Agent-SSSN: a strategic scanning system network based on multiagent intellige...IJERA Editor
This article reports a development of a strategic scanning system network prototype system based on multi agent
system and ontology, called Agent-SSSN, for developing business intelligent strategies. This is a cooperative
approach to integrate the knowledge of experts in business intelligent system. The approach presented in this
chapter is targeted towards using ontologies. The use of ontologies in MAS environment enables agent to share
a common set of concept about context, expert user profiles and other domain elements while interacting with
each other. In this paper, we focus especially on the modeling of the system Multi-Agents using O-MaSE
(Organization-based Multiagent Systems Engineering Methodology) and a conceptual diagram of the ontology
database.
IS/IT Capability and Strategic Information System Planning (SISP) SuccessIJMIT JOURNAL
Successful planning of Information Systems (SISP) is perhaps going to be more problematic in today’s world of rapid change and uncertainty. SISP is a cornerstone of the information system discipline and very little attention has been paid to its success based on the resource based view of the firm (RBV).This paper provides a model for IT capability and strategic information system planning success, by considering environmental and organizational factors that may influence this relationship in a contingency model. A review of existing IT capability and SISP literature is given to identify the opportunities in building successful SISP. A model is developed by hypothesizing IT capability as independent variable leads to SISP success as dependent variable; in which organizational & environmental influences are considered as moderating variables. The control variables are firm size, firm structure, and industry type. The study proposes a model to conceptualize the relationship between IT capabilities and SISP success and contingency factors moderating that relationship. This paper explains the ways of exploiting IT capabilities as specialized and integrated knowledge of the firm in IT area to create a more successful SISP. The researchers believe that the aim to build a model for SISP success based on RBV theory is important because this new perspective will be helpful for gaining a superior assessment and better underpinning of the SISP from a knowledge based perspective.
EFFECTS OF HUMAN FACTOR ON THE SUCCESS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY OUTSOURCINGijitcs
Information technology outsourcing is one of the factors affecting the improvement of flexibility and
dynamics of enterprises in the competitive environment. Also, the study of the factors affecting its success
has been always considered by business owners and the area of research. Professional experiences and
research results consider that the success of IT (Information technology) outsourcing projects relates to the
effective knowledge transfer and human factors. The human factors are influenced by the cultural and
environmental context of the inside and outside of the organization. Hence, it is necessary to study the
effectiveness of these variables in different cultural environments. This study investigates the effect of
human factors including the customer motivation and vendor willingness on the success of IT outsourcing
projects. For this purpose, the research hypotheses were developed and analyzed by the structural equation
method. The result of a field study among 94 companies and organizations show the difference of the
findings of this study with earlier findings in other countries. Based on the findings, the client motivation
doesn’t affect the knowledge transfer but the vendor willingness affects the customer motivation to
knowledge transfer. This result can help the business owners to take appropriate approaches for achieving
success in IT outsourcing projects.
An Empirical Study on the information systems in the Moroccan organizations: ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
An information system, it’s the key point of the success of companies [5] [6]. Where from the necessity of investing to develop information systems, these investments concern to infrastructures, application software’s, set up systems, and existing processes. Companies have to follow policies to manage well their investment of information systems in an economic and optimal way, it is the subject of this paper. To validate our subject, our hypothesis, a study of ground was necessary. We opted for an empirical study on the information systems of the high-level Moroccan organizations in various sectors, by basing itself on scientific foundations. The study and the data analysis allowed us to propose new simplified models.
Agent-SSSN: a strategic scanning system network based on multiagent intellige...IJERA Editor
This article reports a development of a strategic scanning system network prototype system based on multi agent
system and ontology, called Agent-SSSN, for developing business intelligent strategies. This is a cooperative
approach to integrate the knowledge of experts in business intelligent system. The approach presented in this
chapter is targeted towards using ontologies. The use of ontologies in MAS environment enables agent to share
a common set of concept about context, expert user profiles and other domain elements while interacting with
each other. In this paper, we focus especially on the modeling of the system Multi-Agents using O-MaSE
(Organization-based Multiagent Systems Engineering Methodology) and a conceptual diagram of the ontology
database.
IS/IT Capability and Strategic Information System Planning (SISP) SuccessIJMIT JOURNAL
Successful planning of Information Systems (SISP) is perhaps going to be more problematic in today’s world of rapid change and uncertainty. SISP is a cornerstone of the information system discipline and very little attention has been paid to its success based on the resource based view of the firm (RBV).This paper provides a model for IT capability and strategic information system planning success, by considering environmental and organizational factors that may influence this relationship in a contingency model. A review of existing IT capability and SISP literature is given to identify the opportunities in building successful SISP. A model is developed by hypothesizing IT capability as independent variable leads to SISP success as dependent variable; in which organizational & environmental influences are considered as moderating variables. The control variables are firm size, firm structure, and industry type. The study proposes a model to conceptualize the relationship between IT capabilities and SISP success and contingency factors moderating that relationship. This paper explains the ways of exploiting IT capabilities as specialized and integrated knowledge of the firm in IT area to create a more successful SISP. The researchers believe that the aim to build a model for SISP success based on RBV theory is important because this new perspective will be helpful for gaining a superior assessment and better underpinning of the SISP from a knowledge based perspective.
EFFECTS OF HUMAN FACTOR ON THE SUCCESS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY OUTSOURCINGijitcs
Information technology outsourcing is one of the factors affecting the improvement of flexibility and
dynamics of enterprises in the competitive environment. Also, the study of the factors affecting its success
has been always considered by business owners and the area of research. Professional experiences and
research results consider that the success of IT (Information technology) outsourcing projects relates to the
effective knowledge transfer and human factors. The human factors are influenced by the cultural and
environmental context of the inside and outside of the organization. Hence, it is necessary to study the
effectiveness of these variables in different cultural environments. This study investigates the effect of
human factors including the customer motivation and vendor willingness on the success of IT outsourcing
projects. For this purpose, the research hypotheses were developed and analyzed by the structural equation
method. The result of a field study among 94 companies and organizations show the difference of the
findings of this study with earlier findings in other countries. Based on the findings, the client motivation
doesn’t affect the knowledge transfer but the vendor willingness affects the customer motivation to
knowledge transfer. This result can help the business owners to take appropriate approaches for achieving
success in IT outsourcing projects.
An Empirical Study on the information systems in the Moroccan organizations: ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
An information system, it’s the key point of the success of companies [5] [6]. Where from the necessity of investing to develop information systems, these investments concern to infrastructures, application software’s, set up systems, and existing processes. Companies have to follow policies to manage well their investment of information systems in an economic and optimal way, it is the subject of this paper. To validate our subject, our hypothesis, a study of ground was necessary. We opted for an empirical study on the information systems of the high-level Moroccan organizations in various sectors, by basing itself on scientific foundations. The study and the data analysis allowed us to propose new simplified models.
Conceptualizing Information Technology Governance Model for Higher Education:...journalBEEI
Information Technology (IT) governance has been emerging as a central issue in many organizations. This is because IT governance is key to realizing IT business value. Past studies have focused on the three aspects of IT governance, namely, structural capability, process capability and relational capability. At the same time, some studies have suggested that IT governance process should be viewed as a learning process rather than a problem solving process. Based on this scenario, the role of knowledge and knowledge based processes should be the central focus of IT governance. As a learning process, IT governance effectiveness can be determined by how much impact IT governance practices has influenced on decision-makers’ thinking and actions. In this case, knowledge capacity absorbed from IT governance experience reflects a certain level of organizational learning (OL) achieved which later influences the level of IT governance performance. Since studies that adopt this perspective is lacking, this paper proposes a conceptual framework based on absorptive capacity approach for an IT governance performance model in the higher education. The paper contributes theoretically by extending the knowledge of IT governance by exploring a new perspective on OL
Intellectual capital: A modern model to measure the value creation in a businessAI Publications
Using a sample of 92 patients, this study looked into the impact of intellectual capital on the efficiency of private hospitals. The researchers used a quantitative approach to assess the effect of Intellectual capital (Human capital, Structural capital, and Relational capital) on long-term competitive advantage in private hospitals in Iraq's Kurdistan region. The research sample was selected using a random sampling method and conducted in various locations across Iraq's Kurdistan province. A total of 110 questionnaires were distributed, but only 92 people correctly completed them. The findings revealed that the most effective relationship with firm success was between human capital as an element of Intellectual capital, while the least effective relationship was between ownership as an element of Intellectual capital. Furthermore, our findings indicate that finance managers should use debts as a last resort in terms of intellectual capital. Finally, our research can be improved by using more controlled variables, a greater sample size, and data from a longer time span in the regression models. Other methods and steps can be used as well.
