Naegleria fowleri is a microscopic, single-celled amoeba that lives in warm bodies of freshwater and soil. It can cause a rare, but usually fatal infection of the brain called primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) if water containing the amoeba enters the nose. Symptoms appear 2-15 days after infection and include fever, nausea, vomiting, and headaches. The infection progresses rapidly and usually causes death within 1-2 weeks. Diagnosis involves examining cerebrospinal fluid for the presence of the amoeba. Treatment options are limited and most patients do not survive even with drug therapy.

3. CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• LIFE CYCLE
• PATHOGENICITY
• MOA
• SYMPTOMS
• TREATMENT
• DIAGNOSES
• CONCULUSION
• REFERANCE

4. WHAT IS BRAIN EATING AMOEBA
• Amoebas are single-celled organisms, so-called brain-eating
amoeba is a species discovered in 1975. It's formal name
is Naegleria fowleri. Although first identified in Australia, this
amoeba is believed to have evolved in the U.S1.
• Naegleria fowleri is microscopic: 8 micrometers to 15
micrometers in size, depending on its life stage and
environment.
• Like other amoebas, Naegleria reproduces by cell division.
When conditions are favorable, the cysts turn into trophozoites
the feeding form of the amoeba.

5. WHERE ARE BRAIN EATING AMOEBA
FOUND
• Naegleria loves very warm
water. It can survive as hot
as 113 degrees F.
• Water ,lakes , ponds.
• Slow floating water.
• Untreated swimming pool.
• Thermally polluted water.
• Aquariums.
• Soil including indoor dust.

6. LIFE CYCLE
• This occurs in 3 forms
• Cyst stage
• Trophozite (amoeboid) stage
• Flagellated stage
• It does not form cyst in human tissues. Only the amoeboid
trophozite exits in human tissues. The flagellated form can
exist in cerebrospinal fluid.

8. • CYST STAGE- Trophozoite encyst due to unfavorable
conditions. Factors that induce cyst formation include a lack
of food, overcrowding, desiccation, accumulation of waste
products, and cold temperature. N.Fowleri has been found to
encyst at temperature below 10 c.
• TROPHOZITE STAGE-This reproductive stage of the
protozoan organism, which transforms near 25 °C (77 °F) and
grows fastest around 42 °C proliferates by binary fusion.
• FLAGELLATE STAGE-The flagellate form does not exist
in human tissue, but can exist in the cerebrospinal fluid. The
transformation of trophozoite to flagellate occurs within a
few hours.

10. PATHOGENICITY
• N. fowleri can cause a lethal infection of the brain called
naegleriasis also known as primary amoebic
meningoencephalitis (PAM)2. Infections can occur when water
containing N. fowleri is breathed in through the nose, where it
then invades through nasal tissue and olfactory nerve tissue to
enter the brain.

11. HOW PEOPLE GET INFECTED
• N. fowleri normally eats bacteria. But when the amoeba gets
into humans, it uses the brain as a food source1
• The nose is the pathway of the amoeba, so infection occurs
most often from diving or performing water sports in which
water is forced into the nose
• A person infected with N. fowleri cannot spread the infection
to another person

12. HOW DO AMOEBA GETS IN TO BRAIN
• N.Fowleri after entering into
the brain it will hijack the
host cell using a special feet
called pseudo pause, then
the amoeba cut the hole in
the cell wall and when the
contents of cell are leaked
out then amoeba eats them.
• This binds for its food and
shelter3.

13. HOW FREQUENTLY DOES PEOPLE
GET INFECTED
• Even though N. fowleri amoebas are relatively common, they
only rarely cause brain disease.
• Studies show that many people may have antibodies to N.
fowleri. That suggests that they became infected with the
amoeba but that their immune systems fought it off.
• It's not at all clear whether N. fowleri is a rare infection or a
more common infection that only sometimes cause.

14. HOW LONG SYMPTOMS APPEAR
• It takes two to 15 days for symptoms to appear after N. fowleri
amoebas enter the nose.
• Death usually occurs three to seven days after symptoms
appear.
• The average time to death is 5.3 days from symptom onset.
• Only a handful of patients worldwide have been reported to
have survived an infection.

15. SYMPTOMS
Fever
Nausea
vomiting
Loss of appetite
Seizures
coma
Hallucination
Loss of sense
and tasteBlur vision

16. DIAGNOSES
• A lumbar puncture and analysis of CSF fluid for the presence
of this organism is the best diagnostic test.
• The CSF fluid may be slight cloudy and the glucose levels are
normal to low up to 80mg/dl (or) <40mg/dl(low).

18. TREATMENT
• The right treatment is not clear.
• A number of drugs kill N. fowleri amoebas in the test tube.
• But even when treated with these drugs, very few patients
survive.
• The drugs which are in clinical use are- Rifampin, Gentamicin,
Vancomycin, Penicillin-G.

19. HOW TO PROTECT
• It makes sense to avoid swimming underwater, diving,
jumping in warm water.
• It also makes sense to wear a nose clip when swimming,
boating, or playing in or on warm waters.
• And if you are cleansing your nostrils, be sure to fill your neti
pot or squeeze bottle with distilled or sterile water - not tap
water.

20. CONCULUSION
• The conclusions of present discussion is that the diagnostic
test and medications available to treat this disease is limited.
• In vitro study relives that most of the molecules effective
against Nigeria fowler caused by Meningo Encephalitis and
are failed in pre clinical studies.
• Hence there is an urgency in research and development in
identifying the new lead molecule to treat this disease.

21. REFERENCES
• 1. http://www.webmd.com/brain/brain-eating-amoeba.
• 2. The epidemiology of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
In the USA, 1962-2008
• 3. Monsters Inside Me Brain Amoeba(video)
• 4.Images/photo from Google images
• 5. "Resistance of pathogenic Naegleria to some common
physical and chemical agents

22. THANK YOU