strategies for conventional software
Test strategies for object-oriented software
Validation testing
System testing
The art of debugging
This topic covers the following topics
Introduction
Golden rules of user interface design
Reconciling four different models
User interface analysis
User interface design
User interface evaluation
Example user interfaces
This ppt covers the following topics
Introduction
The software component
Designing class-based components
Designing conventional components
Thus it covers Component level design
This ppt covers the following topics :-
Introduction
Design quality
Design concepts
The design model
Thus it covers design engineering in software engineering
This ppt explains about the FAQ's in software engineering and software engineer profession and ethics of software engineer.
Difference between the system engineer and software engineer.
This ppt covers the following topics:
Introduction
Data design
Software architectural styles
Architectural design process
Assessing alternative architectural designs
Thus it covers Architectural Design
This ppt explains in brief what actually is arm processor and it covers the first 3 chapters of book "ARM SYSTEM DEVELOPERS GUIDE". The 3 chapters include the history,architecture,instruction set etc.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
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Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
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It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
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More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
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Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
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Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdf
Brief description of all the interupts
1. The list of all interrupts that are currently supported by the emulator.
These interrupts should be compatible with IBM PC and all generations of x86,
original Intel 8086 and AMD compatible microprocessors, however Windows XP may
overwrite some of the original interrupts.
Quick reference:
the short list of supported interrupts with descriptions:
INT 10h / AH = 0 - set video mode.
input:
AL = desired video mode.
these video modes are supported:
00h - text mode. 40x25. 16 colors. 8 pages.
03h - text mode. 80x25. 16 colors. 8 pages.
13h - graphical mode. 40x25. 256 colors. 320x200 pixels. 1 page.
example:
mov al, 13h
mov ah, 0
int 10h
INT 10h / AH = 01h - set text-mode cursor shape.
input:
CH = cursor start line (bits 0-4) and options (bits 5-7).
CL = bottom cursor line (bits 0-4).
INT 10h/00h
INT 10h/01h
INT 10h/02h
INT 10h/03h
INT 10h/05h
INT 10h/06h
INT 10h/07h
INT 10h/08h
INT 10h/09h
INT 10h/0Ah
INT 10h/0Ch
INT 10h/0Dh
INT 10h/0Eh
INT 10h/13h
INT 10h/1003h
INT 11h
INT 12h
INT 13h/00h
INT 13h/02h
INT 13h/03h
INT 15h/86h
INT 16h/00h
INT 16h/01h
INT 19h
INT 1Ah/00h
INT 20h
INT 21h
INT 21h/01h
INT 21h/02h
INT 21h/05h
INT 21h/06h
INT 21h/07h
INT 21h/09h
INT 21h/0Ah
INT 21h/0Bh
INT 21h/0Ch
INT 21h/0Eh
INT 21h/19h
INT 21h/25h
INT 21h/2Ah
INT 21h/2Ch
INT 21h/35h
INT 21h/39h
INT 21h/3Ah
INT 21h/3Bh
INT 21h/3Ch
INT 21h/3Dh
INT 21h/3Eh
INT 21h/3Fh
INT 21h/40h
INT 21h/41h
INT 21h/42h
INT 21h/47h
INT 21h/4Ch
INT 21h/56h
INT 33h/0000h
INT 33h/0001h
INT 33h/0002h
INT 33h/0003h
Page 1 of 19basic 8086 and dos interrupts that are currently supported by the emulator
2. when bit 5 of CH is set to 0, the cursor is visible. when bit 5 is 1, the cursor is not
visible.
; hide blinking text cursor:
mov ch, 32
mov ah, 1
int 10h
; show standard blinking text cursor:
mov ch, 6
mov cl, 7
mov ah, 1
int 10h
; show box-shaped blinking text cursor:
mov ch, 0
mov cl, 7
mov ah, 1
int 10h
; note: some bioses required CL to be >=7,
; otherwise wrong cursor shapes are displayed.
INT 10h / AH = 2 - set cursor position.
input:
DH = row.
DL = column.
BH = page number (0..7).
example:
mov dh, 10
mov dl, 20
mov bh, 0
mov ah, 2
int 10h
INT 10h / AH = 03h - get cursor position and size.
input:
BH = page number.
return:
DH = row.
DL = column.
CH = cursor start line.
CL = cursor bottom line.
INT 10h / AH = 05h - select active video page.
input:
AL = new page number (0..7).
Page 2 of 19basic 8086 and dos interrupts that are currently supported by the emulator
3. the activated page is displayed.
INT 10h / AH = 06h - scroll up window.
INT 10h / AH = 07h - scroll down window.
input:
AL = number of lines by which to scroll (00h = clear entire window).