Analyzing E-Government Development in Kudus Local Government Using SWOT AnalysisEdhie Wibowo
E-government is an important tool for public sector transformation and a force for effective governance, and the Government of Indonesia has been trying to utilize the advances of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) for the public. This research tries to analyze the e-government developments in Kudus Local Government to find the strength and weakness within the organization, as well as the opportunity and threat outside the organization.Using qualitative analysis method, a field research has been done in Kudus Local Government. All findings then analyzed to find the best using SWOT Analysis.The result of this research shows us, that e-government development in Kudus Local Government could be improved in the future by using the precise analysis in the development process to create the best strategic plans based on the analysis and could be used as an insight to develop a new system more effective and efficient in the future.
There is growing discussion in many organizations on monetizing data, not only as a revenue source, but as a balance sheet item. John will cover some of the new and more interesting methods being kicked around for measuring data as an asset.
EMPLOYEE ATTRITION PREDICTION IN INDUSTRY USING MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUESIAEME Publication
Companies are always looking for ways to keep their professional personnel on board in order to save money on hiring and training. Predicting whether or not a specific employee would depart will assist the organisation in making proactive decisions. Human resource problems, unlike physical systems, cannot be defined by a scientific-analytical formula. As a result, machine learning approaches are the most effective instruments for achieving this goal. In this study, a feature selection strategy based on a Machine Learning Classifier is proposed to improve classification accuracy, precision, and True Positive Rate while lowering error rates such as False Positive Rate and Miss Rate. Different feature selection techniques, such as Information Gain, Gain Ratio, Chi-Square, Correlation-based, and Fisher Exact test, are analysed with six Machine Learning classifiers, such as Artificial Neural Network, Support Vector Machine, Gradient Boosting Tree, Bagging, Random Forest, and Decision Tree, for the proposed approach. In this study, combining Chi-Square feature selection with a Gradient Boosting Tree classifier improves employee attrition classification accuracy while lowering error rates.
Small and medium enterprise business solutions using data visualizationjournalBEEI
The small and medium enterprise (SME) companies optimize performance using different automated systems to highlight the operations concerns. However, lack of efficient visualization in reporting results in slow feedbacks, difficulties in extracting root cause, and minimal corrective actions. To complicate matters, the data heterogeneity has intensely increased, and it is produced in a fast manner making it unmanageable if the traditional methods of analytics are applied. Hence, we propose the use of a dashboard that can summarize the operational events using real-time data based on the data visualization approach. This proposed solution summarizes the raw data, which allows the user to make informed decisions that can give a positive impact on business performance. An interactive intelligent dashboard for SME (iid-SME) is developed to tackle issues such as measurement of cases completed, the duration of time needed to solve a case, the individual performance of handling cases and other tasks as a proof of concept. From the result, the implementation of the iid-SME approach simplifies the conveyance of the message and helps the SME personnel to make decisions. With the positive feedback obtained, it is envisaged that such a solution can be further employed for SME improvement for better profit and decision making.
Intelligent Portfolio Management via NLP Analysis of Financial 10-k Statementsgerogepatton
The paper attempts to analyze if the sentiment stability of financial 10-K reports over time can determine
the company’s future mean returns. A diverse portfolio of stocks was selected to test this hypothesis. The
proposed framework downloads 10-K reports of the companies from SEC’s EDGAR database. It passes
them through the preprocessing pipeline to extract critical sections of the filings to perform NLP analysis.
Using Loughran and McDonald sentiment word list, the framework generates sentiment TF-IDF from the
10-K documents to calculate the cosine similarity between two consecutive 10-K reports and proposes to
leverage this cosine similarity as the alpha factor. For analyzing the effectiveness of our alpha factor at
predicting future returns, the framework uses the alphalens library to perform factor return analysis,
turnover analysis, and for comparing the Sharpe ratio of potential alpha factors. The results show that
there exists a strong correlation between the sentiment stability of our portfolio’s 10-K statements and its
future mean returns. For the benefit of the research community, the code and Jupyter notebooks related to
this paper have been open-sourced on Github1.
The Influence of Aligning Information Technology (IT) Strategy, Performance C...ijmpict
Strategic alignment of Information Technology (IT) with Corporate Strategy remains a key concern for enterprises and scholars over decades. Strategic IT alignment is widening its adoption across globe due to its empirically proven capability of improving organizational performance. Most of the studies on strategic alignment have however focused on developing countries and thus creating a significant gap in the alignment research. This paper presents how strategic IT alignment can be used in a developing country setting to improve both institutional performance and innovation. The hindrances and theoretical implications of strategic alignment in a developing country setting are also discussed and future research direction explored.
The findings in this study have shown that when IT strategy is aligned with Performance contract, institutional performance is improved; when IT strategy is aligned with IT organizational structure, institutional performance is enhanced; and, there is a positive effect on institutional performance when IT strategy is aligned with Performance contract and IT organizational structure.
An exploratory study in airline and banking call centre in indonesia toward b...ijmvsc
As BPO firms plan to execute various types of processes in an offshore model, they face a host of decisions
regarding different resources. Amongst the most crucial resources for these processes is information
availability. Information is the vital connecting link between the client and the human and locational
resources of the BPO firms. Some Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) vendors are providing
Information Technology (IT) Enabled Process Outsourcing and Reengineering service to clients. IT
Enabled Process Outsourcing and Reengineering of tasks and reports printing function can result in the
strategic benefit of better customer response time derived from a dramatic decrease in cycle time. This
approach can result in significant cost savings. This paper sets out the issues in managing information in
two different contexts of Direct Customer Interaction and Routine back-office. By analyzing
communication, information retrieval and information distribution activities, it develops a framework for a
deeper exploration of each type of outsourcing.
A case study of using the hybrid model of scrum and six sigma in software dev...IJECEIAES
The world of software engineering is constantly discovering new ways that lead to an increase in team performance in the production of software products and, at the same time, brings the customer's further satisfaction. With the advent of agile methodologies in software development, these objectives have been considered more seriously by software teams and companies. Due to their very nature, agile methodologies have the potential to be integrated with other methodologies or specific managerial approaches defined in line with agility objectives. One of the cases is Six Sigma, which is used in organizations by focusing on organizational change and process improvement. In the present study, attempts were made to present the hybrid software development approach, including Scrum, as the most common agile and Six Sigma methodology. This approach was practically used in a case study, and the obtained results were analyzed. The results of this evaluation showed that this hybrid method could lead to the increased team performance and customer satisfaction. However, besides these two achievements, an increase in the number of re-works, number of defects discovered, and the duration of the project implementation were also observed. These cases are in line with the main objectives of Scrum and Six Sigma and are justifiable and acceptable due to achieving those objectives.
Influence of Knowledge Management Processes on Organizational Performance in ...inventionjournals
This research attempts to establish a link between knowledge management processes and organizational performance in knowledge intensive service sectors. The key dimensions of knowledge management processes have been identified which could influence the organizational performance. Metric has been developed for the empirical investigation of the relationships between these research constructs. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) using partial least square techniques has been used to test these hypotheses with a sample size of 491 knowledge workers (330 - Higher educational institutions and 161 from the IT companies) to investigate the empirical relationships between the factors. All the four hypotheses were supported. The testing of the hypotheses justified the identification of the key dimensions of KM as the critical success factors in terms of the organizational performance. Implications of the study would enable the strategic planning managers to make their knowledge management processes more effective so as to enhance the organizational performance
Conceptualizing Information Technology Governance Model for Higher Education:...journalBEEI
Information Technology (IT) governance has been emerging as a central issue in many organizations. This is because IT governance is key to realizing IT business value. Past studies have focused on the three aspects of IT governance, namely, structural capability, process capability and relational capability. At the same time, some studies have suggested that IT governance process should be viewed as a learning process rather than a problem solving process. Based on this scenario, the role of knowledge and knowledge based processes should be the central focus of IT governance. As a learning process, IT governance effectiveness can be determined by how much impact IT governance practices has influenced on decision-makers’ thinking and actions. In this case, knowledge capacity absorbed from IT governance experience reflects a certain level of organizational learning (OL) achieved which later influences the level of IT governance performance. Since studies that adopt this perspective is lacking, this paper proposes a conceptual framework based on absorptive capacity approach for an IT governance performance model in the higher education. The paper contributes theoretically by extending the knowledge of IT governance by exploring a new perspective on OL
Intellectual capital: A modern model to measure the value creation in a businessAI Publications
Using a sample of 92 patients, this study looked into the impact of intellectual capital on the efficiency of private hospitals. The researchers used a quantitative approach to assess the effect of Intellectual capital (Human capital, Structural capital, and Relational capital) on long-term competitive advantage in private hospitals in Iraq's Kurdistan region. The research sample was selected using a random sampling method and conducted in various locations across Iraq's Kurdistan province. A total of 110 questionnaires were distributed, but only 92 people correctly completed them. The findings revealed that the most effective relationship with firm success was between human capital as an element of Intellectual capital, while the least effective relationship was between ownership as an element of Intellectual capital. Furthermore, our findings indicate that finance managers should use debts as a last resort in terms of intellectual capital. Finally, our research can be improved by using more controlled variables, a greater sample size, and data from a longer time span in the regression models. Other methods and steps can be used as well.
