The document outlines the mechanisms of body fluids and circulation in various organisms, detailing the components and functions of blood, including plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It covers blood types, coagulation processes, and the structure of the heart, explaining the distinctions in circulatory systems among different species. Additionally, it highlights the heart's electrical activity, cardiac cycles, and the importance of double circulation in maintaining physiological functions.

1. Body Fluids &
Circulation

2. Nutrients
Waste
Oz and other
>
ÑÑn& >
harmful
08
essential cells
substances
substances
> We need efficient mechanisms
1.
sponges , coelenterates
> circulate water
through their body
cavities .
2.
High organisms ,
Humans
> Blood , Lymph (tissue fluid)

3. 🩸
Blotchy
special connective tissue
v
v v
Fluid Plasma Formed
Matrix elements

4. 1. Plasmin s straw coloured
> viscous fluid
> 55010
of
blood
plasma > Plasma without
L ✓
,
clotting factors
Small
go -9201.
G- go/.
> Serum
Amt .
of lnlater Proteins > Albumin's
minerals to
Nat,
Cat,
osmotic
balance
Mg2+aHco5,
fibrinogen Vgeobulins
6-
<
&
Blood clotting
Glucose >
(
coagulation
defence
amino acids ,
presenting
mech
lipids .
inactive
form

5. T-02medelement.sn
,
erythrocytes
'
Leeecocytes
>
Platelets
> 45% of blood
4)
Eoyth=EyEEEdBloodCelb_
> Most abundant
> 5 to 505 millions
of RBC mm
-3
>
formed in seed bone marrow ( adults
> devoid
of nucleus ( most
of mammals
)
> biconcave in shape .
> red coloured ,
Fe containing Hb .
>
Healthy individual > 12-16
gm
Hb in
every 100Mt of blood
>
transport of respiratory gases

6. >
avg.
life span → 120
days
>
destroyed in
spleen (graveyard of RBCs
)
(2) LIEytesBs
> colourless
> lack
of Hb
> Nucleated
> 6000 -
Sooo mm
-3
> short lived

7. KLEES
Aigoanulocytes
y±azEytes - - -
Neutrophils
'
Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes
> 60-654.
>
2-30/0 > Least 720-2501.
> 6- 8%
of total resist 10.5-1%1 L ✓
1^1134 infections> secretes
B T >
Phago
(Most
abundant
)
> also histamine > immune
>
Phagocytic
associated serotonin
response
-
attic
with heparin of
allergic to
body
reactions involved
in
inflamm
-
atony
rxn

8. Platelets (thrombocytes)
> Cele
fragments from megkaryocytes
(special cells in bone marrow
)
> 1,501000 -
3. 50,000 platelets mm
-3
>
Coagulation or clotting of Blood
> Reduction can lead to
clotting disorders
excessive loss
of blood
from body

9. > ABO
Bloodykeeps > an
•
Eberling :
> based on presence or absence of two
surfaces antigens.
375
> Plasma contains two natural antibodies
(proteins in response to
antigens)
> As Ba AB ,
O
> Blood
transfusion (safely)

11. • Rh
grouping :
rn rn -
> Present in 8001.
of human (Rmt)
> Rh
-
>
antigen absent
> Rht > Rh
-
> IN ill
form specific
antibodies
> Rh -
ve Rht
mother
Fqetus
First Pregnancy
d) Two bloods are kiell
separated by
placenta .
(2) During delivery
exp .
of maternal blood to small
amount of Rh
-1
blood from foetus .

12. > Mother > antibodies
against Rh
antigen
>
Subsequent pregnancies
antibodies > can destroy foetal RBCs ifrht
fatal sevreoe v
anaemia
Jaundice
erythroblastosis foetalis
> Avoid by administering anti -
Rh
anti-
bodies to mother
after delivery
of first child .

