Am very excited to start the process of writing this research proposal because malaria is one of the most deadly diseases in Africa, especially in Ghana. so the reason behind this research proposal is that I want us to prevent this disease once and for all in our community. But am not done with this research I will continue it someday.
This document discusses the spatial patterns of malaria transmission globally and within Nigeria. It finds that malaria transmission is heaviest in sub-Saharan Africa, where nearly 300 million people lack access to preventative measures. Within Nigeria, malaria prevalence can be as high as 85% and is a major public health burden. The research analyzed malaria data from 1993 to 2007 and found seasonal variations influence transmission. States in Nigeria's north central and northeast regions had the highest infection rates, while states in the southwest and northwest had the lowest. Targeted interventions are needed in highly-affected states to reduce malaria's public health and economic impacts.
Knowledge of the Implementation of the Malaria Control Program in Four Health...YogeshIJTSRD
This document summarizes a study on healthcare providers' knowledge of malaria control programs in four health districts in Yaounde, Cameroon. The study involved surveying 42 healthcare providers who received training and 50 providers who did not, across the districts. It found that trained providers generally demonstrated good knowledge of malaria diagnosis, treatment and prevention, with higher percentages than untrained providers. However, not all practices followed national guidelines. The study concluded there was room for improvement in fully implementing recommended case management procedures.
Statistical analysis on household factors influencing annual episodes of malariacimran15
Malaria is responsible for about 66 per cent of all clinic visits in Nigeria. It accounts for 25% of under-5 mortality, 30% childhood mortality and 11% maternal mortality. At least 50% of the population will have at least one episode of malaria annually. Moreover, environment dictates the incidence and prevalence of diseases all over the world and if timely action is not taken, it may lead to diseases. Three (3) out of six (6) major towns in Ido local government area are considered and accumulated one hundred and ninety one (191) individuals as respondents using haphazard non probability sampling technique for selection. The obtained data through questionnaire was presented on frequency table and charts while inferential statistics were analysed using dummy variables in regression. It was revealed that majority of the respondents suffered from one or more incidences of malaria in a year, where female had the higher percentage of the incidence and there was high incidence of malaria among the adult ages 30years and above. The qualitative predictor variable in regression analysis revealed significant relationship between annual episode of malaria and number of members of household, toilet type, absent ceiling, building type, disposable site and source of domestic water. The ANOVA, F – test was significant for all predicted factors. Conclusively, in the view of the discovery, it was therefore recommended that people need awareness on densely populated area / household are more prone to experience more episodes of malaria incidence than sparsely populated one, encouragement on utilization of closed domestic water system instead of open system to avoid reservoir for mosquito, enlightenment on type toilet used and avoid absence ceiling to prevent being a breeding site for mosquitoes, government to stage more campaign against malaria especially for adult not for children under 5year alone and create a task force officer/ sanitary inspectors to checkmate sanitation of our environment to avoid unkempt toilet habit which serves as breeding site for mosquitoes.
Malaria Control Strategies among Rural Dwellers in a Typical Nigerian Settingasclepiuspdfs
Malaria is a major public health problem in sub-Saharan African, including Nigeria, causing 63% of total outpatient attendance in health facilities, 30% under-five mortality, and 11% of maternal mortality. Malaria control practices remain a major strategy in the combat of this menace. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the malaria control strategies utilized among rural dwellers in the Ezza North local government area (LGA) of Ebonyi state.