Analyzing E-Government Development in Kudus Local Government Using SWOT AnalysisEdhie Wibowo
E-government is an important tool for public sector transformation and a force for effective governance, and the Government of Indonesia has been trying to utilize the advances of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) for the public. This research tries to analyze the e-government developments in Kudus Local Government to find the strength and weakness within the organization, as well as the opportunity and threat outside the organization.Using qualitative analysis method, a field research has been done in Kudus Local Government. All findings then analyzed to find the best using SWOT Analysis.The result of this research shows us, that e-government development in Kudus Local Government could be improved in the future by using the precise analysis in the development process to create the best strategic plans based on the analysis and could be used as an insight to develop a new system more effective and efficient in the future.
There is growing discussion in many organizations on monetizing data, not only as a revenue source, but as a balance sheet item. John will cover some of the new and more interesting methods being kicked around for measuring data as an asset.
EMPLOYEE ATTRITION PREDICTION IN INDUSTRY USING MACHINE LEARNING TECHNIQUESIAEME Publication
Companies are always looking for ways to keep their professional personnel on board in order to save money on hiring and training. Predicting whether or not a specific employee would depart will assist the organisation in making proactive decisions. Human resource problems, unlike physical systems, cannot be defined by a scientific-analytical formula. As a result, machine learning approaches are the most effective instruments for achieving this goal. In this study, a feature selection strategy based on a Machine Learning Classifier is proposed to improve classification accuracy, precision, and True Positive Rate while lowering error rates such as False Positive Rate and Miss Rate. Different feature selection techniques, such as Information Gain, Gain Ratio, Chi-Square, Correlation-based, and Fisher Exact test, are analysed with six Machine Learning classifiers, such as Artificial Neural Network, Support Vector Machine, Gradient Boosting Tree, Bagging, Random Forest, and Decision Tree, for the proposed approach. In this study, combining Chi-Square feature selection with a Gradient Boosting Tree classifier improves employee attrition classification accuracy while lowering error rates.
Small and medium enterprise business solutions using data visualizationjournalBEEI
The small and medium enterprise (SME) companies optimize performance using different automated systems to highlight the operations concerns. However, lack of efficient visualization in reporting results in slow feedbacks, difficulties in extracting root cause, and minimal corrective actions. To complicate matters, the data heterogeneity has intensely increased, and it is produced in a fast manner making it unmanageable if the traditional methods of analytics are applied. Hence, we propose the use of a dashboard that can summarize the operational events using real-time data based on the data visualization approach. This proposed solution summarizes the raw data, which allows the user to make informed decisions that can give a positive impact on business performance. An interactive intelligent dashboard for SME (iid-SME) is developed to tackle issues such as measurement of cases completed, the duration of time needed to solve a case, the individual performance of handling cases and other tasks as a proof of concept. From the result, the implementation of the iid-SME approach simplifies the conveyance of the message and helps the SME personnel to make decisions. With the positive feedback obtained, it is envisaged that such a solution can be further employed for SME improvement for better profit and decision making.
Intelligent Portfolio Management via NLP Analysis of Financial 10-k Statementsgerogepatton
The paper attempts to analyze if the sentiment stability of financial 10-K reports over time can determine
the company’s future mean returns. A diverse portfolio of stocks was selected to test this hypothesis. The
proposed framework downloads 10-K reports of the companies from SEC’s EDGAR database. It passes
them through the preprocessing pipeline to extract critical sections of the filings to perform NLP analysis.
Using Loughran and McDonald sentiment word list, the framework generates sentiment TF-IDF from the
10-K documents to calculate the cosine similarity between two consecutive 10-K reports and proposes to
leverage this cosine similarity as the alpha factor. For analyzing the effectiveness of our alpha factor at
predicting future returns, the framework uses the alphalens library to perform factor return analysis,
turnover analysis, and for comparing the Sharpe ratio of potential alpha factors. The results show that
there exists a strong correlation between the sentiment stability of our portfolio’s 10-K statements and its
future mean returns. For the benefit of the research community, the code and Jupyter notebooks related to
this paper have been open-sourced on Github1.
The Influence of Aligning Information Technology (IT) Strategy, Performance C...ijmpict
Strategic alignment of Information Technology (IT) with Corporate Strategy remains a key concern for enterprises and scholars over decades. Strategic IT alignment is widening its adoption across globe due to its empirically proven capability of improving organizational performance. Most of the studies on strategic alignment have however focused on developing countries and thus creating a significant gap in the alignment research. This paper presents how strategic IT alignment can be used in a developing country setting to improve both institutional performance and innovation. The hindrances and theoretical implications of strategic alignment in a developing country setting are also discussed and future research direction explored.
The findings in this study have shown that when IT strategy is aligned with Performance contract, institutional performance is improved; when IT strategy is aligned with IT organizational structure, institutional performance is enhanced; and, there is a positive effect on institutional performance when IT strategy is aligned with Performance contract and IT organizational structure.
An exploratory study in airline and banking call centre in indonesia toward b...ijmvsc
As BPO firms plan to execute various types of processes in an offshore model, they face a host of decisions
regarding different resources. Amongst the most crucial resources for these processes is information
availability. Information is the vital connecting link between the client and the human and locational
resources of the BPO firms. Some Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) vendors are providing
Information Technology (IT) Enabled Process Outsourcing and Reengineering service to clients. IT
Enabled Process Outsourcing and Reengineering of tasks and reports printing function can result in the
strategic benefit of better customer response time derived from a dramatic decrease in cycle time. This
approach can result in significant cost savings. This paper sets out the issues in managing information in
two different contexts of Direct Customer Interaction and Routine back-office. By analyzing
communication, information retrieval and information distribution activities, it develops a framework for a
deeper exploration of each type of outsourcing.
A case study of using the hybrid model of scrum and six sigma in software dev...IJECEIAES
The world of software engineering is constantly discovering new ways that lead to an increase in team performance in the production of software products and, at the same time, brings the customer's further satisfaction. With the advent of agile methodologies in software development, these objectives have been considered more seriously by software teams and companies. Due to their very nature, agile methodologies have the potential to be integrated with other methodologies or specific managerial approaches defined in line with agility objectives. One of the cases is Six Sigma, which is used in organizations by focusing on organizational change and process improvement. In the present study, attempts were made to present the hybrid software development approach, including Scrum, as the most common agile and Six Sigma methodology. This approach was practically used in a case study, and the obtained results were analyzed. The results of this evaluation showed that this hybrid method could lead to the increased team performance and customer satisfaction. However, besides these two achievements, an increase in the number of re-works, number of defects discovered, and the duration of the project implementation were also observed. These cases are in line with the main objectives of Scrum and Six Sigma and are justifiable and acceptable due to achieving those objectives.
Influence of Knowledge Management Processes on Organizational Performance in ...inventionjournals
This research attempts to establish a link between knowledge management processes and organizational performance in knowledge intensive service sectors. The key dimensions of knowledge management processes have been identified which could influence the organizational performance. Metric has been developed for the empirical investigation of the relationships between these research constructs. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) using partial least square techniques has been used to test these hypotheses with a sample size of 491 knowledge workers (330 - Higher educational institutions and 161 from the IT companies) to investigate the empirical relationships between the factors. All the four hypotheses were supported. The testing of the hypotheses justified the identification of the key dimensions of KM as the critical success factors in terms of the organizational performance. Implications of the study would enable the strategic planning managers to make their knowledge management processes more effective so as to enhance the organizational performance
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE IN ENGINEERING ORGANIZATIONIAEME Publication
The purpose of this study is to identify and understand the various knowledge management practices (KMP) and its influence on Organisational Performance (OP) in the engineering organization. The study has been undertaken with an aim to examine the role of knowledge management practices in enhancing the performance of an organization. A sample of 125 engineers were drawn using structured questionnaire. The responses were analysed using a statistical technique viz., Partial Least Square -Path Modelling (PLS-PM). The results of the analysis revealed that Knowledge Management Practices such as Knowledge Diagnosing, Knowledge Acquisition, Knowledge Generation, Knowledge Sharing, Knowledge Storing, Knowledge Application, have significant effect on financial, non-financial and operational performance of the organization.
