Bone i
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This document provides an overview of bone structure and development. It begins by defining bone as a living connective tissue composed of both organic and inorganic materials. It then covers the gross structure of long bones, including their shaft, periosteum, cortex, and medullary cavity. Next, it discusses the classification of bones by shape, development, region, and structure. Key points include the parts of a developing long bone such as the epiphysis, diaphysis, and epiphyseal plate. It also reviews bone development through intramembranous and endochondral ossification, as well as Wolff's law regarding bone remodeling in response to stress. In closing, it lists functions of bone and growth
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Bone i
- 1. BONE-I DR. SADAF AZIZ LECTURER, NORTHWEST COLLEGE OF PHYSICAL THERAPY
- 2. TODAY’S LECTURE Bone Classification of bone Parts of developing long bone Gross structure of bone Development of bone
- 3. WHAT IS BONE? One-third organic connective tissue. Makes it tough & resilient. Afford resistance to tensile forces. Two-third inorganic calcium salts. Makes it hard & rigid. Afford resistance to compressive forces of weight- bearing and impact forces of jumping. Living tissue & highly vascular. Greater regenerative power. Mould itself to changes in stress. Shows disuse atrophy & overuse hypertrophy
- 5. GROSS STRUCTURE OF AN ADULT LONG BONE SHAFT Perisoteum Cortex Medullary cavity
- 7. THE TWO ENDS Cancellous bone covered with hyaline cartilage
- 8. PARTS OF A YOUNG BONE Primary center & secondary center 1. Epiphysis 2. Diaphysis 3. Metaphysis 4. Epiphysial plate of cartilage
- 9. 1. EPIPHYSIS The ends & tips of bone which ossify from secondary centres Pressure epiphysis Traction epiphysis Atavistic epiphysis Aberrant epiphysis
- 11. 2. DIAPHYSIS Elongated shaft of bone which ossify from a primary center
- 12. 3. METAPHYSIS The epiphyseal end of a diaphysis Zone of active growth, hair-pin bends Common site of osteomyelitis in children after the epiphyseal fusion vascular communications establish between metaphysical and epiphyseal arteries.
- 13. 4. EPIPHYSEAL PLATE OF CARTILAGE Separates epiphysis from metaphysis Lengthwise growth of a long bone After epiphyseal fusion, the bone can no longer grow in length
- 14. DEVELOPMENT & OSSIFICATION OF BONES Bones first laid down as mesodermal (connective tissue) condensations Conversion of mesoderm into bone is Intramembranous/ mesenchymal ossification. The bones are called Membrane (dermal) bones Conversion of cartilaginous model into bone is called Intracartilaginous / endochondral ossification. The bones are called Cartilaginous bones Ossification takes place by centers of ossification Primary centers forms diaphysis Secondary centers form epiphysis Fusion of epiphysis with diaphysis starts at puberty and complete by age of 25 years Law of ossification Growing end of bone
- 16. GROWTH OF BONE
- 17. CLASSIFICATION OF BONES A. According to shape B. Developmental classification C. Regional classification D. Structural classification
- 18. A. ACCORDING TO SHAPE
- 19. 1. LONG BONES Diaphysis & epiphysis. Shaft separated by 3 borders. Nutrient foramen EXAMPLES: Typical long bone, humerus, radius , ulna Miniature long bone, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges Modified long bone, clavicle
- 21. 2. SHORT BONES Shape is cuboid, cuneiform, trapezoid , scaphoid. EXAMPLE: Tarsal & carpal bones
- 22. 3. FLAT BONES Resemble shallow plates and form boundaries of body cavities EXAMPLE: Bones in the vault of skull, ribs, sternum and scapula
- 24. 4. IRREGULAR BONE Vertebrae, hip bone, bone in the base of skull
- 25. 5. PNEUMATIC BONES Irregular bones containing large air spaces lined by epithelium EXAMPLES: Maxilla, sphenoid, ethmoid
- 26. 6. SESAMOID BONES Bony nodules found embedded in tendons or joint capsules. No periosteum, ossify after birth. Surface of contact are covered with hyaline cartilage and lubricated by bursa or synovial membrane EXAMPLES: Patella, pisiform, fabella etc
- 28. 7. ACCESSORY BONES Not always present . May occur as un-united epiphysis developed from extra centres of ossification EXAMPLES: Sutural, lateral tubercle, tuberosity of 5th metatarsal
- 30. 8. HETEROTROPIC BONES Bones sometimes develop in soft tissues Rider’s horse
- 32. 1. MEMBRANE BONES Ossify in membrane Intramembranous or mesenchymal ossification Derived from mesenchymal condensations EXAMPLES: bones of vault of skull and facial bones
- 35. 2. CARTILAGINOUS BONES Ossify in cartilage Intra-cartilaginous or endochondral ossification Derived from preformed cartilaginous models EXAMPLES Bones of limbs, vertebral column, thoracic age
- 37. 3. MEMBRANO-CARTILAGINOUS BONES Ossify partly in bones and partly in cartilage EXAMPLE Clavicle, mandible, occipital, temporal , sphenoid
- 38. 4. SOMATIC BONES Most of the bones are somatic
- 39. 5. VISCERAL BONES Develop from pharyngeal arches EXAMPLES Hyoid bones, part of mandible, ear ossicles
- 40. C. REGIONAL CLASSIFICATION Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton
- 41. D. STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION Macroscopically Compact bone Cancellous/ spongy bone Wolf’s Law Pressure Lamellae Tension lamellae
- 44. WOLFF’S LAW
- 45. PRESSURE & TENSION LAMELLAE
- 46. Microscopically; Lamellar bone Woven bone Fibrous bone Dentine Cement
- 47. LAMELLAR BONE
- 48. WOVEN BONE
- 49. DENTINE & CEMENT
- 50. BLOOD SUPPLY OF BONE
- 51. SELF STUDY…. Functions of bone Growth of a long bone
- 52. THE END…!!