Malaria is still considered globally as a leading cause of morbidity with Nigeria carrying the highest burden of 19%. Coinfection of malaria and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) accelerate disease progression of HIV/AIDS subjects. This study investigated the prevalence and predictors of malaria among HIV infected subjects attending the antiretroviral therapy Clinic at Federal the Medical Centre, Keffi, Nigeria. After ethical clearance, 200 whole blood specimens were collected from patients who gave informed consent and completed a self-structured questionnaire. The specimens were examined for malarial parasite using rapid kits and microscopy. The overall prevalence of the infection was 78/200 (39.0%). The prevalence was higher in male (44.7%) than female (34.0%) subjects. Those subjects aged < 20 years (54.5), male gender (44.7%), non-formal education holders (61.5%), farmers (62.5%), stream water users (48.1%), those that lives in rural setting (43.6%), those that do not use Insecticides Treated Nets (ITNs) (39.4%) and swampy environment dwellers (41.7%) were identified predictors for malaria infection in the area. All the predictors studied did not show any statistically significant difference with the infection but some arithmetic difference exists (P > 0.05). The 39.0% prevalence of malaria in HIV infected subjects is a public health concern. Therefore, Public health surveillance and health education among HIV population should be advocated to help eradicate malaria comes 2030. Further study that will characterize the genes of the parasite should be carried out.
The document provides a risk assessment of a potential Zika virus outbreak in the WHO African region. It analyzed hazards, exposures, vulnerabilities and coping capacities to develop a risk ranking of countries. Key indicators included Zika transmission factors, urbanization, connectivity, treatment seeking, and government and laboratory capacities. Maps in an annex show the distribution of these indicators. The analysis aims to inform prevention and preparedness efforts for a potential Zika outbreak in Africa.
Eric Benjamin submitted his final project on malaria in Nigeria to Walden University. The 3 sentence summary is:
The project focused on malaria in Nigeria, where it is a major public health problem, with an estimated 100 million cases and 300,000 deaths per year. Malaria disproportionately affects children under 5 and the poor, and factors like poverty, lack of education, and cultural beliefs contribute to the high burden. Nigeria has implemented strategies like insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying, as well as policies to improve prevention, treatment, and the public health system's response to malaria.
Malaria is a major health problem in Nigeria, affecting 97% of the population. Each year there are an estimated 100 million cases of malaria in Nigeria, resulting in over 300,000 deaths. Malaria prevalence is highest in children ages 5-59 months in southern, central, and western Nigeria. Repeated malaria infections contribute to severe anemia and increased risk of death in children under 5 years old. This study aims to understand the current prevalence of malaria in Nigeria, environmental factors that allow transmission, and behaviors regarding treatment seeking for the disease. It also aims to educate the public about the effectiveness of insecticide-treated bed nets in preventing malaria transmission.
This document discusses the spatial patterns of malaria transmission globally and within Nigeria. It finds that malaria transmission is heaviest in sub-Saharan Africa, where nearly 300 million people lack access to preventative measures. Within Nigeria, malaria prevalence can be as high as 85% and is a major public health burden. The research analyzed malaria data from 1993 to 2007 and found seasonal variations influence transmission. States in Nigeria's north central and northeast regions had the highest infection rates, while states in the southwest and northwest had the lowest. Targeted interventions are needed in highly-affected states to reduce malaria's public health and economic impacts.
Knowledge of the Implementation of the Malaria Control Program in Four Health...YogeshIJTSRD
This document summarizes a study on healthcare providers' knowledge of malaria control programs in four health districts in Yaounde, Cameroon. The study involved surveying 42 healthcare providers who received training and 50 providers who did not, across the districts. It found that trained providers generally demonstrated good knowledge of malaria diagnosis, treatment and prevention, with higher percentages than untrained providers. However, not all practices followed national guidelines. The study concluded there was room for improvement in fully implementing recommended case management procedures.
