Bob Nichol - Nobel Prize Public Talk
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This document discusses the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through observations of distant supernovae, for which the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded. It provides background on assumptions in cosmology like the cosmological principle, homogeneous and isotropic universe, and using general relativity and the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric to derive equations describing the expansion. The document also summarizes how type Ia supernovae serve as standardizable candles and helped establish the Hubble diagram showing the accelerating expansion.
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The document summarizes evidence that supports the Big Bang theory of the origin and evolution of the universe. It describes how the theory was developed based on Einstein's theory of general relativity and observations of galaxy redshifts. Additional evidence included the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation and the abundance of light elements like hydrogen, helium, and lithium found throughout the universe, which are explained as forming in the first few minutes after the Big Bang. The document also outlines the timeline of events from the initial extremely hot and dense state to the later formation of atoms and separation of matter.
What are dead stars good for?
A lesson I gave to high school students during my time at Yale, with the Yale SPLASH student organisation.
RET 2011 Paper_FINAL CS
This document summarizes the history of cosmic ray research from the early 1900s to present day. It describes key early experiments measuring ionization at different altitudes that helped establish cosmic rays originate outside Earth's atmosphere. It then discusses subsequent discoveries like pions, muons and air shower cascades. The document outlines current understanding of cosmic ray sources and composition. It also explains energy loss mechanisms and interactions of cosmic rays in the atmosphere that produce air showers of particles detected at Earth's surface.
Big Bang
The document provides an overview of the Big Bang theory, including its history, timeline of events, and key pieces of observational evidence that support it. It describes how the universe rapidly expanded from an extremely dense and hot state around 13.7 billion years ago. It outlines the different eras and epochs from the earliest split-second of the universe through structure formation. It also discusses some remaining problems and areas of ongoing research, such as the nature of dark matter and dark energy.
Apartes de la Charla: TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE MAY 29, 1919
Apreciados Amigos de la Sociedad Julio Garavito para el Estudio de la Astronomía y de las Ciencias Espaciales en general. Reciban un cordial saludo. El sábado 8 de Junio de 2019 desde las 11:00 Am hasta las 1:00 PM. se tuvo la reunión de la Sociedad Julio Garavito en el Auditorio del Planetario de Medellín "Jesús Emilio Ramírez González"-Antioquia-Colombia con la Charla: EINSTEIN’S THEORY OF GENERAL RELATIVITY GRAVITATIONAL LENSING PHENOMENON SOBRAL (Brazil) – ISLA PRINCIPE OBSERVATION SITES OF TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE MAY 29, 1919" Por: Herman J. Mosquera Cuesta (PhD Astrophysics). Resumen: In this talk we will review the foundational physics arguments for the occurrence of the phenomenon of gravitational lensing as predicted by Einstein’s general theory of relativity (GTR). A short review of the Einstein’s equations formulated by 1915 and the successful observational confirmations of the theory, in particular the August 2017 spectacular direct detection of the spacetime curvature waves, i.e. gravitational waves, from merging of a neutron star binary, as seeing by LIGO and VIRGO gravitational-wave observatories. Some comments on Einstein’s pathway to predict such phenomenon will be offered, and the specific expression to short-hand computing the angular deviation of background stars around the Sun field of view, will be given. In the offing, we shall briefly digest on the overall implications of such an achievement on May 29, 1919 for our understanding of the universe we live in. https://www.slideshare.net/SociedadJu... Nota: Estas charlas promovidas por la Sociedad Julio Garavito son de entrada libre sin costo alguno. La Sociedad Julio Garavito agradece a los Directivos del Parque Explora por permitirle realizar sus reuniones quincenales que han sido tradicionales por más de 44 años en un lugar que se ha convertido en un referente de Ciencia, Ingeniería, Tecnología e Industria AeroEspacial en la Ciudad de Medellín. Por la atención prestada, muchas gracias. Sinceramente: Campo Elías Roldán. Director Sociedad Julio Garavito para el Estudio de la Astronomía Medellín-Antioquia COLOMBIA. sociedadjuliogaravito@gmail.com campoelias.roldan@gmail.com 3046633269
The Big Bang theory
The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model that describes the early development and expansion of the universe, approximately 13.8 billion years ago from an initial extremely hot and dense state. It explains phenomena such as the expansion of space, the abundance of light elements, and the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation. Evidence for the theory includes measurements of galaxy redshifts and the cosmic microwave background radiation. The theory is widely accepted by the scientific community but still leaves major questions unanswered, such as what caused the initial conditions of the Big Bang.