ONTOLOGY DRIVEN KNOWLEDGE MAP FOR ENHANCING BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERINGcseij
It has been a constant human desire to be dissatisfied with the status quo as there is always need to
improve upon the way business is being done. As a result, Business process reengineering is introduced
into organization in order to overcome these challenges of inefficiencies and high running cost. A lot of
problems were encountered during the process of reengineering programmes. One of many factors that are
identified as the possible reason for the failures in most business process reengineering is the lack of giving
much emphasis on the knowledge available within the environment in which the business process is taking
place. In this paper therefore we propose a methodology that addresses this issue through the use
knowledge source map and formal organizational ontology. The organization and business process are
model together to provides most efficient way of utilizing the knowledge in the organization in the event of
business process reengineering.
The Impact of Intellectual Capital on Firm Performance of Manufacturing SMEs ...IIJSRJournal
There are various factors from empirical studies that many factors influence firm performance. The purpose of this conceptual paper is to review the impact of intellectual capital as a unidimensional factor on the performance of manufacturing SMEs operating in Malaysia. The framework was developed after a systematic review of past literature. The present paper found the critical influence of the study's variables on firm performance. Furthermore, the study provided some understanding of how intellectual capital affects manufacturing SMEs' performance in Malaysia. Intellectual capital plays an important role in influencing a Manufacturing SMEs firm performance. The paper emphasizes the critical value of intellectual capital for SMEs owner/managers consideration when acting on behalf of their company, failing to experience poor performance. Resource-Based View (RBV) theory underlies the conceptual framework and explains the relationship among variables. In addition, some implications of this conceptual model for theory and practice are discussed.
Strategies to Improve Knowledge Sharing in Trading Construction OrganizationITIIIndustries
In this present economy that is wholly centered on knowledge and skill, knowledge sharing (KS) is gradually regarded as an important factor in organizational effectiveness and an innovative mechanism to cope with challenges [1]. Therefore, for organizations to create new knowledge sharing strategies are essentials to align to the knowledge economy to overcome business challenges [2, 3]. A preliminary investigation was conducted by focusing on the Critical Success Factors (CSF) to promote knowledge sharing at the organizational level and to examine the employees’ perception towards the types of knowledge sharing tools in the construction trading industry. This paper proposes several dimensions for knowledge strategy to manage knowledge assets that can be used as the key foundation to many organizations to stay competitive especially the construction trading industry.
Knowledge management (KM) has become an effective way of managing organization‟s intellectual capital or, in other words, organization‟s full experience, skills and knowledge that is relevant for more effective performance in future. The paper proposes a knowledge management to achieve a competitive control of the machining systems. Then an application of Knowledge Management in engineering has been attempted to explain. The model can be used by the manager for the choosing of competitive orders.
Strategic Sensitivity and Innovative Capabilities of Software Development Com...ijtsrd
This work tends to review the issues of strategic sensitivity and innovative capability among software development companies in South South, Nigeria. Innovative capability is define as the holistic, comprehensive, and all encompassing ability of an entire organization to respond to changes in the business environment with actions that deliver real value to the organization. Strategic sensitivity describes organizations' scanning ability and knowledge development about its context, the internal assessment of its capacities and its alignment of functions and behavior in a manner that advances it towards its goals and objectives. The issue that this works intends to address is the negligence that is given to the contextual business issues which has led to lose of sensitive data, disruption of work, damage to the brand image, and company reputation. Findings revealed that strategic sensitivity relatewith innovative capability among software development companies in south south, Nigeria. The study conclude that for organization to be able to stay relevant such a firm must ensure that its operations efficiency, management capability and personnel must be competent to allow for the organization to be able to achieve its goals and objectives. Therefore, we recommend that software development companies should have the right staff with the proper skills and competencies if the will want to stay relevant in the software development industry. Also modern management styles and operational techniques must be put in place for a better and sustainable advantage. Agbeche, Aaron | Lawrence, Damiete Onyema | Okechukwu, Prince Jumbo | Elechi, Bobby Chime "Strategic Sensitivity and Innovative Capabilities of Software Development Companies in South-South, Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47706.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/strategic-management/47706/strategic-sensitivity-and-innovative-capabilities-of-software-development-companies-in-southsouth-nigeria/agbeche-aaron
Background: As a result of enormous progress in the information technology and communications, several
organizations adopt business intelligence (BI) applications in order to cope with the development in
business mechanisms, staying at the marketplace, competition, customer possession and retention.
The rapid growing capabilities of both generating and gathering data has created an imperative
necessity for new techniques and tools can intelligently and automatically transform the processed data in
to a valuable information and knowledge. Knowledge management is a cornerstone in selecting accurate
information at the appropriate time from many relevant resources.
Objective: The major Objective of this research is to "examine the impact of business intelligence on
employee's knowledge sharing at the Jordanian telecommunications company (JTC)".
Design/methodology/approach: A review of the literature serves as the basis for measuring the impact of
business intelligence using knowledge sharing scale. The study sample consisted of administrators,
technical staff, and senior managers.75 questionnaires were distributed in the site of JTC. (70)
Questionnaires were collected. (63) Found statistically usable for this study representing a response rate
of (84 %).
Findings: Most important findings for this study demonstrate that business intelligence tools respectively
(OLAP, Data Warehousing, and Data Mining)are highly effect on employee knowledge sharing.
Originality/ Value: Business Intelligence play a significant role in obtaining the underlying knowledge in
the organization, through optimum utilization of data sources the internal and external alike. Several
researches addressed the importance of integrating business intelligence with knowledge management,
little of these researches addressing the impact of business intelligence on knowledge sharing. This study
has tried to address this need.
Running head GLOBALIZATION AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT .docxcowinhelen
Running head: GLOBALIZATION AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
GLOBALIZATION AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
GLOBALIZATION AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
Name
Institution
Advices:
The document needs to be well written: tone of writing, grammar, punctuation, formatting indent, paragraphs, title, sentences structure and so on.
Considering all of the changes and learning that has been accomplished in your field of study during the past two decades, what have you studied or seen as innovative or linked to the creation of new knowledge? Needs to be included in the essay.
During your course of study, you have been exposed to the areas of distance learning and virtual teams (whether working as a group or with your instructor(s) on a one-on-one basis), so you have seen innovation in terms of moving the classroom from a physical location into a virtual state. With this virtual state in mind, more and more organizations have been able to operate globally to a larger degree. Thus, the sharing of knowledge between organizations has become a valued commodity in the workplace and marketplace. Needs to be included in the essay.
Specifically, as you write your response to this question, you may want to incorporate how your current level of knowledge can be used in an innovative way to help strengthen or increase the knowledge in your field. Also, you may want to consider how your experience in distance learning has changed or not changed your views on globalization, distance learning, and/or knowledge management. Needs to be included in the essay.
Abstract
Globalization and knowledge management deals with the application of knowledge, tools and methodologies in the coordination of the complex and unique project. In accordance to the definition, project knowledge can be regarded as useful, resourceful information that enables implementation of the project concerning the objectives that is time to be taken, the execution cost and the quality of the outcome. Knowledge in organisational activities has been confirmed by researchers as fundamental for building competitive advantages of firms and business. This paper aims to document the results of the survey concerning the use of knowledge management practices in international organizations and shows that knowledge management as a helpful tool in the globalization process.
Introduction (It goes in the second page) (Each paragraph needs to be indent) (You have long paragraphs, it needs to be distributed)
Basing your information on the striping and downsizing of the organizations’ core assets in the 19th century, knowledge always surpassed the downsizing aspects. Most of the organization came into realization on the lost assets thus established a framework for managing their existing and future know-how on the assets. Progressively, the companies are focused on the establishment of explicit management in the knowledge assets and seek to leverage the experiences, know-how as well as th ...
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Bozbura, beskese 2007 - prioritization of organizational capital measurement indicators using fuzzy ahp
1. Prioritization of organizational capital
measurement indicators using fuzzy AHP
F. Tunç Bozbura, Ahmet Beskese *
Department of Industrial Engineering, Bahcesehir University, 34100, Besiktas, Istanbul, Turkey
Received 29 September 2005; received in revised form 10 July 2006; accepted 18 July 2006
Available online 18 August 2006
Abstract
Organizational capital is a sub-dimension of the intellectual capital which is the sum of all assets
that make the creative ability of the organization possible. To control and manage such an important
force, the companies must measure it first. This study aims at defining a methodology to improve the
quality of prioritization of organizational capital measurement indicators under uncertain conditions.