Statistical analysis on household factors influencing annual episodes of malariacimran15
Malaria is responsible for about 66 per cent of all clinic visits in Nigeria. It accounts for 25% of under-5 mortality, 30% childhood mortality and 11% maternal mortality. At least 50% of the population will have at least one episode of malaria annually. Moreover, environment dictates the incidence and prevalence of diseases all over the world and if timely action is not taken, it may lead to diseases. Three (3) out of six (6) major towns in Ido local government area are considered and accumulated one hundred and ninety one (191) individuals as respondents using haphazard non probability sampling technique for selection. The obtained data through questionnaire was presented on frequency table and charts while inferential statistics were analysed using dummy variables in regression. It was revealed that majority of the respondents suffered from one or more incidences of malaria in a year, where female had the higher percentage of the incidence and there was high incidence of malaria among the adult ages 30years and above. The qualitative predictor variable in regression analysis revealed significant relationship between annual episode of malaria and number of members of household, toilet type, absent ceiling, building type, disposable site and source of domestic water. The ANOVA, F – test was significant for all predicted factors. Conclusively, in the view of the discovery, it was therefore recommended that people need awareness on densely populated area / household are more prone to experience more episodes of malaria incidence than sparsely populated one, encouragement on utilization of closed domestic water system instead of open system to avoid reservoir for mosquito, enlightenment on type toilet used and avoid absence ceiling to prevent being a breeding site for mosquitoes, government to stage more campaign against malaria especially for adult not for children under 5year alone and create a task force officer/ sanitary inspectors to checkmate sanitation of our environment to avoid unkempt toilet habit which serves as breeding site for mosquitoes.
Malaria Control Strategies among Rural Dwellers in a Typical Nigerian Settingasclepiuspdfs
Malaria is a major public health problem in sub-Saharan African, including Nigeria, causing 63% of total outpatient attendance in health facilities, 30% under-five mortality, and 11% of maternal mortality. Malaria control practices remain a major strategy in the combat of this menace. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the malaria control strategies utilized among rural dwellers in the Ezza North local government area (LGA) of Ebonyi state.
Malaria is still considered globally as a leading cause of morbidity with Nigeria carrying the highest burden of 19%. Coinfection of malaria and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) accelerate disease progression of HIV/AIDS subjects. This study investigated the prevalence and predictors of malaria among HIV infected subjects attending the antiretroviral therapy Clinic at Federal the Medical Centre, Keffi, Nigeria. After ethical clearance, 200 whole blood specimens were collected from patients who gave informed consent and completed a self-structured questionnaire. The specimens were examined for malarial parasite using rapid kits and microscopy. The overall prevalence of the infection was 78/200 (39.0%). The prevalence was higher in male (44.7%) than female (34.0%) subjects. Those subjects aged < 20 years (54.5), male gender (44.7%), non-formal education holders (61.5%), farmers (62.5%), stream water users (48.1%), those that lives in rural setting (43.6%), those that do not use Insecticides Treated Nets (ITNs) (39.4%) and swampy environment dwellers (41.7%) were identified predictors for malaria infection in the area. All the predictors studied did not show any statistically significant difference with the infection but some arithmetic difference exists (P > 0.05). The 39.0% prevalence of malaria in HIV infected subjects is a public health concern. Therefore, Public health surveillance and health education among HIV population should be advocated to help eradicate malaria comes 2030. Further study that will characterize the genes of the parasite should be carried out.
The document provides a risk assessment of a potential Zika virus outbreak in the WHO African region. It analyzed hazards, exposures, vulnerabilities and coping capacities to develop a risk ranking of countries. Key indicators included Zika transmission factors, urbanization, connectivity, treatment seeking, and government and laboratory capacities. Maps in an annex show the distribution of these indicators. The analysis aims to inform prevention and preparedness efforts for a potential Zika outbreak in Africa.
Eric Benjamin submitted his final project on malaria in Nigeria to Walden University. The 3 sentence summary is:
The project focused on malaria in Nigeria, where it is a major public health problem, with an estimated 100 million cases and 300,000 deaths per year. Malaria disproportionately affects children under 5 and the poor, and factors like poverty, lack of education, and cultural beliefs contribute to the high burden. Nigeria has implemented strategies like insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying, as well as policies to improve prevention, treatment, and the public health system's response to malaria.