Presentation Evidence for the Big Bang_p.ppt
Three key pieces of evidence support the Big Bang theory of the origin and evolution of the universe:
1. The expansion of the universe, as evidenced by the redshifting of light from distant galaxies and interpreted by Hubble's law.
2. The abundance of hydrogen and helium matches what would be predicted from nucleosynthesis in the early universe.
3. The discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, which has properties matching predictions from the Big Bang theory.
foundations of astronomy - the very basics
The document provides information about the Earth and Moon. It summarizes that the Earth is differentiated with an iron core, silicate mantle and crust. The mantle flows like a liquid due to heat convection. Plate tectonics causes geological activity. Radiometric dating indicates the Earth is approximately 4.6 billion years old. The Moon has no atmosphere or magnetic field and its surface is dominated by impact craters. Evidence suggests there may be water ice at the lunar poles.
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This document discusses machine learning concepts including supervised vs. unsupervised learning, clustering algorithms, and specific clustering methods like k-means and k-nearest neighbors. It provides examples of how clustering can be used for applications such as market segmentation and astronomical data analysis. Key clustering algorithms covered are hierarchy methods, partitioning methods, k-means which groups data by assigning objects to the closest cluster center, and k-nearest neighbors which classifies new data based on its closest training examples.
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- The document discusses methods for characterizing dark energy and modified gravity models in a model-independent way using cosmological observations.
- Due to the "dark degeneracy" between dark matter and dark energy, it is not possible to separately measure the properties of dark matter and dark energy without assuming a specific model class.
- Observables like the Hubble parameter H(z) and gravitational potentials can be reconstructed from the data, but this does not break the degeneracy between dark matter and dark energy contributions.
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Seminar by Prof Bruce Bassett at IAP, Paris, October 2013
This document discusses the rise of machine learning and artificial intelligence in astronomy due to a massive increase in data from upcoming surveys. It will produce around an exabyte of data per day, far more than has been produced throughout human history. This raises issues around preparing students, and how science may be done. The document discusses using machine learning for tasks like supernova identification and classification. It also discusses challenges like ensuring machine learning results are trustworthy, and whether this can truly replace human genius. It explores the idea of a universal language for scientific theories that could be searched algorithmically.
Cosmology with the 21cm line
The 21cm line from neutral hydrogen can be used to study cosmology during the first billion years of the universe. This includes the Dark Ages when no structures formed, the Cosmic Dawn when the first luminous objects formed, and the Epoch of Reionization when these objects reionized the intergalactic medium. Current and future 21cm experiments like LOFAR, MWA, PAPER, and HERA aim to detect the signal from these eras but face challenges in calibrating the instruments and subtracting bright foreground sources. Some progress has been made in placing upper limits on the signal and constraining the heating of the intergalactic medium by X-rays, but a clear detection of the signal is still needed
Tuning your radio to the cosmic dawn
The document discusses the cosmic dawn and reionization period in the early universe. It describes the evolution from the dark ages after recombination to the epoch of reionization around z=6-20. Key aspects discussed include understanding the sources and sinks of ionizing photons that drove reionization, and challenges in modeling this period due to the large parameter space and scales involved, from single stars to the entire universe. Seminumerical simulations are presented as an efficient method to model reionization and predict 21cm signals.
A short introduction to massive gravity... or ... Can one give a mass to the ...
1. The document discusses massive gravity and proposes that giving the graviton a small mass could potentially explain dark matter and dark energy without needing to introduce those concepts.
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3. Nonlinear extensions of the Pauli-Fierz theory are examined, finding solutions only with singularities. The "Goldstone" description of massive gravity is introduced as a way to better understand nonlinear effects like the Vainshtein mechanism.
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This document summarizes recent research on how the sizes and densities of galaxies have changed over time. Studies have found that galaxies at high redshift had smaller sizes than present-day galaxies of the same mass, often by a factor of 2-3 within 1 kpc and over 100 times within the effective radius. Various mechanisms are discussed for how galaxies could have grown, including minor mergers which could increase size more than mass over time. The document also examines constraints on the amount of growth massive galaxies could have experienced through mergers between redshifts of 0.8 to 0.1 based on the luminosity and stellar mass functions remaining largely unchanged over this period.
Cluster abundances and clustering Can theory step up to precision cosmology?
