This case involved Rachel Holland, a child with moderate mental retardation who was denied full-time placement in general education by the Sacramento City School District. The court ruled that Rachel's appropriate placement under IDEA was in general education with supplemental supports. The district did not prove that the additional costs of educating Rachel in general education were too burdensome. The court ordered Rachel be placed in a general education second grade class. This established that academic benefit is not required for inclusion and that districts must incur additional costs to provide placement in the least restrictive environment.
06-abr-2016 | Presentación de Bronwyn Hinz (Universidad de Victoria) en el Workshop 'Education in the 21st Century: Lessons learnt from Federal an Decentralized Systems' organizado por la Fundación Alternativas.
06-abr-2016 | Presentación de Bronwyn Hinz (Universidad de Victoria) en el Workshop 'Education in the 21st Century: Lessons learnt from Federal an Decentralized Systems' organizado por la Fundación Alternativas.
Notebook Correction/Exercise Book Correction MethodsRajeev Ranjan
Teaching is an art. It demands a lot of expertise and patience while checking notebooks. Errors are integral parts of learning process. Do not create error threatening environment; at the same time sensitize your learners gradually to write accurately and fluently. In order to achieve an effective error correction method, it is very important for teachers to have a clear understanding of the nature of errors. As Corder (1967, cited in Cook, 1995: 22) Rajeev Ranjan
The Canadian education system is one of the most decentralized systems in terms of organization and management.
Canada is characterized by the absence of a National Education Ministry or a federal education system, instead educational
powers are delegated to each of the jurisdictions composing the Confederation.
IFS (institute for foreign studies) - India’s leading Overseas Education Consultant offering various Study options abroad / overseas in countries like UK, USA, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Switzerland, Singapore, and Ireland. Provides information regarding higher education for various courses such as MBA, MCA, MS, Ph.D. Engineering, and Hospitality, Graduate courses, Undergraduate, Degree courses and has a command over the education system world wide.
The Interactive Process and Reasonable Accommodation of Disabled WorkersJeff Polsky
A guide on current requirements for engaging disabled applicants and employees in the interactive process to explore possible accommodations (with a focus on Federal and California law).
Court Cases - Special Education - Dr. William Allan KritsonisWilliam Kritsonis
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
PhD, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 1976
M.Ed. Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington, 1971
B.A. Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington, 1969
Visiting Scholar, Columbia University, Teachers College, New York, 1981
Visiting Scholar, Stanford University, School of Education, Palo Alto, California, 1987
Doctor of Humane Letters, School of Graduate Studies, Southern Christian University, 2008
Hall of Honor (2008)
William H. Parker Leadership Academy, Graduate School
Prairie View A&M University - The Texas A&M University System
Invited Visiting Lecturer (2005)
Oxford Round Table
Oriel College
University of Oxford
Oxford, England – United Kingdom
Distinguished Alumnus (2004)
Central Washington University
College of Education and Professional Studies
Ellensburg, Washington
Founder & Editor-in-Chief
NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS
Founded 1983
Notebook Correction/Exercise Book Correction MethodsRajeev Ranjan
Teaching is an art. It demands a lot of expertise and patience while checking notebooks. Errors are integral parts of learning process. Do not create error threatening environment; at the same time sensitize your learners gradually to write accurately and fluently. In order to achieve an effective error correction method, it is very important for teachers to have a clear understanding of the nature of errors. As Corder (1967, cited in Cook, 1995: 22) Rajeev Ranjan
The Canadian education system is one of the most decentralized systems in terms of organization and management.
Canada is characterized by the absence of a National Education Ministry or a federal education system, instead educational
powers are delegated to each of the jurisdictions composing the Confederation.
IFS (institute for foreign studies) - India’s leading Overseas Education Consultant offering various Study options abroad / overseas in countries like UK, USA, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Switzerland, Singapore, and Ireland. Provides information regarding higher education for various courses such as MBA, MCA, MS, Ph.D. Engineering, and Hospitality, Graduate courses, Undergraduate, Degree courses and has a command over the education system world wide.
The Interactive Process and Reasonable Accommodation of Disabled WorkersJeff Polsky
A guide on current requirements for engaging disabled applicants and employees in the interactive process to explore possible accommodations (with a focus on Federal and California law).