Malaria is a major health problem in Nigeria, affecting 97% of the population. Each year there are an estimated 100 million cases of malaria in Nigeria, resulting in over 300,000 deaths. Malaria prevalence is highest in children ages 5-59 months in southern, central, and western Nigeria. Repeated malaria infections contribute to severe anemia and increased risk of death in children under 5 years old. This study aims to understand the current prevalence of malaria in Nigeria, environmental factors that allow transmission, and behaviors regarding treatment seeking for the disease. It also aims to educate the public about the effectiveness of insecticide-treated bed nets in preventing malaria transmission.
Malaria is a major health problem in Nigeria, affecting 97% of the population. Each year there are an estimated 100 million cases of malaria in Nigeria, resulting in over 300,000 deaths. Malaria prevalence is highest in children ages 5-59 months in southern, central, and western Nigeria. The socioeconomic burden of malaria on Nigeria is high, with billions of naira spent annually on prevention and treatment. Repeated malaria infections can have long-term health impacts for children, including anemia, lower birth weights, learning impairments, and higher risk of other illnesses. This study aims to understand the current malaria prevalence in Nigeria and examine behaviors related to treatment seeking as well as educate the public on the effective use of
Entomological and parasitological indices of malaria transmission in minna ni...Chidiebere Otuu
This study evaluated the entomological and parasitological indices of malaria transmission in two communities, Mekunkele and Gidan Kwano, in Minna, Nigeria. Mosquitoes were collected using pyrethrum spray catches and dissected to determine species, parity rates, and sporozoite rates. A total of 867 mosquitoes were collected, with 62.51% being Anopheles mosquitoes. The female Anopheles mosquito samples had a 55.26% sporozoite and parity rate. Blood samples from 425 individuals were also examined, with 65.20% testing positive for malaria parasites. The results provide baseline data on the transmission of malaria in these communities to help design effective control
Entomological and parasitological indices of malaria transmission in minna ni...Chidiebere Otuu
This study evaluated the entomological and parasitological indices of malaria transmission in two communities, Mekunkele and Gidan Kwano, in Minna, Nigeria. Mosquitoes were collected using pyrethrum spray catches and dissected to determine species, parity rates, and sporozoite rates. A total of 867 mosquitoes were collected, with 62.51% being Anopheles mosquitoes. The female Anopheles mosquito samples had a 55.26% sporozoite and parity rate. Blood samples from 425 individuals were also examined, with 65.20% testing positive for malaria parasites. The results provide baseline data on the transmission of malaria in these communities to help design effective control
Malaria infection during pregnancy is a major public health problem- especially in tropical and sub-tropical regions; with substantial risks for the mother, her foetus and the new-born, Pregnant women are particularly susceptible to malaria, and in low transmission settings they have a greater risk of severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. This study aimed at investigating the rate of parasitaemia amongst pregnant and none pregnant women was conducted among people attending clinics at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Mambo hospital, Nosam medical laboratory services in Calabar Cross River state. They fall within the age group 18 to 60 years. They were pregnant women who came for Antenatal clinic, controls were sampled from patients who came to request for medical examination and blood donors. Thick and thin blood smears were made from finger prick samples of 400 candidates attending Antenatal clinics 200 of them were from established pregnant women and the other 200 were from non-pregnant women to serve as control. The blood films were dried and fixed in absolute methanol dried and stained with 2% Giemsa stain for 30 min. it was then rinse in clean water and allowed to dry in a draining rack. Dried slides were viewed using x100 oil immersion objective. Result revealed a parasitic rate of 132 (55.9 %) among pregnant women and104 (44.1%) parasitaemia among none pregnant women. The difference between pregnant women and none pegnant women were significantly different at p < 0.05. Similarly, the mean parasite density of the pregnant women was higher 28.9 against 14.2 of control none pregnant women. In conclusion there was a significant density of malaria parasitaemia amongst pregnant women in this study.