BH = attribute used to write blank lines at bottom of window.
CH, CL = row, column of window's upper left corner.
DH, DL = row, column of window's lower right corner.
INT 10h / AH = 08h - read character and attribute at cursor position.
input:
BH = page number.
return:
AH = attribute.
AL = character.
INT 10h / AH = 09h - write character and attribute at cursor position.
input:
AL = character to display.
BH = page number.
BL = attribute.
CX = number of times to write character.
INT 10h / AH = 0Ah - write character only at cursor position.
input:
AL = character to display.
BH = page number.
CX = number of times to write character.
INT 10h / AH = 0Ch - change color for a single pixel.
input:
AL = pixel color
CX = column.
DX = row.
example:
mov al, 13h
mov ah, 0
int 10h ; set graphics video mode.
mov al, 1100b
mov cx, 10
Page 3 of 19basic 8086 and dos interrupts that are currently supported by the emulator
4. mov dx, 20
mov ah, 0ch
int 10h ; set pixel.
INT 10h / AH = 0Dh - get color of a single pixel.
input:
CX = column.
DX = row.
output:
AL = pixel color
INT 10h / AH = 0Eh - teletype output.
input:
AL = character to write.
this functions displays a character on the screen, advancing the cursor and scrolling the screen
as necessary. the printing is always done to current active page.
example:
mov al, 'a'
mov ah, 0eh
int 10h
; note: on specific systems this
; function may not be supported in graphics mode.
INT 10h / AH = 13h - write string.
input:
AL = write mode:
bit 0: update cursor after writing;
bit 1: string contains attributes.
BH = page number.
BL = attribute if string contains only characters (bit 1 of AL is zero).
CX = number of characters in string (attributes are not counted).
DL,DH = column, row at which to start writing.
ES:BP points to string to be printed.
example:
mov al, 1
mov bh, 0
mov bl, 0011_1011b
mov cx, msg1end - offset msg1 ; calculate message size.
mov dl, 10
mov dh, 7
push cs
pop es
Page 4 of 19basic 8086 and dos interrupts that are currently supported by the emulator
5. mov bp, offset msg1
mov ah, 13h
int 10h
jmp msg1end
msg1 db " hello, world! "
msg1end:
INT 10h / AX = 1003h - toggle intensity/blinking.
input:
BL = write mode:
0: enable intensive colors.
1: enable blinking (not supported by the emulator and windows command
prompt).
BH = 0 (to avoid problems on some adapters).
example:
mov ax, 1003h
mov bx, 0
int 10h
bit color table:
character attribute is 8 bit value, low 4 bits set fore color, high 4 bits set background color.
note: the emulator and windows command line prompt do not support background blinking,
however to make colors look the same in dos and in full screen mode it is required to turn off
the background blinking.
HEX BIN COLOR
0 0000 black
1 0001 blue
2 0010 green
3 0011 cyan
4 0100 red
5 0101 magenta
6 0110 brown
7 0111 light gray
8 1000 dark gray
9 1001 light blue
A 1010 light green
B 1011 light cyan
C 1100 light red
D 1101 light magenta
E 1110 yellow
F 1111 white
note:
; use this code for compatibility with dos/cmd prompt full screen mode:
mov ax, 1003h
mov bx, 0 ; disable blinking.
int 10h
Page 5 of 19basic 8086 and dos interrupts that are currently supported by the emulator
6. INT 11h - get BIOS equipment list.
return:
AX = BIOS equipment list word, actually this call returns the contents of the word at
0040h:0010h.
Currently this function can be used to determine the number of installed number of
floppy disk drives.
Bit fields for BIOS-detected installed hardware:
bit(s) Description
15-14 Number of parallel devices.
13 Reserved.
12 Game port installed.
11-9 Number of serial devices.
8 Reserved.
7-6 Number of floppy disk drives (minus 1):
00 single floppy disk;
01 two floppy disks;
10 three floppy disks;
11 four floppy disks.
5-4 Initial video mode:
00 EGA,VGA,PGA, or other with on-board video BIOS;
01 40x25 CGA color.
10 80x25 CGA color (emulator default).
11 80x25 mono text.
3 Reserved.
2 PS/2 mouse is installed.
1 Math coprocessor installed.
0 Set when booted from floppy.
INT 12h - get memory size.
return:
AX = kilobytes of contiguous memory starting at absolute address 00000h, this call
returns the contents of the word at 0040h:0013h.
Floppy drives are emulated using FLOPPY_0(..3) files.
INT 13h / AH = 00h - reset disk system.
INT 13h / AH = 02h - read disk sectors into memory.