Court Cases - Special Education - Dr. William Allan KritsonisWilliam Kritsonis
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
PhD, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 1976
M.Ed. Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington, 1971
B.A. Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington, 1969
Visiting Scholar, Columbia University, Teachers College, New York, 1981
Visiting Scholar, Stanford University, School of Education, Palo Alto, California, 1987
Doctor of Humane Letters, School of Graduate Studies, Southern Christian University, 2008
Hall of Honor (2008)
William H. Parker Leadership Academy, Graduate School
Prairie View A&M University - The Texas A&M University System
Invited Visiting Lecturer (2005)
Oxford Round Table
Oriel College
University of Oxford
Oxford, England – United Kingdom
Distinguished Alumnus (2004)
Central Washington University
College of Education and Professional Studies
Ellensburg, Washington
Founder & Editor-in-Chief
NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS
Founded 1983
Presentation to 1st and 2nd year general education teachers to help them understand the term inclusion, and discussion of strategies to help facilitate successful inclusive environments
This assignment assesses your ability toEvaluate how the foun.docxhowardh5
This assignment assesses your ability to:
Evaluate how the foundations of the legal concept Least Restrictive Environment (LRE) currently influence students and educators in classrooms in the United States, and
Summarize how the IDEA legislation can promote a collaborative decision-making process about special education placement and services in the United States.
This assignment also supports your achievement of Course Learning Outcome 4, 6, and 7 and the MASE Program Learning Outcome 1, 4, 5, 6, and 8.
The parents of Rachel Holland, an 11-year old girl, wanted their daughter educated in a general classroom with her non-disabled peers. Rachel was labeled as “mentally retarded” (Intellectually Disabled), with an Intelligence Quotient (IQ) of 44. The school district proposed an alternative schedule where she would attend separate, self-contained classes for the academic subjects and participate in non-academic classes with her non-disabled peers. Rachel’s parents were not satisfied with this option so they enrolled her in a private school while they sought mediation (Kids Together, Inc., 2010).
This dispute, which became a major court case, is based on how the concept of the “Least Restrictive Environment” is defined and interpreted as intended by the IDEA. According to legislation:
The maximum extent appropriate, children with disabilities… are educated with children who are not disabled and special classes [or] separate schooling… [only] occurs only when the nature or severity of the disability… is such that education in regular classes with the use of supplementary aids and services cannot be achieved satisfactorily. (U.S. Department of Education, n.d., para A)
Rachel’s parents believed that educating their daughter in the general classroom, with her non-disabled peers, was her least restrictive environment. The school felt that they could not satisfactorily meet her needs even with supplementary aids and services. Your required reading for this week describes the details of the case, the findings of the court and how this case has impacted the reasonable attempts that educators must make to place students with disabilities in fully inclusive settings to ensure their success.
Having heard unclear information through the school gossip chain, some of the teachers at your school have expressed questions regarding the issue of LRE. Since you have become a source of information your principal has requested that your make a presentation to the teachers at the next staff meeting.
Instructions
Read the article entitled, “Where to Evaluate Rachel Holland? Does Least Restrictive Environment Mean No Restrictions?” (DeMitchell & Kearns, 1997) which is accessible from the EBSCOhost database. Using support from this article, your course textbook, the Instructor Guidance, and supplemental information derived from the discussions you will create a presentation using
Google Slides (Links to an external site.)
,
Prezi (Links to an external site.
Special Education - Least Restrictive Environment - Dr. William Allan Kritson...William Kritsonis
Dr. Kritsonis Recognized as Distinguished Alumnus
In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. Dr. Kritsonis was nominated by alumni, former students, friends, faculty, and staff. Final selection was made by the Alumni Association Board of Directors. Recipients are CWU graduates of 20 years or more and are recognized for achievement in their professional field and have made a positive contribution to society. For the second consecutive year, U.S. News and World Report placed Central Washington University among the top elite public institutions in the west. CWU was 12th on the list in the 2006 On-Line Education of “America’s Best Colleges.”
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Public School Law, American With Disabilities Action, Due Process, Discrimination, Bill of Rights, Least Restrictive Environment
Dr. Kritsonis has traveled and lectured extensively throughout the United States and world-wide. Some international travels include Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, Turkey, Italy, Greece, Monte Carlo, England, Holland, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Estonia, Poland, Germany, Mexico, the Caribbean Islands, Mexico, Switzerland, Grand Cayman, Haiti, St. Maarten, St. John, St. Thomas, St. Croix, St. Lucia, Puerto Rico, Nassau, Freeport, Jamaica, Barbados, Martinique, Canada, Curacao, Costa Rico, Aruba, Venezuela, Panama, Bora Bora, Tahiti, Latvia, Spain, Honduras, and many more. He has been invited to lecture and serve as a guest professor at many universities across the nation and abroad.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
1. Board of Education, Sacramento City
School District v. Rachel Holland:
Making the Case for Full Inclusion
Sherwood Best, Ph.D.
