The document discusses brain-specific drug delivery systems. It provides background on the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which tightly regulates what can pass from the bloodstream into the brain. The BBB is formed by brain microvascular endothelial cells, astrocyte end feet, and pericytes. It allows passage of small molecules like glucose but blocks most others. New drug delivery strategies aim to overcome the BBB and directly deliver drugs to the brain for treating disorders. These include conjugating drugs to liposomes and nanoparticles or administering them through intranasal, intrathecal, or intracerebroventricular routes. Continued research seeks better therapeutic molecules and more effective delivery mechanisms.
M.pharm (Pharmaceutics) Molecular Pharmaceutics (NTDS) unit 1 part 1 Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: Concepts, Events and biological process involved in drug targeting.
M.pharm (Pharmaceutics) Molecular Pharmaceutics (NTDS) unit 1 part 1 Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: Concepts, Events and biological process involved in drug targeting.
This will provide you the introduction about the tumor, its Anatomy & Physiology,How they are monitored?, Classification and grades of tumor, Tumor Targeting Techniques, strategies and Principles. Also provide you some examples of Marketed products.
Gastrointestinal tract, Mechanism of drug absorption, Factors
affecting drug absorption, pH–partition theory of drug absorption. Formulation and physicochemical factors: Dissolution rate, Dissolution process, Noyes–Whitney equation and drug dissolution, Factors affecting the dissolution rate. Gastrointestinal absorption: Role of the dosage form: Solution (elixir, syrup and solution) as a dosage form ,Suspension as a dosage form, Capsule as a dosage form, Tablet as a dosage form ,Dissolution methods ,Formulation and processing factors, Correlation of in vivo data with in vitro dissolution data. Transport model: Permeability-Solubility-Charge State and the pH Partition Hypothesis, Properties of the Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT), pH Microclimate Intracellular pH Environment, Tight Junction Complex.
Nucleic acid based therapeutic drug delivery systemtadisriteja9
Nucleic acid based Drug delivery system is one of the trending research area, which i have taken and made as Powerpoint for easy and quick learning purpose
The brain is a delicate organ with many vital functions and many formidable mechanisms, isolate and protect it from the outside world. Unfortunately, the same mechanisms that prevent environmental chemicals accessing the brain also prevent the access of therapeutic chemicals. The brain is segregated from the circulating blood by a unique membranous barrier i.e the blood brain barrier.
Myself Omkar Tipugade , M- Pharm ,Sem - II, Department of pharmaceutics , from Shree Santkrupa College Of Pharmacy , ghogaon . Today I upload presentation on Active Transport like P-gp , BCPR, Nucleoside transporters etc .
Structural:• Absence of fenestrations• More extensive tight junctions.
Functional:• Impermeable to most substances• Sparse pinocytic vesicular transport• Increased expression of transport and carrier proteins: receptor mediated endocytosis
• No gap junctions, only tight junctions • Limited paracellular and transcellular transport
receptors for numerous hormones and neurotransmitters
Differentiation of the endothelium into a barrier layer begins during embryonic angiogenesis and in the adult is largely maintained by a close inductive association especially with foot process of of astrocytic glial cells.
This will provide you the introduction about the tumor, its Anatomy & Physiology,How they are monitored?, Classification and grades of tumor, Tumor Targeting Techniques, strategies and Principles. Also provide you some examples of Marketed products.
Gastrointestinal tract, Mechanism of drug absorption, Factors
affecting drug absorption, pH–partition theory of drug absorption. Formulation and physicochemical factors: Dissolution rate, Dissolution process, Noyes–Whitney equation and drug dissolution, Factors affecting the dissolution rate. Gastrointestinal absorption: Role of the dosage form: Solution (elixir, syrup and solution) as a dosage form ,Suspension as a dosage form, Capsule as a dosage form, Tablet as a dosage form ,Dissolution methods ,Formulation and processing factors, Correlation of in vivo data with in vitro dissolution data. Transport model: Permeability-Solubility-Charge State and the pH Partition Hypothesis, Properties of the Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT), pH Microclimate Intracellular pH Environment, Tight Junction Complex.
Nucleic acid based therapeutic drug delivery systemtadisriteja9
Nucleic acid based Drug delivery system is one of the trending research area, which i have taken and made as Powerpoint for easy and quick learning purpose
The brain is a delicate organ with many vital functions and many formidable mechanisms, isolate and protect it from the outside world. Unfortunately, the same mechanisms that prevent environmental chemicals accessing the brain also prevent the access of therapeutic chemicals. The brain is segregated from the circulating blood by a unique membranous barrier i.e the blood brain barrier.