13. Eeggalantine ofBlood
Injury oo Trauma
Iv
coagulation Mechanism
dark reddish
"
brown scum
a
clot or
coagulation
(Network
of threads 4 a
fibrin s)
( dead &
damaged formed elements )
are
trapped

14. Inactive thrombin
>
Fibeeins
>
Fibrm0genp
thrombokinase
Prothrombin
> Cla cascade process
involving no .
of factors present in the
plasma in an inactive state .

15. Injury 00 Trauma
&
Platelets
&
Mech .
of coagulation
> certain
factors present at the site of
injury also imitate
coagulation.
Lymph ( Tissue
fluid)
~ ~ ur mum -
Blood >
IN ater + small water Sol. sub .
&
out into the spaces btw cells
of tissues
leaving larger proteins & most
of the
formed elements in blood vessels
&
Fluid is Cla Tissue or Interstitial Fluid

16. EEkkateyi.at#aysQhenn cloyed
Arthropods , Molluscs Annelids > Chordates
Heart to
I
closed network
Large vessels
of blood vessels
I t
open spaces or more
advantageous
body cavities
( sinuses)

17. Vertebrates
muscular chambered heart
C) Fishes (2 Chambered )
Atrium srentuicle
(2) Amphibians And reptiles (except coocodi
-
less
3 chambered heart
two atria ,
single ventricle
(3) Crocodiles ,
Birds , Mammals
4 chambered heart
Two atria ,
two ventricles

18. Fisher
Heart >
deoxygenated blood
I
oxygenated by gills
t single
Body parts CIRCU
(deoxygenated) -
LAMON
t
Heart

19. ttn-phinbhazsnaadnke.pt/9es-
{gÑÑungTskm3 other
new body parts
OXY -
wood
>
Left atrium
deoxy.
Right L blood
atrium
Incomplete
double
mixed
"
upinthe
circulation
single ventricle
I
mixed Blood

20. Bineknanmdmnammalsm
Oxy . blood deoxy.
blood
Left atria Right atria
v v
Left vent .
Right vent.
No Mixing Occurs
Double Circulation

21. Eumenides-
systems
or Blood Vascular
System
t
consist of a muscular chambered heart
a
Network of closed
branching blood
vessels and blood
>
Hearty : °
Mesoderm ally derived
☐ thoracic cavity (b)in,
the two
lungs)
°
Blin,
the two
lungs
o
slightly tilted to the left
o size of a clenched
fist

23. Pericardium
Protected by double walled membranous
bag .
>
enclosing the pericardial fluid
chambering
Two small uppers Two laager lower
chambers called chamber called
atria ventricles .
snter-atyfg.tn?enfwYm=auaoiaialh
separates night and left atria

24. Interventricular septum
u
m
m
m
m me
separates left and
eight ventricles .
Atrioventricular septum
nm--_
_rm
thick fibrous tissue
separates atrium and ventricle .
T
ricuspid Bicuspid or
Freyre
( three muscular
Cups) btw btw, left atrium
right atrium & and left ventricle
right ventricle

25. Semilunasrllalresnn
opening of right and left ventricles into
pulmonary artery and aorta .
> valves prevent any backflow
Heart > made
up of
cardiac muscles
walls
of ventricles are much thicker than
that
of atria .
Nodal tissue (special caodiac musculature
distributed in the heart
)
upper night corner lower left corner
of right atrium of right atrium close
Cla Sino -
atrial to atrioventricular
Node septum
Cla Atrio -
ventricular Node

26. > Bundles of Nodal fibres
D-trio -
Ventricular Bundle (AV
Passes through Bundles
AV v
Septa emerge on the top of Inter -
Ventricular Sep.
Left
"
Right
bundle bundle
> these branches gives minute
fibres
throughout the ventricular musculature
of respective sides & are ya Purkinje
Fibres

27. > Autotabe I
generate action pot .
without external
stimuli ]
No .
of Action pot .
> SAN > 70-75 beats 1min (Max.
)
leeesp.
for initiating & maintaining
rhythmic contractile activity of
heart
)
called as PACEMAKER .
> Heart > 70-75 b) min
avg .
72101min