INT 13h / AH = 03h - write disk sectors.
input:
AL = number of sectors to read/write (must be nonzero)
CH = cylinder number (0..79).
CL = sector number (1..18).
Page 6 of 19basic 8086 and dos interrupts that are currently supported by the emulator
7. DH = head number (0..1).
DL = drive number (0..3 , for the emulator it depends on quantity of
FLOPPY_ files).
ES:BX points to data buffer.
return:
CF set on error.
CF clear if successful.
AH = status (0 - if successful).
AL = number of sectors transferred.
Note: each sector has 512 bytes.
INT 15h / AH = 86h - BIOS wait function.
input:
CX:DX = interval in microseconds
return:
CF clear if successful (wait interval elapsed),
CF set on error or when wait function is already in progress.
Note:
the resolution of the wait period is 977 microseconds on many systems (1
million microseconds - 1 second).
Windows XP does not support this interrupt (always sets CF=1).
INT 16h / AH = 00h - get keystroke from keyboard (no echo).
return:
AH = BIOS scan code.
AL = ASCII character.
(if a keystroke is present, it is removed from the keyboard buffer).
INT 16h / AH = 01h - check for keystroke in the keyboard buffer.
return:
ZF = 1 if keystroke is not available.
ZF = 0 if keystroke available.
AH = BIOS scan code.
AL = ASCII character.
Page 7 of 19basic 8086 and dos interrupts that are currently supported by the emulator
8. (if a keystroke is present, it is not removed from the keyboard buffer).
INT 19h - system reboot.
Usually, the BIOS will try to read sector 1, head 0, track 0 from drive A: to
0000h:7C00h. The emulator just stops the execution, to boot from floppy drive
select from the menu: 'virtual drive' -> 'boot from floppy'
INT 1Ah / AH = 00h - get system time.
return:
CX:DX = number of clock ticks since midnight.
AL = midnight counter, advanced each time midnight passes.
notes:
there are approximately 18.20648 clock ticks per second,
and 1800B0h per 24 hours.
AL is not set by the emulator.
INT 20h - exit to operating system.
The short list of emulated MS-DOS interrupts -- INT 21h
DOS file system is emulated in C:emu8086vdrivex (x is a drive letter)
If no drive letter is specified and current directory is not set, then C:emu8086MyBuild
path is used by default. FLOPPY_0,1,2,3 files are emulated independently from DOS file
system.
For the emulator physical drive A: is this file c:emu8086FLOPPY_0 (for BIOS interrupts:
INT 13h and boot).
For DOS interrupts (INT 21h) drive A: is emulated in this subdirectory: C:emu8086
vdrivea
Note: DOS file system limits the file and directory names to 8 characters, extension is limited to 3 characters;
example of a valid file name: myfile.txt (file name = 6 chars, extension - 3 chars). extension is written after the dot, no other dots are allowed.
INT 21h / AH=1 - read character from standard input, with echo, result is stored in AL.
if there is no character in the keyboard buffer, the function waits until any key is pressed.
example:
Page 8 of 19basic 8086 and dos interrupts that are currently supported by the emulator
9. mov ah, 1
int 21h
INT 21h / AH=2 - write character to standard output.
entry: DL = character to write, after execution AL = DL.
example:
mov ah, 2
mov dl, 'a'
int 21h
INT 21h / AH=5 - output character to printer.
entry: DL = character to print, after execution AL = DL.
example:
mov ah, 5
mov dl, 'a'
int 21h
INT 21h / AH=6 - direct console input or output.
parameters for output: DL = 0..254 (ascii code)
parameters for input: DL = 255
for output returns: AL = DL
for input returns: ZF set if no character available and AL = 00h, ZF clear if character
available.
AL = character read; buffer is cleared.
example:
mov ah, 6
mov dl, 'a'
int 21h ; output character.
mov ah, 6
mov dl, 255
int 21h ; get character from keyboard buffer (if any) or set ZF=1.
Page 9 of 19basic 8086 and dos interrupts that are currently supported by the emulator
10. INT 21h / AH=7 - character input without echo to AL.
if there is no character in the keyboard buffer, the function waits until any key is pressed.
example:
mov ah, 7
int 21h
INT 21h / AH=9 - output of a string at DS:DX. String must be terminated by '$'.
example:
org 100h
mov dx, offset msg
mov ah, 9
int 21h
ret
msg db "hello world $"
INT 21h / AH=0Ah - input of a string to DS:DX, fist byte is buffer size, second byte is
number of chars actually read. this function does not add '$' in the end of string. to print using
INT 21h / AH=9 you must set dollar character at the end of it and start printing from address
DS:DX + 2.
example:
org 100h
mov dx, offset buffer
mov ah, 0ah
int 21h
jmp print
buffer db 10,?, 10 dup(' ')
print:
xor bx, bx
mov bl, buffer[1]
mov buffer[bx+2], '$'
mov dx, offset buffer + 2
mov ah, 9
int 21h
ret
the function does not allow to enter more characters than the specified buffer size.
see also int21.asm in c:emu8086examples
Page 10 of 19basic 8086 and dos interrupts that are currently supported by the emulator
11. INT 21h / AH=0Bh - get input status;
returns: AL = 00h if no character available, AL = 0FFh if character is available.
