The document provides information on the anatomy and physiology of the breast and axilla. It discusses the location, structures, size, shape, appearance and development of the breast. It also covers the blood supply, lymph system and lymph nodes of the axilla. The document outlines aspects of health history to inquire about including the reason for seeking care, personal and family medical history, and current health. It describes examining the breasts and axillae by inspecting and palpating them.
Anatomy of the breast for medical/dental students. This presentation also contains MCQs to test your knowledge as well as clinical scenario to apply your knowledge.
Breast cancer is the most important medical challenge that we are facing in present time. I want to focus on the breast cancer after taking about normal anatomy and development of the breast. I will concern about: 1. what is the breast cancer! 2. Clinical features 3. How to detect 4. Management and prognosis.
I want to work and keep researching on Breast cancer to find the remedy to save lives.
USMLE GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY 019 Anatomical changes during pregnancy.pdfAHMED ASHOUR
Throughout the antenatal period, cervical examinations were complemented by assessments of cervical consistency, effacement, and fetal station to provide a comprehensive evaluation of cervical readiness for labor and delivery.
At 39 weeks gestation, the patient spontaneously entered labor, and cervical examination revealed complete effacement and dilation to 4 centimeters, consistent with active labor. The patient progressed through the stages of labor and delivered a healthy infant via uncomplicated vaginal delivery.
USMLE GENERAL EMBRYOLOGY 020 Anatomical basis of delivery (Normal - C.S.).pdfAHMED ASHOUR
Normal vaginal labor refers to the process of childbirth where the baby is delivered through the vagina without the need for surgical intervention such as a cesarean section.
During normal vaginal labor, the cervix dilates and effaces, allowing the baby to pass through the birth canal.
Cesarean sections, often referred to as C- sections, are surgical procedures used to deliver a baby when vaginal delivery is not possible or not safe for the mother or the baby.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
8. I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY / BREAST / Structures ! The male breast resembles the rudimentary female breast and has no lobules or alveoli .
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12. Human breast tissue begins to develop in the sixth week of fetal life. I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY / BREAST / Development (Uterine development)
13. Breast tissue * initially develops along the lines of the armpits and extends to the groin (called the milk ridge) . I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY / BREAST / Development (milk ridge & supernumerary nipples)
14. I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY / BREAST / Development (milk ridge & supernumerary nipples) Supernumerary nipples develop along the mammary line. !
15. Anne Boleyn Second wife to Henry VIII of England, and mother of Elizabeth I, is said have had a third nipple or even a third breast. This may well have been a slanderous rumour, as in Tudor times these "malformations" were considered to be a sign of the person having been a witch. The circumstances of her marriage to the king, who had divorced his first wife, made her a controversial figure. Carrie Underwood During her American Idol audition admitted to have had a third nipple which looked like a mole Famous personalities or characters known to have Extra or Supernumerary nipples are….
16. Krusty the Klown In an episode of The Simpsons, Bart, among other things knows Krusty the Klown has a third nipple, to see if he isn't an imposter.
17. I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY / BREAST / Development / Tanner’s Stage Tanner’s Stage expounds the 1 st 3 columns on Breast Development found in page 11 Tanner's stages are based on studies of white English girls. An American survey found that black girls tended to advance more quickly. Genital and pubic hair development is also classified by Tanner. Tanner's stages The preadolescent breast (Stage 1 per Tanner's sex maturity ratings) consists of a small elevated nipple with no significant underlying breast tissue. Puberty begins (usually between ages of 8 and 13, average age is 11) with the development of breast tissue and pubic hair. With the hormonal changes of puberty, breast buds form. This second stage of breast development is the breast bud stage. Here, there is elevation of the breast and nipple as a small mound; the areola begins to enlarge. Milk ducts inside the breast begin to grow. In Stage 3, there is further enlargement and elevation of the breast and areola (with no separation of their contours) The areola begins to darken in color. The milk ducts give rise to milk glands that also begin to grow. Next, there is projection of the areola and nipple to form a secondary mound (stage 4). In the mature adult breast (stage 5), there is projection of the nipple only (though in some woman the areola continues to form a secondary mound .
18. Edward Tanner also developed different Bra Classifications based on his Stages of Breast Development I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY / BREAST / Development / Tanner’s Bra Classificaion Breast and bra classification is as follows (from smallest to largest): A, B, C, D, and DD F, G, H (and larger) also exist. These biggest bra sizes are often needed by very large-breasted women, or women whose size increases with pregnancy and nursing. A training bra for developing girls (usually Tanner Stage 2, 3, or 4) is also available and is smaller than the A cup. This is sometimes called AA. (also known as Double D or sometimes called E). Though less common, the larger cup sizes of (double A) B 36 32 B C 38 D 42 C 34 32 AA 36 A 32A 30 AA D / F / G / H D / F / G / H D 40
19. The breasts grow further during pregnancy. This growth is much more uniform than that at adolescence. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY / BREAST / Development
20. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY / BREAST / Development Breasts sag if the ligaments become elongated, a natural process that can occur over time and by gravity (like the breast bouncing while exercising). ! The breasts revert to previous size with some sagging and stretch marks After pregnancy
21. To avoid the post-pregnancy effects on the breast, some women wears Pregnancy Support bras. This woman admits to wear Support bras during pregnancy. “ I wear Support bras almost 24 hrs. a day. I only remove it when taking the shower! - Sweet Life
22. The breasts of an aging woman diminish in size as the milk glands degrade. The breasts often become more saggy as this occurs and as the effects of gravity pull the breast tissue downwards. I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY / BREAST / Development / Tanner’s Stage Because the breasts become less dense after menopause, it is often easier for radiologists to detect breast cancer on an older woman’s mammogram films, since abnormalities are not hidden by breast density. !
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24. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY / AXILLA, LYMPHATICS & BLOOD SUPPLY / Lymph System Arteries carry oxygen rich blood from the heart to the chest wall and the breasts and veins take de-oxygenated blood back to the heart. The axillary artery extends from the armpit and supplies the outer half of the breast with blood; the internal mammary artery extends down from neck and supplies the inner portion of the breast.
27. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY / AXILLA, LYMPHATICS & BLOOD SUPPLY / Lymph System They are thin channels similar to blood vessels; they do not carry blood but collect and carry tissue fluid which ultimately re-enters the blood stream. Debris moves through the balancing processes of various pressure gradients.
28. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY / AXILLA, LYMPHATICS & BLOOD SUPPLY / Lymph System It is a one-way transport system that can get easily clogged because it doesn’t have a pumping system of its own but rather the lymph itself is contractile that could propel the fluid ahead or, as a resistance vessel which have valves tending to stop the lymph in its place.
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30. I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY / AXILLA, LYMPHATICS & BLOOD SUPPLY / Lymph System *
31. I. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY / AXILLA, LYMPHATICS & BLOOD SUPPLY / Lymph System * The lymphatic drainage of the breasts and other organs is particularly relevant to oncology, specifically to the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. The lymphatic system, because of its physical proximity to many tissues of the body, is responsible for carrying cancerous cells between the various parts of the body in a process called metastasis. The intervening lymph nodes can trap the cancer cells. If they are not successful in destroying the cancer cells the nodes may become sites of secondary tumors. The cancer cells can also break away from a tumour and spread to other parts of the body through the lymph system.