This document discusses several common bone diseases and disorders. It describes osteoporosis as characterized by abnormal bone mass loss and structure disintegration in older adults, increasing fracture risk. Paget's disease causes bones to become thickened but brittle due to abnormal tissue remodeling. Osteogenesis imperfecta is a genetic disorder causing brittle bones that break easily due to collagen deficiencies. Bone cancers can be primary cancers of the bone or spread from other parts of the body like the lungs or prostate.

1. Noreen Mohammed Naguib Mosaad
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2. Bone Infections
Bone diseases are disorders and conditions that cause abnormal
development and/or impairment in normal bone development. This can
result in weakened bones, inflamed joints and pain. Your bones naturally
lose density after the age of 20 due to the aging process; however, some
diseases of the bone can cause excessive loss of bone strength and
density. Nutrient deficiencies such a lack of vitamin D or C, hormonal
imbalances and cell abnormalities can also cause bone disorders in both
children and adults
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is characterized by an abnormal loss of bone mass and
disintegration of bone structure in older adults. This can cause bone
fragility and increases the risk of fractures and breaks. Most individuals
who have this disease are not aware of it until a fracture occurs.

3. Osteoporosis can be prevented or decreased by the right nutrition and
exercise.
Paget's Disease
Paget's disease is a disorder of cells called osteoblasts and osteoclasts
that are responsible for breaking down, rebuilding and remolding bone
tissue. Paget's disease causes bones to become thickened and enlarged
but also brittle due to abnormal structural development
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
This disease is a genetic disorder that is characterized by brittle bones
that break or fracture easily. It is caused by a gene defect in the
production of collagen, a protein that is needed to make bones strong.
Osteogenesis imperfecta even affects the bones in the inner ear and can
cause hearing loss, as well as weak teeth and a curved spine.
Bone Cancers
According to the National Cancer Institute, bone cancer may be due to a
primary cancer that begins in the bone or spreads to the bone as
secondary cancer from another part of the body such as cancer in the
lungs, breast or prostate. There are several types of primary bone
cancers such as leukemia, osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, malignant
fibrous histiocytoma and chondrosarcoma.
Rickets
This preventable bone disease affects young children and is caused by a
deficiency of the nutrient vitamin D. Rickets causes weak, brittle bones
that fracture easily and bone and muscle pain.
Osteomalacia
Osteomalacia is similar to rickets because it is caused by a defect in
vitamin D metabolism by the body, but it affects mainly adults. It is
characterized by weakened bones and abnormal bone formation.

4. Acromegaly
Acromegaly is a bone condition caused by excess of growth hormone
production by the body. Overgrown bones in the face, hands and feet
characterize this disease. The most common cause of acromegaly is a
benign tumor on the pituitary gland in the brain.
Perthes' Disease
This disease affects the bone of the hip joint in children. The femoral
head, which is the joint area on the long bone in the upper leg,
deteriorates due to a lack of blood supply, causing pain and the inability
to walk.
Fibrous Dysplasia
Fibrous dysplasia results in excessive growth or swelling of bone due to
abnormal cell development. There are several types of fibrous dysplasia
that mainly affect the bones of the skull, face, ribs, upper arms, pelvis,
thighs and shins.
Osteomyelitis
Osteomyelitis is a bacterial infection of bone, which can either be
sudden and acute or chronic. Treatment may include antibiotics and in
some cases, surgery to remove the infected bone tissue.
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