To do so, a methodology based on the extent fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is applied.
Within the model, three main attributes; deployment of the strategic values, investment to the tech-
nology and flexibility of the structure; their sub-attributes and 10 indicators are defined. To define the
priority of each indicator, preferences of experts are gathered using a pair-wise comparison based
questionnaire. The results of the study show that ‘‘deployment of the strategic values’’ is the most
important attribute of the organizational capital.
2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Organizational capital; Measurement indicators; Fuzzy sets; AHP; Prioritization
1. Introduction
Knowledge is a vital resource in any organization. It can be used to improve quality and
customer satisfaction, and decrease cost in every meaning, if managed properly. Consid-
ering this management of knowledge, be it explicit or tacit, is a necessary prerequisite
for the success in today’s dynamic and changing environment [1].
0888-613X/$ - see front matter 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ijar.2006.07.005
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 212 381 0561; fax: +90 212 236 3188.
E-mail address: beskese@bahcesehir.edu.tr (A. Beskese).
International Journal of Approximate Reasoning
44 (2007) 124–147
www.elsevier.com/locate/ijar
2. AS Wong and Aspinwall state in their paper: ‘‘As knowledge emerges as the primary
strategic resource in the 21st century, many firms in the manufacturing and service sectors
alike are beginning to introduce and implement Knowledge Management (KM). Organi-
zations can certainly benefit from its application for enhanced decision support, efficiency
and innovation, thus helping them to realize their strategic mission. However, KM is an
emerging paradigm, and not many organizations have a clear idea of how to proceed with
it.’’ [2]
An OECD report on measuring KM in the business sector defines the KM concept as in
the following: ‘‘KM covers any intentional and systematic process or practice of acquiring,
capturing, sharing and using productive knowledge, wherever it resides, to enhance learn-
ing and performance in organizations. These investments in the creation of ‘‘organiza-
tional capability’’ aim at supporting – through various tools and methods – the
identification, documentation, memorization and circulation of the cognitive resources,
learning capacities and competencies that individuals and communities generate and use
in their professional contexts. Practices, like formal mentoring, monetary, or non-mone-
tary, reward for knowledge sharing and the allocation of resources to detect and capture
external knowledge, are examples of knowledge management.’’ [3]
The enormous changes that are reshaping the economy such as increased competition,
rapidly evolving technology, more capricious customers, the growth of the internet and
other factors are driving organizations to proactively manage their collective intellect [2]
via KM tools. This collective intellect, or Intellectual Capital (IC) with other words, is
the pursuit of effective use of knowledge (the finished product) as opposed to information
(the raw material) [4].
Although the importance of knowledge as a strategic asset can be traced back several
thousands of years, it was the ancient Egyptian and Greek civilizations that represented
the first evidence of the codification of knowledge for the purposes of leveraging regional
power with their implementations of national libraries and universities [5]. More recently,
Machlup coined the term ‘‘intellectual capital’’ in 1962 and used it to emphasize the impor-
tance of general knowledge as essential to growth and development [5]. IC includes assets
relating to employee knowledge and expertise, customer confidence in the company and its
products, brands, franchises, information systems, administrative procedures, patents,
trademarks and the efficiency of company business processes [6].
Today, IC is widely recognized as the critical source of true and sustainable competitive
advantage [7]. Knowledge is the basis of IC and is therefore at the heart of organizational
capabilities. Successfully utilizing that knowledge contributes to the progress of society [8].
IC was originally defined with three constructs (i.e. human capital, organizational cap-
ital and customer and relationship capital) [9], but some recent studies tend to rename cus-
tomer and relational capital as relational capital only [10–12]. See Fig. 1 [12] for an
illustrative definition of these constructs.
In this figure:
1. Human capital is the individual-level knowledge that each employee possesses [13].
2. Organizational capital is the sum of all assets that make the creative ability of the orga-
nization possible [11].
3. Relational capital is the sum of all assets that arrange and manage the firms’ relations
with the environment. The relational capital contains the relations with customers,
shareholders, suppliers, and rivals, the state, the official institutions and society [11].
F.T. Bozbura, A. Beskese / Internat. J. Approx. Reason. 44 (2007) 124–147 125
3. The organizational dimension, which is the focus of this paper, is defined in the intel-
lectual capital as the organizational capital. The organizational capital is the sum of all
assets that make the creative ability of the organization possible. The mission of the firm,
its vision, basic values, strategies, working systems, and in-firm processes can be men-
tioned among these assets.
Organizational capital is one of the foundation stones of creating learning organiza-
tions. Even if the employees possess adequate or high capabilities, an organizational
structure that is made up of weak rules and systems and which cannot turn these capa-
bilities into a value, prevents the firm from having a high performance. On the contrary,
a strong organizational capital structure creates a supporting environment to its workers
and thus leads to workers’ risk taking even after their failures. Besides, it leads to the
decrease of the total cost and to the increase of the firm’s profit and productivity. There-
fore, the organizational capital is a vital structure for organizations and in an organiza-
tional level; it has a critical importance for the realization of measuring the intellectual
capital [4].
Most of the time, if not always, companies have limited resources. Defining measure-
ment indicators and their priorities for any important business activity helps companies
by providing a guideline for their efforts towards success. By using these priorities, man-
agers can decide in which activity they will invest first.
Many factors can be found in the literature to measure the organizational capital. Tan-
gible assets such as the patents of the firm, copyrights, databases, computer programs and
intangible assets such as the methods related to business management, company strategies,
and the culture of the company are some frequently used factors among these [11]. The
high investments of technology or the high number of computers and programs in a firm
are not a feature, which adds an additional value to a firm by itself. In order for these to
make a contribution to the company, the workers in the firm should have the abilities to
use these systems to interpret the results, to make them knowledge and to use them in the
relations [14]. As long as they are not in use, the existence of systems that possess and
transmit knowledge, which is the foundation stone of the organizational capital, cannot
effectively add value to the system. Therefore precise data concerning measurement indi-
cators of organizational capital are not available or very hard to be extracted [11]. In addi-
tion, decision-makers prefer natural language expressions rather than sharp numerical
values in assessing organizational capital parameters. So, organizational capital is an
INTELLECTUAL
CAPITAL
HUMAN CAPITAL
ORGANIZATIONAL
CAPITAL
RELATIONAL
CAPITAL
Individual-level knowledge Mission-vision Customers
Competence Strategical values Customer's loyalty
Leadership ability Working systems Market
Risk-taking and problem Culture Shareholders
solving capabilities Management system Suppliers
Education Use of knowledge Official institutions
Experience Databases Society
Fig. 1. Components of Intellectual Capital [12].
126 F.T. Bozbura, A. Beskese / Internat. J. Approx. Reason. 44 (2007) 124–147
4. inherently fuzzy notion, which can be measured by the synthesis of its constituents. Fuzzy
logic offers a systematic base in dealing with situations, which are ambiguous or not well
defined. Indeed, the uncertainty in expressions such as ‘‘high level of the learning organi-
zations’’ or ‘‘moderate creative ability of the organization’’ which are frequently encoun-
tered in the organizational capital literature is fuzziness.
Prioritization of IC measurement indicators is a multi-attribute decision problem which
requires resolutions involved various stakeholders’ interests. In order to assist manage-
ment decision-making in selecting IC indicators for measurement and disclosure, Han
and Han [15] suggest a model that identifies the criteria reflecting decision usefulness
and expected risk factors. There has been no basis model for IC statements, nor bot-
tom-line indicators of the value of IC before [15].
This study aims at defining a methodology to improve the quality of prioritization of
organizational capital measurement indicators under uncertain conditions.
The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 defines the methodology of this research.
Section 3 includes a hierarchical model for prioritization of OC measurement indicators.
Section 4 includes a real-life numerical application. Finally, Section 5 presents the
conclusions.
2. Methodology
In the literature, there is only one paper aiming at prioritizing human capital measure-
ment indicators by using fuzzy AHP [16]. However, there is no fuzzy logic method aimed
at prioritizing organizational capital measurement indicators. As a value-added to the lit-
erature on the topic, this paper aims at providing practitioners with a fuzzy point of view
to the traditional intellectual capital analysis methods for dealing quantitatively with
imprecision or uncertainty and at obtaining a fuzzy prioritization of organizational capital
measurement indicators from this point of view that will close this gap considerably.
Fuzzy multi-criteria methods such as fuzzy TOPSIS, fuzzy AHP and fuzzy outranking
can solve such problems (see [17] for fuzzy multi-attribute decision making methods
and their applications). Unlike many other decision theories (such as most inventory
and scheduling models, linear programming, dynamic programming, etc.), MCDM meth-
odologies are controversial and there is not a unique theory accepted by everyone in the
field [18].