INT 21h / AH=0Ch - flush keyboard buffer and read standard input.
entry: AL = number of input function to execute after flushing buffer (can be
01h,06h,07h,08h, or 0Ah - for other values the buffer is flushed but no input is attempted);
other registers as appropriate for the selected input function.
INT 21h / AH= 0Eh - select default drive.
Entry: DL = new default drive (0=A:, 1=B:, etc)
Return: AL = number of potentially valid drive letters
Notes: the return value is the highest drive present.
INT 21h / AH= 19h - get current default drive.
Return: AL = drive (0=A:, 1=B:, etc)
INT 21h / AH=25h - set interrupt vector;
input: AL = interrupt number. DS:DX -> new interrupt handler.
INT 21h / AH=2Ah - get system date;
return: CX = year (1980-2099). DH = month. DL = day. AL = day of week (00h=Sunday)
INT 21h / AH=2Ch - get system time;
return: CH = hour. CL = minute. DH = second. DL = 1/100 seconds.
Page 11 of 19basic 8086 and dos interrupts that are currently supported by the emulator
12. INT 21h / AH=35h - get interrupt vector;
entry: AL = interrupt number;
return: ES:BX -> current interrupt handler.
INT 21h / AH= 39h - make directory.
entry: DS:DX -> ASCIZ pathname; zero terminated string, for example:
org 100h
mov dx, offset filepath
mov ah, 39h
int 21h
ret
filepath DB "C:mydir", 0 ; path to be created.
end
the above code creates c:emu8086vdriveCmydir directory if run by the emulator.
Return: CF clear if successful AX destroyed. CF set on error AX = error code.
Note: all directories in the given path must exist except the last one.
INT 21h / AH= 3Ah - remove directory.
Entry: DS:DX -> ASCIZ pathname of directory to be removed.
Return:
CF is clear if successful, AX destroyed CF is set on error AX = error code.
Notes: directory must be empty (there should be no files inside of it).
INT 21h / AH= 3Bh - set current directory.
Entry: DS:DX -> ASCIZ pathname to become current directory (max 64 bytes).
Return:
Carry Flag is clear if successful, AX destroyed.
Carry Flag is set on error AX = error code.
Notes: even if new directory name includes a drive letter, the default drive is not changed,
only the current directory on that drive.
Page 12 of 19basic 8086 and dos interrupts that are currently supported by the emulator
13. INT 21h / AH= 3Ch - create or truncate file.
entry:
CX = file attributes:
mov cx, 0 ; normal - no attributes.
mov cx, 1 ; read-only.
mov cx, 2 ; hidden.
mov cx, 4 ; system
mov cx, 7 ; hidden, system and read-only!
mov cx, 16 ; archive
DS:DX -> ASCIZ filename.
returns:
CF clear if successful, AX = file handle.
CF set on error AX = error code.
note: if specified file exists it is deleted without a warning.
example:
org 100h
mov ah, 3ch
mov cx, 0
mov dx, offset filename
mov ah, 3ch
int 21h
jc err
mov handle, ax
jmp k
filename db "myfile.txt", 0
handle dw ?
err:
; ....
k:
ret
INT 21h / AH= 3Dh - open existing file.
Entry:
AL = access and sharing modes:
mov al, 0 ; read
mov al, 1 ; write
mov al, 2 ; read/write
Page 13 of 19basic 8086 and dos interrupts that are currently supported by the emulator
14. DS:DX -> ASCIZ filename.
Return:
CF clear if successful, AX = file handle.
CF set on error AX = error code.
note 1: file pointer is set to start of file.
note 2: file must exist.
example:
org 100h
mov al, 2
mov dx, offset filename
mov ah, 3dh
int 21h
jc err
mov handle, ax
jmp k
filename db "myfile.txt", 0
handle dw ?
err:
; ....
k:
ret
INT 21h / AH= 3Eh - close file.
Entry: BX = file handle
Return:
CF clear if successful, AX destroyed.
CF set on error, AX = error code (06h).