World Malaria Day 2018 focuses on being ready to beat malaria with its theme. Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by mosquito-borne parasites that infect the liver and blood cells. In 2016, there were an estimated 216 million malaria cases worldwide, with the majority in sub-Saharan Africa. Prevention efforts like insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor spraying are key to control along with early diagnosis and effective treatment. Vaccine development continues but current partial vaccines only provide some protection for young children. Reaching at-risk groups like children under 5 remains a priority for malaria elimination efforts.
As monkeypox stokes here-we-go-again fears in a pandemic-weary world, some researchers in Africa are having their own sense . Another neglected tropical disease of the poor gets attention only after it starts to infect people in wealthy countries. “It’s as if your neighbor’s house is burning and you just close your window and say it’s fine,” says Yap Boum, an epidemiologist in Cameroon who works with both the health ministry and Doctors Without Borders.
This document is a dissertation submitted by Mudaheranwa Augustine King to Makerere University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Science degree in Quantitative Economics. The dissertation analyzes time series data on malaria cases from 2012-2018 from Rubavu Hospital in Rwanda. The objectives are to establish the time-series properties of malaria cases in Rwanda and provide a forecast. Secondary data on malaria cases by year and severity were collected from hospital records and analyzed using statistical software. Tests were performed to determine trends in malaria incidence and an ARIMA model was fitted to provide a reliable forecast.
Modeling the Consequence of Multi Intervention Campaigns for the Spread of Ma...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a research paper that developed a mathematical model called SPITR to study the transmission dynamics of malaria and the impact of multiple intervention strategies. The SPITR model divides the human population into 5 groups - susceptible, protected, infected, treatment, and recovered. It also includes 2 mosquito groups - susceptible and infected. The model aims to assess how interventions like insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying can increase mosquito mortality and help control the spread of malaria. Simulation results suggest combining these interventions with prompt treatment and vaccination can more effectively reduce malaria cases and transmission.
This document discusses a study that assessed the impact of mass drug administration (MDA) on the transmission of lymphatic filariasis in Tono Irrigation Area in Navrongo, Ghana. The study involved collecting and dissecting mosquitoes from two communities to determine infection levels. A total of 3,650 Anopheles mosquitoes and 386 Culex mosquitoes were collected and examined. Only 3 Anopheles mosquitoes were found to be infected with filarial parasites, but no infective L3 stage larvae were detected. This suggests that ongoing transmission of lymphatic filariasis had been interrupted in the study sites following over nine years of MDA, though continued surveillance is still needed.
Evaluation of factors that influence Reoccurrence of Cholera epidemics in Bwe...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Cholera is an acute enteric infection characterised by sudden onset of profuse, painless watery diarrhoea and vomiting. Transmission of the disease is by faecal-oral route and from man to man via faecal contaminated water, ingestion of contaminated foods and drinks, and bottle feeding in infants. Globally, an estimated 1.4 to 4.3 million cholera cases and 28,000 to 142,000 cholera related deaths occur every year and the highest deaths rates occur in developing countries. The aim of this study was to explore the factors influencing reoccurrence of cholera outbreaks in Bwera hospital-Kasese district, Uganda. The study was a descriptive cross-sectional where quantitative strategy was applied on health workers and households within Bwera hospital. The study targeted 73 respondents; random sampling procedure was used. Three broad themes were based on to obtain results namely; sources of water for home use, environmental sanitation and the role of climate change. It emerged that water was mainly collected from unprotected sources using rudimentary methods and it was made safe by boiling. Hand washing was seen as a common practice done though occasionally. Generally solid wastes were poorly managed including human waste and reinforcing reforestation was seen as a remedy to avert effects of climate change. The commonest source of water for home consumption was from open water surfaces mainly rivers/streams. Boiling was seen as one of the commonest methods of making water safe for home consumption but the numbers of house hold that boils water are very few thereby making them prone to infection. Washing hands was the commonest practice especially before eating but still some children do ignore washing of their hands before eating if their caretakers are not around them; however, it was not consistently after visiting latrine. Poor waste disposal was seen present in the communities whereby bushes and river banks were seen as places where human waste is deposited.