TOPSIS views a MADM problem with m alternatives as a geometric system with m
points in the n-dimensional space. It was developed by Hwang and Yoon [19]. The method
is based on the concept that the chosen alternative should have the shortest distance from
the positive-ideal solution and the longest distance from the negative-ideal solution. TOP-
SIS defines an index called similarity (or relative closeness) to the positive-ideal solution
and the remoteness from the negative-ideal solution. Then the method chooses an alterna-
tive with the maximum similarity to the positive-ideal solution [20].
The outranking decision aid methods compare all couples of actions. Instead of build-
ing complex utility functions, they determine which actions are being preferred to the oth-
ers by systematically comparing them on each criterion. The comparisons between the
actions lead to numerical results that show the concordance and/or the discordance
between the actions, and then allow to select or to sort the actions that can be compared.
F.T. Bozbura, A. Beskese / Internat. J. Approx. Reason. 44 (2007) 124–147 127
5. The most well known outranking methods are ELECTRE, ORESTE, and PROMETHEE
[20–22].
AHP is developed by Saaty [23]. With this method, a complicated system is converted to
a hierarchical system of elements. In each hierarchical level, pair-wise comparisons of the
elements are made by using a nominal scale. These comparisons constitute a comparison
matrix. To find the weight of each element, or the score of each alternative, the eigenvector
of this matrix is calculated. At the end, the consistency of the pair-wise comparisons are
calculated by using a consistency ratio. If it is below a predefined level, the comparisons
are either revised by the decision-maker or excluded from the calculations.
In this paper, Fuzzy AHP will be preferred in the prioritization of organizational cap-
ital indicators since this method is the only one using a hierarchical structure among goal,
attributes and alternatives. Usage of pair-wise comparisons is another asset of this method
that lets the generation of more precise information about the preferences of decision-
makers. Moreover, since the decision-makers are usually unable to explicit about their
preferences due to the fuzzy nature of the decision process, this method helps them pro-
viding an ability of giving interval judgements instead of point judgements. Some recent
examples of fuzzy AHP applications can be found in [24–28].
There are several fuzzy AHP methods explained in the literature. Table 1 gives a com-
parison of these methods, which have important differences in their theoretical structures.
The comparison includes the advantages and disadvantages of each method. In this paper,
the authors prefer Chang’s extent analysis method [29,30] since the steps of this approach
are relatively easier than the other fuzzy AHP approaches and similar to the conventional
AHP.
In the following, the outlines of the extent analysis method on fuzzy AHP are given:
Let X = {x1,x2,. . .,xn} be an object set, and U = {u1,u2,. . .,um} be a goal set. Accord-
ing to Chang’s extent analysis [29,30], each object is taken and extent analysis for each
goal, gi, is performed respectively. Therefore, m extent analysis values for each object
can be obtained, with the following signs:
M1
gi
; M2
gi
; . . . ; Mm
gi
; i ¼ 1; 2; . . . ; n ð1Þ
where all the Mj
gi
ðj ¼ 1; 2; . . . ; mÞ are triangular fuzzy numbers (TFNs) whose para-
meters are a, b, and c. They are the lowest possible value, the most possible value, and
the largest possible value respectively. A TFN is represented as (a,b,c) as illustrated in
Fig. 2.
The steps of Chang’s extent analysis can be given as in the following:
Step 1. The value of fuzzy synthetic extent with respect to the ith object is defined as
Si ¼
X
m
j¼1
Mj
gi
X
n
i¼1
X
m
j¼1
Mj
gi
#1
ð2Þ
To obtain
Pm
j¼1Mj
gi
, perform the fuzzy addition operation of m extent analysis values for a
particular matrix such that
X
m
j¼1
Mj
gi
¼
X
m
j¼1
aij;
X
m
j¼1
bij;
X
m
j¼1
cij
!
; i ¼ 1; 2; . . . ; n ð3Þ
128 F.T. Bozbura, A. Beskese / Internat. J. Approx. Reason. 44 (2007) 124–147
6. and to obtain
Pn
i¼1
Pm
j¼1Mj
gi
h i1
, perform the fuzzy addition operation of Mj
gi
j ¼ 1; 2;
ð
. . . ; mÞ values such that
X
n
i¼1
X
m
j¼1
Mj
gi
¼
X
n
i¼1
X
m
j¼1
aij;
X
n
i¼1
X
m
j¼1
bij;
X
n
i¼1
X
m
j¼1
cij
!
ð4Þ
and then compute the inverse of the vector in Eq. (4) such that
X
n
i¼1
X
m
j¼1
Mj
gi
#1
¼
1
Pn
i¼1
Pm
j¼1cij
;
1
Pn
i¼1
Pm
j¼1bij
;
1
Pn
i¼1
Pm
j¼1aij
!
ð5Þ
Table 1
The comparison of different fuzzy AHP methods [31]
Sources The main characteristics of the method Advantages (A) and disadvantages (D)
Van
Laarhoven
and Pedrycz
[32]
• Direct extension of Saaty’s AHP method
with triangular fuzzy numbers
• Lootsma’s logarithmic least
square method is used to derive fuzzy
weights and fuzzy performance scores
(A) The opinions of multiple
decision-makers can be modeled
in the reciprocal matrix
(D) There is not always a solution
to the linear equations
(D) The computational requirement
is tremendous, even for a
small problem
(D) It allows only triangular fuzzy
numbers to be used
Buckley [33] • Extension of Saaty’s AHP method
with trapezoidal fuzzy numbers
• Uses the geometric mean method to
derive fuzzy weights and
performance scores
(A) It is easy to extend to the
fuzzy case
(A) It guarantees a unique solution
to the reciprocal comparison matrix
(D) The computational requirement
is tremendous
Boender et al.
[34]
• Modifies van Laarhoven and
Pedrycz’s method
• Presents a more robust approach to
the normalization of the
local priorities
(A) The opinions of multiple
decision-makers can be modeled
(D) The computational requirement
is tremendous
Chang [29] • Synthetical degree values
• Layer simple sequencing
• Composite total sequencing
(A) The computational requirement
is relatively low
(A) It follows the steps of crisp
AHP. It does not involve
additional operations
(D) It allows only triangular fuzzy
numbers to be used
Cheng [35] • Builds fuzzy standards
• Represents performance scores by
membership functions
• Uses entropy concepts to calculate
aggregate weights
(A) The computational
requirement is not tremendous
(D) Entropy is used when
probability distribution
is known. The method is
based on both probability
and possibility measures
F.T. Bozbura, A. Beskese / Internat. J. Approx. Reason. 44 (2007) 124–147 129
7. Step 2. The degree of possibility of M2 = (a2,b2,c2) P M1 = (a1,b1,c1) is defined as
V ðM2 P M1Þ ¼ sup
yPx
minðlM1
ðxÞ; lM2
ðyÞÞ
: ð6Þ
and can be equivalently expressed as follows:
V ðM2 P M1Þ ¼ hgtðM1 M2Þ ¼ lM2
ðdÞ ¼
1; if b2 P b1
0; if a1 P c2
a1 c2
ðb2 c2Þ ðb1 a1Þ
; otherwise
8
:
ð7Þ
where d is the ordinate of the highest intersection point D between lM1
and lM2
(see Fig. 3).
To compare M1 and M2, we need both the values of V(M1 P M2) andV(M2 P M1).
Step 3. The degree of possibility for a convex fuzzy number to be greater than k convex
fuzzy numbers Mi (i = 1,2,. . .,k) can be defined by
V ðM P M1; M2; . . . ; MkÞ ¼V ½ðM P M1Þ and ðM P M2Þ and and ðM P MkÞ
¼ min V ðM P MiÞ; i ¼ 1; 2; 3; . . . ; k: ð8Þ
1
a2 b2 a1 d c2 b1 c1
M2 M1
V(M2≥ M1)
Fig. 3. The intersection between M1 and M2.
μp (x)
1.0
0.0
y
X
a b c
a + (b-a) y c + (b-c) y
f1(.) f2(.)
Fig. 2. A triangular fuzzy number, ~
P ¼ ða; b; cÞ.
130 F.T. Bozbura, A. Beskese / Internat. J. Approx. Reason. 44 (2007) 124–147
8. Assume that
d0
ðAiÞ ¼ min V ðSi P SkÞ ð9Þ
For k = 1,2,. . .,n; k 5 i. Then the weight vector is given by
W 0
¼ ðd0
ðA1Þ; d0
ðA2Þ; . . . ; d0
ðAnÞÞ
T
ð10Þ
where Ai (i = 1,2,. . .,n) are n elements.