Myself Omkar Tipugade , M- Pharm ,Sem - II, Department of pharmaceutics , from Shree Santkrupa College Of Pharmacy , ghogaon . Today I upload presentation on Active Transport like P-gp , BCPR, Nucleoside transporters etc .
Structural:• Absence of fenestrations• More extensive tight junctions.
Functional:• Impermeable to most substances• Sparse pinocytic vesicular transport• Increased expression of transport and carrier proteins: receptor mediated endocytosis
• No gap junctions, only tight junctions • Limited paracellular and transcellular transport
receptors for numerous hormones and neurotransmitters
Differentiation of the endothelium into a barrier layer begins during embryonic angiogenesis and in the adult is largely maintained by a close inductive association especially with foot process of of astrocytic glial cells.
A seminar on Brain targetted delivery system has been presented here. Role of nanoparticles in such above mentioned drug delivery system is also menitoned here.
Pharmacopoeia is an official publication describing drugs, chemicals, and medicinal preparations as well as containing directions of compound identification. The word ‘Pharmacopoeia’ is widely used and common spelling but ‘Pharmacopeia’ used only in USP.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
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This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
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Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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Brain specific delivery system
1. BRAIN SPECIFIC DELIVERY SYSTEM
By Tushar Chavan
M Pharmacy 2018-2019
K.Y.D.S.C.T.College of Pharmacy, Sakegaon
NMU, Jalgaon
Updated April 30, 2019
CONTENT
1. History
2. Aim
3. Introduction
4. Blood brain barrier
5. Anatomy of BBB
6. Types of ependymal cells
7. Physiology of BBB
8. Functions of BBB
9. Diseases related to BBB
10.Factors affecting drug delivery to brain
11.Conclusion
1. HISTORY
• The existence of such a barrier was recognized and revealed - by Paul
Ehrlich in the late-19th century.
• The aniline dyes stain all of the organs of an animal except the brain
• The scanning electron microscope in the 1960s demonstrated the barrier
membrane.
2. AIM
• Drug delivery to the brain is the process of passing therapeutically active
molecules across the Blood Brain Barrier for the purpose of treating brain
maladies.
2. • This is a complex process that must take into account the complex anatomy of
the brain as well as the restrictions imposed by the special junctions of the Blood
Brain Barrier.
• In response to the insufficiency in conventional delivery mechanisms,
aggressive research efforts have recently focused on the development of new
strategies to more effectively deliver drug molecules to the CNS.
• Various routes of administration as well as conjugations of drugs. E.g. with
liposomes and nanoparticles are considered.
3. INTRODUCTION
• Some routes of direct administration to the brain are non-invasive such as
trans-nasal route, whereas others involve entry into the CNS by devices and
needles such as in case of intrathecal and intracerebroventricular is considered
along with sustained and controlled release delivery.
• Overcoming the difficulty of delivering therapeutic agents to specific
regions of the brain presents a major challenge to treatment of most brain
disorders.
• The brain (central nervous system) is protected by barriers which control the
entry of compounds into the brain, thereby regulating brain homeostasis.
• Brain is tightly segregated from the circulating blood by a unique
membranous barrier - the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB).
4. BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER
• The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective permeability barrier that
separates the circulating blood from the brain extracellular fluid (BECF) in the
central nervous system (CNS).
• BBB is a unique membranous barrier that tightly segregates the brain from
the circulating blood.
• The blood-brain barrier acts very effectively to protect the brain from many
common bacterial infections.
3. • The blood-brain barrier is composed of high density cells, restricting
passage of substances from the bloodstream other than endothelial cells in
capillaries.
5. ANATOMY OF BBB
• Capillaries of brain are lined with a layer of special endothelial cells that
lack fenestrations and are sealed with tight junctions
• These tight junctions are called zona occludens.
• The tight junctions produced by the interaction of several transmembrane
proteins such as occludin and claudin that project into and seal the paracellular
pathway.
• The interaction of these junctional proteins is complex and effectively
blocks an aqueous route of free diffusion for polar solutes from blood along these
potential paracellular pathways and thus denies these solutes free access to brain
interstitial (extracellular) fluid.