Keywords: Cholera, Deaths, Households, Bwera hospital, contaminated Water.
This study evaluated the direct and indirect protective effects of malaria interventions ITNs and IRS using data from 7 countries in Africa. A crude analysis found that ITN use significantly decreased odds of malaria in 2 countries and increased odds in 2 others, while IRS use significantly decreased odds in 1 country and increased odds in another. An adjusted analysis found no indirect protection for non-ITN users as coverage increased, but indirect protection was offered to ITN users as coverage increased in their neighborhood. IRS use did not provide individual or community-level protection against malaria. The contradictory findings highlight a need for further research on mechanisms driving these observed patterns.
Economic analysis of malaria burden in kenyaNanyingi Mark
This framework uses a cost of illness approach to evaluate the burden of malaria. The evaluation is based on private direct costs (PDC) and private indirect cost (PIC) of malaria attack per episode.
This study evaluated the prevalence of malaria parasite among pregnant and non pregnant women attending Federal Medical Centre (FMC) Owerri Imo State Nigeria within the age range of 21-50 years. The molecular identification and speciation of the malaria parasites were carried out using different diagnostic techniques. The blood samples were analyzed using microscopy, Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results using the microscopy for pregnant women was 181(90.5%) and for non pregnant women, it was 185(92.5%) within the age range of under 21, 41 and above. The result of RDT for pregnant women was 58(32.0%) and for non pregnant women were 46(24.9%). However, the age group of pregnant women that had the highest occurrence of malaria using microscopy was (21-25yrs) with 100% of persons tested positive and (41-45yrs) with 78.8% had the lowest occurrence. For non pregnant women, the age group that had the highest occurrence of malaria parasite was (31-35yrs) with 95.3%of persons reporting tested reporting positive while, (21-25yrs) with 84.6% had the lowest occurrence. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used for the speciation of the parasites and the result revealed that Plasmodium falciparum in pregnant women within the ages of 46-50yrs had the highest (96.0%) prevalent followed by Plasmodium vivax for women within the ages of 21-25yrs had the highest (13.6%) occurrence, Plasmodium malariae for women within the ages 21-25yrs and had the highest (9.4%) occurrence. In this study, Polymerase Chain Reaction was very sensitive, takes more large samples at a time and specific for both P. falciparum and non falciparum Plasmodium infections and has many diagnostic advantages over microscopy. Out of 400 venous blood samples collected from both pregnant and non-pregnant women, 27 blood samples had mixed malaria parasite infections. Therefore, following this study, it will be recommended that we urge the pharmaceutical companies to improve on the manufacturing of broad-spectrum antimalarial drugs to cover all species of Plasmodium as it’s done with antimicrobials not only concentrating on the drugs for the treatment of P. falciparum alone.
National Vector Borne Disease Control Program.pptxDR.SUMIT SABLE
WELL THIS IS ABOUT VECTOR BORNE DISEASE CONTROL PROGRAMME AND MALERIA IN DEPTH . OVERALL OVERVIEW OF NVBDCP HAS GIVEN AND THEN DETAILS ABOUT MALERIA ARE DISCUSSED AND ALL OTHER DISEASES IN PROGRAMME ARE ALSO COVERED.
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. P. falciparum is the deadliest species. In 2010, malaria killed approximately 600,000 people, mostly young children and pregnant women in Africa. While control efforts have reduced malaria significantly outside of Africa, it remains a major public health challenge, exacerbated by emerging drug resistance and the overlap of malaria with poverty. Accurate diagnosis via microscopy of blood smears remains essential for effective treatment and control of this widespread and complex disease.