Professor
CSULA
1
2. Board of Education, Sacramento
City School District
v.
Rachel Holland
786 F. Supp. 874 (E.D. Cal.1992)
Argued December 16, 1991
Decided March 2, 1992
2
3. Background
Rachel was a young child with an IQ of
44 & developmental level of 4 years.
She attended private preschool at the
Shalom School.
From 1985-1989, Rachel attended a
number of special education programs
in the Sacramento City School District.
From 1987-1987 she spent 1 hour a
day in a general education class.
3
4. Background
In 1989, the Hollands requested full-
time placement in general education.
The District countered with a special
education placement.
The Hollands sought mediation and
the District then offered special
education placement with up to ½
time in general education.
The Hollands rejected the District’s
offer and re-enrolled Rachel in the
Shalom School’s Kindergarten class.
4
5. Background
Through another mediation the
Hollands & the District agreed to an
IEP. Meanwhile, the Hollands appealed
the District’s decision to a state
hearing officer.
On August 15, 1990, the hearing
officer made a report stating that the
District had made insufficient effort to
include Rachel in general education.
5
6. Background
The hearing officer ordered the District
to place Rachel in general education
with appropriate support services.
The District appealed the decision to
state district court. The Hollands kept
Rachel in Shalom School.
6
7. Issues
Is full-time placement in general education
appropriate for a child with moderate mental
retardation?
The interpretation of the hearing officer that
“appropriate education” meant education in
general education for Rachel.
Whether the district was overburdened with
cost and administrative duties in providing
for Rachel in general education.
Is the burden of educating children like
Rachel too difficult for the general education
teacher?
7
8. Applicable Law
IDEA, which states that, “to the
maximum extend appropriate,
handicapped children shall be
educated with their non-
handicapped peers.” (20 U.S.C.,
sec. 1400-1485).
8
9. Argument Base
Both plaintiffs & defendants based
their arguments around 4 points:
Are Rachel’s disabilities so severe that she would
receive little or no academic benefit from
placement in general education?
Are Rachel’s disabilities so severe that she would
receive little of no non-academic benefit from
placement in general education?
Does Rachel have a negative effect on other
children in the general education placement?
Is the cost of educating Rachel in general
education too burdensome for the district?
9
10. Arguments - Plaintiffs
The plaintiffs argued as follows:
Rachel had made no progress toward her IEP
goals, which were based on functional skills
(handling money, performing activities of
daily living, transportation, etc.).
Rachel was isolated and not learning from
her classmates.
The cost of educating Rachel in general
education would be too high for the district,
as she required several services (like speech)
that she would need to receive in general
education.
Rachel would take up too much of the
general education teacher’s time. 10
11. Arguments - Defendants
The defendants argued as follows:
Rachel had made significant progress at
Shalom School, where she was learning
language and social skills from her peers
The standardized tests used to measure
Rachel’s progress were not a useful
measure of her achievement.
Rachel could easily be accommodated in
general education with “supplemental
supports & services”, as stipulated by
IDEA.
Rachel was an agreeable & compliant child
who posed no disruptive threat to her
classmates.
11
12. Holding
The appropriate placement for Rachel
Holland, under IDEA, was general education.
The district had not met a burden of proof
related to the extra expense of education
Rachel in general education.
Rachel was making both academic and
nonacademic progress in general education
Rachel was no burden on other children in
general education.
12
13. Dicta
The district may be required to incur
additional cost as a result of a child’s
placement into general education.
Academic benefit is not a necessary
condition for continued placement in
general education.
Curriculum modifications may be
cumbersome for teachers not trained to
meet the needs of children like Rachel.
13
14. Court’s Orders
Rachel Holland was placed into a
general education second grade
class with supplemental supports
and services.
14
15. Implications for Special Education
Funding, administrative burden &
attitude are not sufficient conditions to
deny inclusion.
More children will be included in
general education classes.
School districts will make varying
efforts to train teachers to assist
included children.
More litigation!!
15