6. Types of Ependymal cells
Ependymal cell lining the cerebral ventricles and glial cells are of three types:
1] ASTROCYTE
• Astrocytes form the structural framework for the neurons and control their
biochemical environment. Astrocytes foot processes or limbs that spread out and
abutting one other, encapsulate the capillaries closely associated with the blood
vessels to form the BBB.
2] OLIGODENDROCYTE
• Oligodendrocytes are responsible for the formation and maintenance of the
myelin sheath, which surrounds axons and is essential for the fast transmission of
action potentials by salutatory conduction.
3] MICROGLIAL CELLS
4. • Microglias are blood derived mononuclear macrophages. The tight junctions
between endothelial cells results in a very high trans-endothelial electrical
resistance of 1500-2000 Ω.cm2 compared to 3-33 Ω.cm2 of other tissues which
reduces the aqueous based paracellular diffusion that is observed in other organs.
*BBB is a Structural and functional barrier which impedes and regulates the influx
of most compounds from blood to brain, Formed by- Brain microvascular
endothelial cells (BMEC) astrocyte end feet pericytes
• Regulates passage of molecules in and out of brain to maintain neural
environment.
• Responsible for metabolic activities such as the metabolism of Ldopa to regulate
its concentration in the brain.
7. PHYSIOLOGY OF BBB
• Small hydrophilic molecules such as amino acids, glucose, and other molecules
necessary for the survival of brain cells use transporters expressed at the luminal
(blood) and basolateral (brain) side of the endothelial cells.
• Larger and/or hydrophilic essential molecules such as hormones, transferrin for
iron, insulin, and lipoproteins use specific receptors that are highly expressed on
the luminal side of the endothelial cells.
• These receptors function in the endocytosis and transcytosis of compounds
across the BBB.
• Small lipophilic molecules can diffuse passively across the BBB into the
brain but will be exposed to efflux pumps (P-glycoprotein [P-gp].
8. FUNCTIONS OF BBB
• The BBB acts very effectively to protect the brain from many common bacterial
infections.
5. • Infections of the brain that do occur are often very serious and difficult to treat.
• Antibodies are too large to cross the blood–brain barrier, and only certain
antibiotics are able to pass.
• The blood–brain barrier becomes more permeable during inflammation.
• This allows some antibiotics and phagocytes to move across the BBB. However,
this also allows bacteria and viruses to infiltrate the BBB.
• An exception to the bacterial exclusion is the diseases caused by spirochetes,
such as Borrelia, which causes Lyme disease, and Treponema pallidum, which
causes syphilis. These harmful bacteria seem to breach the blood–brain barrier by
physically tunneling through the blood vessel walls. 20
9. DISEASE RELATED TO BBB
• Meningitis
• Brain abscess
• Epilepsy
• Multiple sclerosis
• Neuromyelitis optica
• Late-stage neurological trypanosomiasis (Sleeping sickness)
• Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)
• Alzheimer's disease, etc.
6. 10. FACTORS AFFECTIONG DRUG DELIVERY TO BRAIN-
1. Blood brain barrier (BBB)
2. Cerebrospinal fluid
3. Physico-chemical factors
* BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER
• Present at level of brain capillaries
• Different cell types involved are, * endothelial cells * pericytes *
astrocytes * microglia's
• Brain microvessel endothelial cells(BMEC)
• P-glycoprotein(p-gp) at luminal membrane of BMEC
* BRAIN-CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
• types of fluids in entire brain * interstitial fluids * Cerebrospinal fluids *
inter cellular fluids
• Choroid plexus
• Arachinoid spaces
* PHYSICO-CHEMICAL FACTORS
• Molecular weight –limiting factor at >600 Dalton.
• Lipid solubility
• Log p value , between 0.2-1.3 shows optimal cerebral transport
• Ex: The hypnotic activity of CNS depressants reached a maximum when log p of
octanol-water partition coefficient was near to 2.
• Passive transport
7. • Active transport
11. CONCULSION
• The treatment of brain diseases is particularly challenging because the delivery of
drug molecules to the brain is often precluded by a variety of physiological,
metabolic and biochemical obstacles that collectively comprise the BBB, BCB and
BTB.
• Drug delivery directly to the brain interstitium has recently been markedly
enhanced through the rational design of polymer-based drug delivery systems.
• Substantial progress will only come about, however, if continued vigorous
research efforts to develop more therapeutic and less toxic drug molecules are
paralleled by the aggressive pursuit of more effective mechanisms for delivering
those drugs to their brain targets.