5. Define:
• Naegleria fowleri is a free living,thermophilic form of
protist that live naturally in most warm fresh waterway
including lakes, that are poorly maintained and eat brain
tissue
Usually are microscopic amoeba.
• Cause infection in human brain.
6. Worldwide in distribution:
• United states
• Australia
• Mexico
• In U.S more frequently in
southern states.
• In ponds,river,hot spring.
Geographic distribution
7.
8. character
• known as ‘’brain-eating amoeba’.
• causing a fulminant brain infection called
naegleriasis(PAM).
• Eukaryotes.
• amaeboflagellate
10. Grow best at moderately elevated
temperature.
Thermotolerent $ able to survive 45c.
Also live in non chlorinated water.
Enter into human brain during water
related activities such as swimming.
Also enter through nasal irrigation .
Character
11. • Dr’s fowler and cutler 1st discover this disease
in Australia in 1965.
• Total 144 peoples die
• Discovery in Pakistan :( Karachi)
• Firstly reported in Karachi in 2006.
• 13 cases reported in this year.
Discovery
12. • 2011:1 case reported in 2 February.
• 2012: 44 people died.
• 9 October 2013: 10 cases confirmed .
• 12 July 2014: 2 death occur 1 from Karachi $ 1 from
Hyderabad.
• 16 May 2015: 2 deaths happed ,total 3 death occur in this
year
13. • 16 May 2015: Total 3 death occur in this year.
• 2008-2015: 98 death occurs.
• 13 June 2016: 14 people died in summer.
• 14 April 2017: 23 year old men died.
•
14. • In Sindh:
• 2015: 14 deaths occur.
• 2017: 1st death occurs in April.
• 2008-2011: Karachi uni revealed death of 110 people.
15. • Life cycle of naegleria fowleri exist in 3 forms:
• Cyst.
• Trophozoite:
• It exist in two forms;
• Amoeboid $
• flagellated
Morphology
16. Life cycle
• It's spherical.
• About 7-15um in diameter.
• Smooth, single layer wall with single nucleus.
• Resistant to environmental factor.
• Cyst formation occur due to lack of food,
cold ‘T’.
• Encyst at ‘T’ 10c.
18. flagellate
• Pear shaped.
• Bi- flagellate.
• form when trophozite is un-favorable condition.
• Exist only in CSF.
• Transformation from occur only in few hours.
• Non reproductive stage
32. Initial symptoms appear 1-7 days after infection.
After start of symptoms, disease progress rapidly $ death
usually occur within 5 days.
33. • Avoid public pool with improper arrangement.
• Use nose clip.
• Use chlorinate water.
• Use boiled water for cleaning nose.
• Don’t enter into pool during summer season.
• Avoid digging .
Prevention/
management
34. • Trophozoite once in nasal cavity, trigger immune
system.
• Chemo kinase IL-8, signal neutrophils.
• Inflammatory response.
• Develop hemorrhage.
Immunity
response
35. F test:
• N.F infection diagnosis made by examination of fresh
CSF.
• CSF centrifuged for 5 minute.
• Sediment suspension is obtained, a drop of it kept on
slide and mounted with cover slip.
Diagnostic
test
37. Culturing
• Took sample $ added to growth plate.
• Incubating at high temperature.
• It’s visualized as track made by amoeba.
• when N.F determine it undergo further testing
• Also be identify by staining culture.
• Stained culture show trophozoite.
38. • Amphotericin ‘B’ is most common drug.
• It’s antifungal drug .
• usually injected into vein/space .
• require high dose.
Treatment
39. Rifampicin
• Rifampicin has also been used along with amphotericin
‘B’ as a cocktail.
• chlorpromazine also used.