28. cazcyc.is
4 chambers > Relaxed state
(joint Diastole)
Bicuspid & Tricuspid >
open
pulmonary veins Verna lava
I t
Left atria Right atria
to I
Left ventricle Right vent .
> semilunar closed
> SAN → action pot.
> atria undergo
a simultaneous cont
.
(atrial systole
I
1^9 flow of blood into ventricles by 30%

29. AYN and AY bundle
t,
Action
Bundle of His Pot .
u
to
to entire ventricular musculature
to
Ventricular muscles contract
( ventricular
systole)
jÑ& Atria >
relax (diastole)

30. ventricular systole
to
closure
of tricuspid and bicuspid
I
ventricular press.
TT
t
semilunar valves open
&
Yentaides relax ( diastole)
to
ventricular press . titi
&
Closure
of semilunar valves
to
ventricular press titi so
, tricuspid and
bis cuspid valves are
opened by
increasing atrial pressure

31. I
Blood moves
freely into ventricles
t
ventricles and atria again relaxed
(diastole)
clinically repeated → Cla cardiac
Both
-
systole <
cycle
atrial Diastole -
ventricles

32. > Cardiac
cycle > 72 times / min
t
Duration of one > 0.8sec .
Stroke Vol.
Blood pumped out
by each
ventricle during cardiac
cycle.
approx. 70mL
cardiac output →
stroke Vol ✗ heart rate
5000mL or 5L
Body can alter stroke vol.
,
heart rate
Hence , cardiac output
two prominent sounds
1 I
dub DUB

33. > Closure
of Tricuspid > Closure of
& Bicuspid semilunar
CLUB) Valves (DUB
)
>
Stethoscope
> Clinical
diagnostic significance

34. teeteringoast ceca>
Pip. . . .
pip . . . .
pip . . . . .
peeeeee
Caotdiac arrest
'
electrocardiogram
>
graphical reps .
of the electrical
activity of heart during c- c.

35. 3 electrical leads
( one to each wrist & left ankle )
> For detailed evaluation →
Multiply
leads to the chest region
p-kiaveelecteei.cat excitation ( or depotaoisation)
of
atria
contraction
of both the atria

36. QRSComptexdepolaeeu.at
ion
of the ventricles initiates
ventricular contraction .
> Contraction starts after On and beginning
of systole .
> TINaxe
>
Return
of ventricles
excited to normal state
(Repolarisation)
> end
of T
ulare → End
of systole
> No .
of QRS complexes → Heart beat rate
of an individual
>
Any deviation in shape →
Abnormality
or disease
> Great clinical significance .

38. Double
circulation
Blood → Blood vessels
(arteries , reins
)
3
layers
(1) Tunica Intima → Inner lining of squamous
epithelium
(2) Tunica Media → middle
layer of smooth
comparatively muscle and elastic
fibres
thin in the
veins
(3) Tunica externa
→
text .
layer of fibrous
connective tissue .

39. Deoxygenated Oxygenated Blood
Blood
f I
d. Vent .
R . vent .
I
+
Put .
artery
Aorta
&
&
Lungs
Arteries , Arterioles ,
tr capillaries
&
oxy . blood systemic Tissues
Pul .
I cir.
µ
•
Put. vein
circulation y
deoxy.
blood
&
> 2. Atrium
system of venules ,
u
veinsfvenacara
① Provides nutrients , 02 and
otherness.
substances I
② T
ake cozaotheo harmful sub .
away
S R. Atrium
for elimination

40. Hepatic Portal
System
ummmm
- me
unique vascular conn . btw digestive tract
and liver .
>
Hepatic portal vein
t
carries blood from intestine to hier
t
then
systemic circulation
> A special coronary Sys .
of blood
vessels present in our body exclusively
for circulation of blood to & from
cardiac musculature .

42. -8=88
-0
A

43. Disorderly