Step 4. Via normalization, the normalized weight vectors are
W ¼ ðdðA1Þ; dðA2Þ; . . . ; dðAnÞÞ
T
ð11Þ
where W is a non-fuzzy number.
It is not possible to make mathematical operations directly on linguistic values. This is
why, the linguistic scale must be converted into a fuzzy scale. In the literature about fuzzy
AHP, one can find a variety of different fuzzy scales (see, for example, [28,36–38]). The
triangular fuzzy conversion scale given in Table 2 is used in the evaluation model of this
paper (adapted from [29]).
3. A hierarchical model for prioritization of OC measurement indicators
According to [4], organizational capital arises from processes and organizational value,
reflecting the external and internal focuses of the company, plus renewal and development
value for the future. A firm’s organizational capital includes its norms and guidelines, dat-
abases, organizational routines and corporate culture [10].
This study aims at defining a methodology to improve the quality of prioritization of
organizational capital measurement indicators under uncertain conditions. The method
chosen, fuzzy AHP, requires a hierarchical structure to yield with a result. Therefore,
the main attributes of the organizational capital are defined as deployment of the stra-
tegic values (DS), investments in the technology (IT) and flexibility of the organizational
structure (FS). The first main attribute, DS, is characterized with two sub-attributes:
Useableness of values in processes (UV) and fitness of values to daily working environ-
ment (FV). The second main attribute, IT, is characterized with three sub-attributes:
Reliability (RE), ease of use (EU), and relevance (RV). The last main attribute, FS, is
characterized with two sub-attributes: Supporting development (SD) and innovation
(IN).
Table 2
Triangular fuzzy conversion scale
Linguistic scale Triangular fuzzy scale Triangular fuzzy reciprocal scale
Just equal (1,1,1) (1,1,1)
Equally important (1/2,1,3/2) (2/3,1,2)
Weakly more important (1,3/2,2) (1/2,2/3,1)
Strongly more important (3/2,2,5/2) (2/5,1/2,2/3)
Very strongly more important (2,5/2,3) (1/3,2/5,1/2)
Absolutely more important (5/2,3,7/2) (2/7,1/3,2/5)
F.T. Bozbura, A. Beskese / Internat. J. Approx. Reason. 44 (2007) 124–147 131
9. The hierarchical structure defined above serves to the aim of prioritization of the OC
measurement indicators. Ten indicators are selected [11], and defined as below:
IND1: Implementation rate of new ideas;
IND2: Quick access to information;
IND3: RD investment rate per employee;
IND4: Access to all information without any limitation;
IND5: Increasing rate of revenue per employee;
IND6: Updating rate of the databases;
IND7: MIS contains all information;
IND8: Decreasing rate of cost per revenue;
IND9: Knowledge sharing rate;
IND10: Index of transaction time of the processes.
Fig. 4 illustrates the hierarchical structure explained above.
Independency of judgment at each level is one of the basic axioms of AHP. It means
that a judgment at one level of hierarchy should be independent of the elements under
it. This axiom must be taken into account since the decision-makers tend to look at the
elements under the hierarchy while making evaluations. During the evaluation of this
study, the experts were guided to end up with an independent judgment.
If there were interdependence among criteria of different layers, Analytical Net-
work Process (ANP) would be used instead of AHP. ANP deals with such interdepen-
dence by obtaining the composite weights through the development of a ‘‘super matrix’’
[39].
4. A numerical application
To build the pair-wise comparison matrixes for the main and sub-attributes, and indi-
cators, some academics and professionals are worked. A questionnaire (see Appendix A) is
provided to get the evaluations. The results are calculated by taking the geometric mean of
DS
Selection of the
most efficient
indicators
FS
UV RE EU RV
IT
SD IN
IND1 IND2 IND10
FV
...
Fig. 4. Hierarchical structure of criteria.
132 F.T. Bozbura, A. Beskese / Internat. J. Approx. Reason. 44 (2007) 124–147
10. individual evaluations. For the first step of the analysis, the pair-wise comparison matrix
for the main attributes is built (see Table 3).
For the first level (i.e. for main attributes), the values of fuzzy synthetic extents with
respect to the main attributes are calculated as below (see Eq. (2)):
SDS ¼ ð2:5; 3:17; 4Þ ð1=12:17; 1=9:83; 1=7:9Þ ¼ ð0:205; 0:322; 0:506Þ
SIT ¼ ð1:9; 2:17; 2:67Þ ð1=12:17; 1=9:83; 1=7:9Þ ¼ ð0:156; 0:220; 0:338Þ
SFS ¼ ð3:5; 4:5; 5:5Þ ð1=12:17; 1=9:83; 1=7:9Þ ¼ ð0:288; 0:458; 0:696Þ
The degrees of possibility are calculated as below (see Eq. (7)):
V ðSDS P SITÞ ¼ 1; V ðSDS 6 SITÞ ¼ 0:566
V ðSDS P SFSÞ ¼ 0:616; V ðSDS 6 SFSÞ ¼ 1
V ðSIT P SFSÞ ¼ 0:174; V ðSIT 6 SFSÞ ¼ 1
For each pair-wise comparison, the minimum of the degrees of possibility is found as be-
low: (see Eq. (8))
MinV SDS P Si
ð Þ ¼ 0:616
MinV SIT P Si
ð Þ ¼ 0:174
MinV SFS P Si
ð Þ ¼ 1:000
These values yield the following weights vector:
W 0
¼ ð0:616; 0:174; 1:000Þ
T
Via normalization, the importance weights (i.e. eigenvalues) of the main attributes are
calculated as follows:
W ¼ ðdðDSÞ; dðITÞ; dðFSÞÞT
¼ ð0:345; 0:097; 0:558Þ
At the second level, the weights of the sub-attributes of each main attribute are calcu-
lated. As can be seen from Fig. 4, DS has two sub-attributes; UV, and FV. The pair-wise
comparison for these two can be seen in Table 4.
The values of fuzzy synthetic extents with respect to DS are found as below:
ðUV; FVÞ ¼ ð0:684; 0:316Þ
The second main attribute in the model, IT, has three sub-attributes; RE, EU, and RV.
The pair-wise comparison for these three can be seen in Table 5.
Table 3
Pair-wise comparisons for main attributes
DS IT FS
DS (1,1,1) (1,3/2,2) (1/2,2/3,1)
IT (1/2,2/3,1) (1,1,1) (2/5,1/2,2/3)
FS (1,3/2,2) (3/2,2,5/2) (1,1,1)
F.T. Bozbura, A. Beskese / Internat. J. Approx. Reason. 44 (2007) 124–147 133
11. The values of fuzzy synthetic extents with respect to IT are found as below:
ðRE; EU; RVÞ ¼ ð0:467; 0:212; 0:322Þ
The third main attribute in the model, FS, has two sub-attributes; SD, and IN. The
pair-wise comparison for these two can be seen in Table 6.
The values of fuzzy synthetic extents with respect to FS are found as below:
ðSD; INÞ ¼ ð0:320; 0:680Þ
For the third level, the pair-wise comparisons of indicators regarding to the sub-attri-
butes are calculated. The first sub-attribute to be taken into account is UV. Table 7 shows
the comparisons for that sub-attribute.
The values of fuzzy synthetic extents with respect to UV are found as below:
(Ind. 1, Ind. 2, Ind. 3, Ind. 4, Ind. 5, Ind. 6, Ind. 7, Ind. 8, Ind. 9, Ind. 10) = (0.122738,
0.076566, 0.07811, 0.128534, 0.008074, 0.130324, 0.114358, 0.019649, 0.137914,
0.183732).
The second sub-attribute to be taken into account is FV. Table 8 shows the compari-
sons for that sub-attribute.
The values of fuzzy synthetic extents with respect to FV are found as below:
(Ind. 1, Ind. 2, Ind. 3, Ind. 4, Ind. 5, Ind. 6, Ind. 7, Ind. 8, Ind. 9, Ind. 10) = (0.113086,
0.089316, 0.053684, 0.142309, 0.058197, 0.132163, 0.131783, 0.025734, 0.113823,
0.139904).
Table 5
Pair-wise comparison for the sub-attributes of IT
RE EU RV
RE (1,1,1) (1,3/2,2) (1,3/2,2)
EU (1/2,2/3,1) (1,1,1) (1/2,2/3,1)
RV (1/2,2/3,1) (1,3/2,2) (1,1,1)
Table 4
Pair-wise comparison for the sub-attributes of DS
UV FV
UV (1,1,1) (1,3/2,2)
FV (1/2,2/3,1) (1,1,1)
Table 6
Pair-wise comparison for the sub-attributes of FS
SD IN
SD (1,1,1) (1/2,2/3,1)
IN (1,3/2,2) (1,1,1)
134 F.T. Bozbura, A. Beskese / Internat. J. Approx. Reason. 44 (2007) 124–147
19. The third sub-attribute to be taken into account is RE. Table 9 shows the comparisons
for that sub-attribute.