INT 21h / AH= 3Fh - read from file.
Entry:
BX = file handle.
CX = number of bytes to read.
DS:DX -> buffer for data.
Return:
CF is clear if successful - AX = number of bytes actually read; 0 if at EOF (end of file) before
call.
CF is set on error AX = error code.
Page 14 of 19basic 8086 and dos interrupts that are currently supported by the emulator
15. Note: data is read beginning at current file position, and the file position is updated after a
successful read the returned AX may be smaller than the request in CX if a partial read
occurred.
INT 21h / AH= 40h - write to file.
entry:
BX = file handle.
CX = number of bytes to write.
DS:DX -> data to write.
return:
CF clear if successful; AX = number of bytes actually written.
CF set on error; AX = error code.
note: if CX is zero, no data is written, and the file is truncated or extended to the current
position data is written beginning at the current file position, and the file position is updated
after a successful write the usual cause for AX < CX on return is a full disk.
INT 21h / AH= 41h - delete file (unlink).
Entry:
DS:DX -> ASCIZ filename (no wildcards, but see notes).
return:
CF clear if successful, AX destroyed. AL is the drive of deleted file (undocumented).
CF set on error AX = error code.
Note: DOS does not erase the file's data; it merely becomes inaccessible because the FAT
chain for the file is cleared deleting a file which is currently open may lead to filesystem
corruption.
INT 21h / AH= 42h - SEEK - set current file position.
Entry:
AL = origin of move: 0 - start of file. 1 - current file position. 2 - end of file.
BX = file handle.
CX:DX = offset from origin of new file position.
Return:
Page 15 of 19basic 8086 and dos interrupts that are currently supported by the emulator
16. CF clear if successful, DX:AX = new file position in bytes from start of file.
CF set on error, AX = error code.
Notes:
for origins 1 and 2, the pointer may be positioned before the start of the file; no error is
returned in that case, but subsequent attempts to read or write the file will produce errors. If
the new position is beyond the current end of file, the file will be extended by the next write
(see AH=40h).
example:
org 100h
mov ah, 3ch
mov cx, 0
mov dx, offset filename
mov ah, 3ch
int 21h ; create file...
mov handle, ax
mov bx, handle
mov dx, offset data
mov cx, data_size
mov ah, 40h
int 21h ; write to file...
mov al, 0
mov bx, handle
mov cx, 0
mov dx, 7
mov ah, 42h
int 21h ; seek...
mov bx, handle
mov dx, offset buffer
mov cx, 4
mov ah, 3fh
int 21h ; read from file...
mov bx, handle
mov ah, 3eh
int 21h ; close file...
ret
filename db "myfile.txt", 0
handle dw ?
data db " hello files! "
data_size=$-offset data
buffer db 4 dup(' ')
INT 21h / AH= 47h - get current directory.
Entry:
Page 16 of 19basic 8086 and dos interrupts that are currently supported by the emulator
17. DL = drive number (00h = default, 01h = A:, etc)
DS:SI -> 64-byte buffer for ASCIZ pathname.
Return:
Carry is clear if successful
Carry is set on error, AX = error code (0Fh)
Notes:
the returned path does not include a drive and the initial backslash.
INT 21h / AH=4Ch - return control to the operating system (stop program).
INT 21h / AH= 56h - rename file / move file.
Entry:
DS:DX -> ASCIZ filename of existing file.
ES:DI -> ASCIZ new filename.
Return:
CF clear if successful.
CF set on error, AX = error code.
Note: allows move between directories on same logical drive only; open files should not be
renamed!
mouse driver interrupts -- INT 33h
INT 33h / AX=0000 - mouse ininialization. any previous mouse pointer is hidden.
returns:
if successful: AX=0FFFFh and BX=number of mouse buttons.
if failed: AX=0
example:
mov ax, 0
Page 17 of 19basic 8086 and dos interrupts that are currently supported by the emulator
18. int 33h
see also: mouse.asm in examples.
INT 33h / AX=0001 - show mouse pointer.
example:
mov ax, 1
int 33h
INT 33h / AX=0002 - hide visible mouse pointer.
example:
mov ax, 2
int 33h
INT 33h / AX=0003 - get mouse position and status of its buttons.
returns:
if left button is down: BX=1
if right button is down: BX=2
if both buttons are down: BX=3
CX = x
DX = y
example:
mov ax, 3
int 33h
; note: in graphical 320x200 mode the value of CX is doubled.
; see mouse2.asm in examples.
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Page 18 of 19basic 8086 and dos interrupts that are currently supported by the emulator
19. Page 19 of 19basic 8086 and dos interrupts that are currently supported by the emulator