This document discusses improvements to the Press-Schechter theory for modeling the abundances and clustering of dark matter halos. It proposes that modeling halo collapse as requiring the density to "step up" above a critical density threshold at progressively larger spatial scales provides a better approximation than assuming fully correlated or uncorrelated densities. This "stepping up" approach requires only 2-point statistics and can be applied to non-Gaussian fields. The document also suggests that modeling the distribution of density slopes at peak positions provides a way to match halo counts through an Excursion Set Peaks model.
An Overview of Gravitational Lensing
This document discusses gravitational lensing and some of the challenges involved in measuring it. Gravitational lensing causes the apparent deflection of light from distant background sources as it passes massive foreground objects. Precise measurements of lensing effects can provide information about dark matter distributions and the geometry and growth of the universe. However, there are three main problems: accurately measuring galaxy shapes used to detect lensing distortions, determining reliable photometric redshifts for galaxies, and accounting for intrinsic alignments of galaxy orientations unrelated to lensing.
Testing cosmology with galaxy clusters, the CMB and galaxy clustering
This document summarizes a presentation on testing cosmology using galaxy clusters, the cosmic microwave background, and galaxy clustering. It discusses combining measurements of cosmic growth and expansion from these sources to constrain departures from general relativity. Models are presented for linear, time-dependent departures from GR. Constraints on parameters like the growth index γ are shown from combinations of clusters, CMB, and galaxy data. Tightening constraints are achieved by adding baryon acoustic oscillation, supernova, and Hubble constant data. The document also briefly discusses using cluster counts to constrain primordial non-Gaussianity.
Galaxy Formation: An Overview
This document discusses galaxy formation and evolution from cosmological simulations and models. It summarizes that galaxy formation is driven by the hierarchical growth of dark matter halos, gas accretion via cold filamentary streams or hot spherical halos, and feedback regulating star formation. Galaxy properties like star formation rates and metallicities are set by the balance between gas inflow and outflow.
Spit, Duct Tape, Baling Wire & Oral Tradition: Dealing With Radio Data
The document discusses the process of creating radio interferometers and summarizing data from them. It begins with an overview of how a normal reflector telescope can be broken up and transformed into an interferometer by replacing the optical path with electronics and correlating signals between antenna elements. It then discusses some of the challenges in summarizing interferometer data, including missing information due to an incomplete coverage of the uv-plane, measurement errors that distort the signals, and direction-dependent effects that vary with time, antenna, and direction. The document introduces the concept of the Radio Interferometer Measurement Equation (RIME) to formally describe these direction-dependent distortions.
MeerKAT: an overview
The document summarizes the MeerKAT radio telescope project in South Africa, including:
- MeerKAT will be the largest radio telescope in the southern hemisphere and one of the largest in the world, establishing a legacy for Africa. It is an SKA precursor project.
- The specifications for MeerKAT including the number of antennas, maximum baseline, bandwidth, frequency range, and survey plans.
- MeerKAT will initially consist of 64 antennas in 2016, expanding over time. It aims to carry out a number of surveys for HI, pulsars, galaxies, and fast/slow transients.
- Opportunities are outlined for students and faculty to get involved in radio astronomy research
Casa cookbook for KAT 7
This document provides guidance on reducing interferometric radio astronomy data from the Karoo Array Telescope (KAT-7) using the Common Astronomy Software Applications (CASA). It describes the multi-step process of calibration and imaging required to produce an image from the visibility measurements made by an interferometer. The key steps involve: 1) converting the raw data from HDF5 format to a measurement set, 2) loading and inspecting the data, 3) flagging bad or corrupted data, 4) solving for the complex gain calibration terms using calibrator sources, 5) splitting the data for source and calibrator, 6) deconvolving the dirty image using CLEAN to account for incomplete uv-coverage. Trouble
From Darkness, Light: Computing Cosmological Reionization
1) Reionization occurred between redshifts of 10-6, beginning around 10 billion years ago and ending around 1 billion years ago.
2) Observations of the CMB and galaxies at z>6 provide constraints but questions remain about the sources and topology of reionization.
3) Cosmological simulations of reionization must model structure formation, radiation transport, and non-equilibrium chemistry and physics to help address open questions.
WHAT CAN WE DEDUCE FROM STUDIES OF NEARBY GALAXY POPULATIONS?
Studies of nearby galaxy populations using large optical surveys like SDSS have provided insights into galaxy formation and evolution. Key findings include identifying characteristic scales where baryon conversion peaks at halo masses of ~10^12 solar masses and galaxies transition from blue to red at stellar masses of ~10^10 solar masses. While surveys have constrained stellar populations and traced dark matter halos, they have not well constrained gas accretion onto galaxies, gas outflows, or the influence of black holes on galaxy evolution.