The values of fuzzy synthetic extents with respect to RE are found as below:
(Ind. 1, Ind. 2, Ind. 3, Ind. 4, Ind. 5, Ind. 6, Ind. 7, Ind. 8, Ind. 9, Ind. 10) = (0.063791,
0.137589, 0.030829, 0.173309, 0, 0.192902, 0.174788, 0, 0.104762, 0.122031).
The fourth sub-attribute to be taken into account is EU. Table 10 shows the compar-
isons for that sub-attribute.
The values of fuzzy synthetic extents with respect to EU are found as below:
(Ind. 1, Ind. 2, Ind. 3, Ind. 4, Ind. 5, Ind. 6, Ind. 7, Ind. 8, Ind. 9, Ind. 10) = (0.078642,
0.161791, 0.024112, 0.185463, 0, 0.131082, 0.138709, 0, 0.166405, 0.113795).
The fifth sub-attribute to be taken into account is RV. Table 11 shows the comparisons
for that sub-attribute.
The values of fuzzy synthetic extents with respect to RV are found as below:
(Ind. 1, Ind. 2, Ind. 3, Ind. 4, Ind. 5, Ind. 6, Ind. 7, Ind. 8, Ind. 9, Ind. 10) = (0.167738,
0.006464, 0.182739, 0, 0.223020, 0, 0.071391, 0.276315, 0.072332, 0).
The sixth sub-attribute to be taken into account is SD. Table 12 shows the comparisons
for that sub-attribute.
The values of fuzzy synthetic extents with respect to SD are found as below:
(Ind. 1, Ind. 2, Ind. 3, Ind. 4, Ind. 5, Ind. 6, Ind. 7, Ind. 8, Ind. 9, Ind. 10) = (0.132275,
0.057982, 0.123138, 0.058709, 0.139835, 0.076346, 0.055574, 0.131600, 0.047937,
0.176603).
Table 14
Priority weights of main and sub-attributes, and indicators
DS IT FS Weights
0.344645662 0.096988434 0.558365904
UV FV RE EU RV SD IN
0.684211 0.315789 0.466523 0.21163 0.321848 0.315789 0.684211
Ind. 1 0.122738 0.113086 0.063791 0.078642 0.167738 0.132275 0.216028 0.156842
Ind. 2 0.076566 0.089316 0.137589 0.161791 0.006464 0.057982 0.028529 0.058647
Ind. 3 0.07811 0.053684 0.030829 0.024112 0.182739 0.123138 0.157665 0.113803
Ind. 4 0.128534 0.142309 0.173309 0.185463 0 0.058709 0.119899 0.113605
Ind. 5 0.008074 0.058197 0 0 0.22302 0.139835 0 0.039856
Ind. 6 0.130324 0.132163 0.192902 0.131082 0 0.076346 0.119961 0.115826
Ind. 7 0.114358 0.131783 0.174788 0.138709 0.071391 0.055574 0.120076 0.109967
Ind. 8 0.019649 0.025734 0 0 0.276315 0.1316 0 0.039264
Ind. 9 0.137914 0.113823 0.104762 0.166405 0.072332 0.047937 0.165717 0.127086
Ind. 10 0.183732 0.139904 0.122031 0.113795 0 0.176603 0.072126 0.125104
142 F.T. Bozbura, A. Beskese / Internat. J. Approx. Reason. 44 (2007) 124–147
20. The seventh sub-attribute to be taken into account is IN. Table 13 shows the compar-
isons for that sub-attribute.
The values of fuzzy synthetic extents with respect to IN are found as below:
(Ind. 1, Ind. 2, Ind. 3, Ind. 4, Ind. 5, Ind. 6, Ind. 7, Ind. 8, Ind. 9, Ind. 10) = (0.216028,
0.028529, 0.157665, 0.119899, 0, 0.119961, 0.120076, 0, 0.165717, 0.072126).
In the last stage of the analysis, overall priority weights of the indicators are calculated
as
(IND1, IND2, IND3, IND4, IND5, IND6, IND7, IND8, IND9, IND10) = (0.157,
0.059, 0.114, 0.114, 0.040, 0.116, 0.110, 0.039, 0.127, 0.125).
All of the results are summarized in Table 14.
5. Conclusion
The new millennium started a new era that can be called ‘‘era of knowledge’’. Managers
started to realize that the market value of their companies is not defined only by the tan-
gible assets any more. This is why IC, which is the sum of intangible assets of the com-
pany, has been one of the most popular concepts of this new era. Organizational
capital is one of the three dimensions of IC.
Defining measurement indicators and their priorities help companies by providing a
guideline for their efforts towards success. By using these priorities, managers can define
their roadmap in using their scarce resources in potential investments.
Since organizational capital is an intangible asset, the prioritization of its sub-
dimensions could successfully be handled with AHP. In this paper, the authors
proposed a Fuzzy AHP method to improve the quality of prioritization of organiza-
tional capital measurement indicators under uncertain conditions. To do so, a hierar-
chical model consisting of three main attributes, seven sub-attributes, and 10
indicators is built. The model is verbalized in a questionnaire form including pair-wise
comparisons.
The results calculated shows that the indicator Implementation rate of new ideas is
the most important indicator for organizational capital measurement. The companies
must pay full attention to implement newly created ideas and encourage the knowledge
creation process. The sequence of the rest of the indicators according to their impor-
tance weights is as follows: IND9-Knowledge sharing rate, IND10-Index of transaction
time of the processes, IND6-Updating rate of the databases, IND3-RD investment
rate per employee, IND4-Access to all information without any limitation, IND7-
MIS contains all information, IND2-Quick access to information, IND5-Increasing
rate of revenue per employee, IND8-Decreasing rate of cost per revenue. The weights
calculated can help companies in self-assessments, and constitute a basis for bench-
marking.
F.T. Bozbura, A. Beskese / Internat. J. Approx. Reason. 44 (2007) 124–147 143
21. For further research, other fuzzy multi-criteria evaluation methods like fuzzy TOPSIS
or fuzzy outranking methods can be used and the obtained results can be compared with
the ones found in this paper.
Appendix A. Questionnaire forms used to facilitate comparisons of main and
sub-attributes
QUESTIONNAIRE
Read the following questions and put check marks on the pairwise comparison matrices. If an attribute on the
left is more important than the one matching on the right, put your check mark to the left of the importance “
Equal” under the importance level you prefer. If an attribute on the left is less important than the one matching
on the right, put your check mark to the right of the importance ‘Equal’ under the importance level you prefer.
QUESTIONS
With respect to the overall goal “prioritization of the organizational capital indicators”,
Q1. How important is deployment of the strategic values (DS) when it is compared with investment in
technology (IT)?
Q2. How important is deployment of the strategic values (DS) when it is compared with flexibility of the
organizational structure (FS)?
Q3. How important is investment in technology (IT) when it is compared with flexibility of the organizational
structure (FS)?
With
respect to:
the overall
goal
Importance (or preference) of one main-attribute over another
Questions
Attributes
Absolutely
More
Important
Very
Strongly
More
Important
Strongly
More
Important
Weakly
More
Important
Equally
Important
Just
Equal
Equally
Important
Weakly
More
Important
Strongly
More
Important
Very
Strongly
More
Important
Absolutely
More
Important
Attributes
Q1
Q2
DS
DS
IT
FS
Q3 IT FS
With respect to the main attribute “deployment of the strategic values (DS)”,
Q4. How important is useableness of values in processes(UV) when it is compared with fitness of values to daily
working environment (FV)?
With respect
to:
Deployment
of the str.
values
Importance (or preference) of one sub-attribute over another
√
√
√
144 F.T. Bozbura, A. Beskese / Internat. J. Approx. Reason. 44 (2007) 124–147
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Questions
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More
Important
Very
Strongly
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Important
Strongly
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Important
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Important
Equally
Important
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Important
Very
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Important
Sub-attributes
Q4 UV FV
√
√
√
√
√
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Alternatives
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Importance (or preference) of one sub-attribute over another
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Sub-attributes
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Important
Strongly
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Important
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Important
Equally
Important
Just
Equal
Equally
Important
Weakly
More
Important
Strongly
More
Important
Very
Strongly
More
Important
Sub-attributes
Q8 SD IN
Absolutely
More
Important
Absolutely
More
Important
Absolutely
More
Important
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