Cholera is an acute diarrheal infection of the small intestine caused by the ingestion of food and water contaminated by bacterium vibrio cholera. An estimated 3–5 million cholera cases resulting to about 120 000 deaths yearly. Nigeria accounts for 38% of cases from Africa with 44,456 cases, with highest case fatality rate (CFR) of 5.1% in Sub-Sahara Africa (WHO, 2010). In Nigeria, 18 States in 2010 reported the outbreak of cholera with about 41,787 cases and1,716 deaths (case-fatality rate [CFR]: 4.1%). In 2010, men had a higher prevalence (5.1%) than in women (4.9%)
This document discusses Inversive Salmonolosis in sub-Saharan Africa. It notes that Salmonella enterica bacteria are a common cause of disease in humans and animals in Africa. Environmental and host risk factors that increase the risk of invasive Salmonella infection are discussed, including rainfall, animal contact, poor sanitation, young age, and HIV/AIDS status. The global burden of invasive Salmonella infection in southern Africa is high, potentially higher than other causes of disease like malaria or tuberculosis. More research is needed to better understand invasive Salmonella in Africa and develop prevention strategies.
The epidemiology of tuberculosis in Kenya, a high TB/HIV burden country (2000...Premier Publishers
Interest in the epidemiology of TB was triggered by the re-emergence of tuberculosis in the early 1990’s with the advent of HIV and falling economic status of many people which subjected them to poverty. The dual lethal combination of HIV and poverty triggered an unprecedented TB epidemic. In this study, we focused on the period 2000-2013 and all the notified data in Kenya was included. Data on estimates of TB incidence, prevalence and mortality was extracted from the WHO global Tuberculosis database. Data was analysed to produce trends for each of the years and descriptive statistics were calculated. The results showed that there was an average decline of 5% over the last 8 years with the highest decline being reported in the year 2012/13. TB continues to disproportionately affect the male gender with 58% being male and 42% being female. Kenya has made significant efforts to address the burden of HIV among TB patients with cotrimoxazole preventive therapy (CPT) uptake reaching 98% AND ART at 74% by the end of 2013. Kenya’s TB epidemic has evolved over time and it has been characterised by a period where there was increase in the TB cases reaching a peak in the year 2007 after which there was a decline which began to accelerate in the year 2011. The gains in the decline of TB could be attributed in part to the outcomes of integrating TB and HIV services and these gains should be sustained. What is equally notable is the clear epidemiologic shift in age indicating reduced transmission in the younger age groups.
Abstracts Of The 20Th College Of Medicine Research Dissemination ConferenceAllison Thompson
This document contains abstracts from the 20th College of Medicine Research Dissemination Conference in Malawi. The summaries describe research on various topics related to malaria:
1. A study on the cost-effectiveness of a school-based malaria intervention program in Zomba district, finding it to be highly cost-effective.
2. A study assessing the spatial heterogeneity of malaria vectors in southern Malawi, finding clear spatial patterns in mosquito abundance.
3. A study of risk factors for Anopheles mosquitoes in rural and urban areas of Blantyre district, finding open eaves and altitude were associated with mosquito presence.