Binary pulsars as tools to study gravity
Binary pulsars provide an excellent tool to test theories of gravity. The document describes several binary pulsar systems and how measurements of their orbital parameters over time have allowed for high-precision tests of general relativity in strong gravitational fields. Specifically, the double pulsar system PSR J0737-3039A/B has enabled measurements that agree with general relativity predictions to within 0.05% precision by measuring parameters like periastron advance and gravitational redshift effects.
Cross Matching EUCLID and SKA using the Likelihood Ratio
1) The document discusses using a likelihood ratio technique to identify counterparts between low-resolution radio data from surveys like SKA and optical/infrared data from surveys like Euclid.
2) The likelihood ratio technique calculates probabilities that potential counterparts are true matches versus random alignments based on positional offsets and magnitude distributions.
3) Applying the technique to simulated lower-resolution radio data shows a 3-5% loss in identified counterparts compared to high-resolution data, with the worst effects for faint radio sources. However, the vast majority of identified counterparts remain the same.
Machine Learning Challenges in Astronomy
The document discusses using machine learning techniques to classify astronomical objects from large surveys. It notes that surveys are producing huge amounts of data that conventional methods cannot fully process. Machine learning can be used to help classify objects and sort candidates. Specifically, the document discusses using machine learning on photometric data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) to identify low-redshift quasars. It notes challenges including the large size and dimensionality of the data, and proposes using a boosted ensemble method to learn weights for different regions of feature space rather than trying to estimate probabilities. This would help classify objects from the SDSS into categories like quasars, stars or galaxies.
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Bob Nichol - Nobel Prize Public Talk
- 1. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2011 Bob Nichol (ICG Portsmouth) “majority of its surface area is only about 10 feet above sea level”
- 3. Cosmology Primer I Assumptions Cosmological Principle; not special place, time or physics Homogeneous and isotropic; defines “simple” FRW metric Assume GR and FRW metric; solve to get Friedmann’s equations (including Einstein’s Cosmological Constant) H2 ≡ ˙a a ⎛ ⎝ ⎜ ⎞ ⎠ ⎟ 2 = 8π 3 ρ − k R2 − Λ 3
- 4. Cosmology Primer II Hubble discovered the expansion of the Universe in 1929 Einstein dropped his cosmological constant Next 70 years was the search for two numbers! “Hubbles’ Constant” Density of matter "0 # $0 $c = 8%G 3H0 2 $0 Distance from us RecessionVelocity Ω0 =1 for a flat universe
- 5. Distances and SNeIa n Thermonuclear explosions of White Dwarf stars White Dwarf accretes mass from or merges with a companion star, growing to a critical mass ~1.4Msun (Chandrasekhar) A violent explosion is triggered at or near the center, and the star is completely incinerated within seconds. In the core, light elements are burned in fusion reactions to produce ~0.6Msun Nickel. The radioactive decay of Nickel and Cobalt makes
- 6. Standardizable Candles A"er correc(on, σ~ 0.16 mag (~8% distance error) Kim et al. 1997
- 7. Industrial Astronomy Sciama Building Only ~1 SNe per ~100 years in our Galaxy
- 8. SN Hubble Diagram (circa 1999) Sciama Building ICG only UK institute in SDSS-III a=1/(1+z) W € Ω0 = ΩM + ΩΛ € Ω0 = ΩM + ΩΛ
- 10. Nobel Prize 2011 "for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"
- 11. Baryon Acoustic Oscillations Initial fluctuation in DM. Sound wave driven out by intense pressure at 0.57c. Initial fluctuation in DM. Sound wave driven out by intense pressure at 0.57c. Photons free stream, while baryons remain still as pressure is gone Today. Baryons and DM in equilibrium. The final configuration is the original peak at the center and an echo (the sound horizon) ~150Mpc in radius Illustrations by Martin White
- 12. Standard Rulers in the Sky WMAP 1st year data First year WMAP power spectrum 150Mpc
- 13. Flat Universe WMAP 1st year data “Ruler” is 150Mpc and distance to CMB is known to high accuracy (z=1089)
- 14. Today Densities known to ~10%
- 16. Energy of Nothingness! Coincidence problem? Log[a0/a(t)] € ρDE ~ a−3(1+w) € wi(z) ≡ pi ρi
- 17. Cosmological Constant € ρDE ~ a−3(1+w) (10120 too small)