Malaria is a protozoan disease caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted via mosquito bites. It remains a major public health issue globally, with over 200 million cases estimated in 2019. The presentation provides an overview of the global, regional, and national scenarios of malaria, with a focus on Nepal. Key points covered include the distribution and trends of malaria cases and deaths worldwide, with most of the burden concentrated in Africa. Strategies to control and eliminate malaria are also summarized, along with achievements in various countries and regions.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Malaria is a major health problem in Nigeria, affecting 97% of the population. Each year there are an estimated 100 million cases of malaria in Nigeria, resulting in over 300,000 deaths. Malaria prevalence is highest in children ages 5-59 months in southern, central, and western Nigeria. The socioeconomic burden of malaria on Nigeria is high, with billions of naira spent annually on prevention and treatment. Repeated malaria infections can have long-term health impacts for children, including anemia, lower birth weights, learning impairments, and higher risk of other illnesses. This study aims to understand the current malaria prevalence in Nigeria and examine behaviors related to treatment seeking as well as educate the public on the effective use of
Entomological and parasitological indices of malaria transmission in minna ni...Chidiebere Otuu
This study evaluated the entomological and parasitological indices of malaria transmission in two communities, Mekunkele and Gidan Kwano, in Minna, Nigeria. Mosquitoes were collected using pyrethrum spray catches and dissected to determine species, parity rates, and sporozoite rates. A total of 867 mosquitoes were collected, with 62.51% being Anopheles mosquitoes. The female Anopheles mosquito samples had a 55.26% sporozoite and parity rate. Blood samples from 425 individuals were also examined, with 65.20% testing positive for malaria parasites. The results provide baseline data on the transmission of malaria in these communities to help design effective control
Entomological and parasitological indices of malaria transmission in minna ni...Chidiebere Otuu
This study evaluated the entomological and parasitological indices of malaria transmission in two communities, Mekunkele and Gidan Kwano, in Minna, Nigeria. Mosquitoes were collected using pyrethrum spray catches and dissected to determine species, parity rates, and sporozoite rates. A total of 867 mosquitoes were collected, with 62.51% being Anopheles mosquitoes. The female Anopheles mosquito samples had a 55.26% sporozoite and parity rate. Blood samples from 425 individuals were also examined, with 65.20% testing positive for malaria parasites. The results provide baseline data on the transmission of malaria in these communities to help design effective control
Malaria infection during pregnancy is a major public health problem- especially in tropical and sub-tropical regions; with substantial risks for the mother, her foetus and the new-born, Pregnant women are particularly susceptible to malaria, and in low transmission settings they have a greater risk of severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria. This study aimed at investigating the rate of parasitaemia amongst pregnant and none pregnant women was conducted among people attending clinics at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Mambo hospital, Nosam medical laboratory services in Calabar Cross River state. They fall within the age group 18 to 60 years. They were pregnant women who came for Antenatal clinic, controls were sampled from patients who came to request for medical examination and blood donors. Thick and thin blood smears were made from finger prick samples of 400 candidates attending Antenatal clinics 200 of them were from established pregnant women and the other 200 were from non-pregnant women to serve as control. The blood films were dried and fixed in absolute methanol dried and stained with 2% Giemsa stain for 30 min. it was then rinse in clean water and allowed to dry in a draining rack. Dried slides were viewed using x100 oil immersion objective. Result revealed a parasitic rate of 132 (55.9 %) among pregnant women and104 (44.1%) parasitaemia among none pregnant women. The difference between pregnant women and none pegnant women were significantly different at p < 0.05. Similarly, the mean parasite density of the pregnant women was higher 28.9 against 14.2 of control none pregnant women. In conclusion there was a significant density of malaria parasitaemia amongst pregnant women in this study.
World Malaria Day 2018 focuses on being ready to beat malaria with its theme. Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by mosquito-borne parasites that infect the liver and blood cells. In 2016, there were an estimated 216 million malaria cases worldwide, with the majority in sub-Saharan Africa. Prevention efforts like insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor spraying are key to control along with early diagnosis and effective treatment. Vaccine development continues but current partial vaccines only provide some protection for young children. Reaching at-risk groups like children under 5 remains a priority for malaria elimination efforts.
As monkeypox stokes here-we-go-again fears in a pandemic-weary world, some researchers in Africa are having their own sense . Another neglected tropical disease of the poor gets attention only after it starts to infect people in wealthy countries. “It’s as if your neighbor’s house is burning and you just close your window and say it’s fine,” says Yap Boum, an epidemiologist in Cameroon who works with both the health ministry and Doctors Without Borders.
This document is a dissertation submitted by Mudaheranwa Augustine King to Makerere University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Science degree in Quantitative Economics. The dissertation analyzes time series data on malaria cases from 2012-2018 from Rubavu Hospital in Rwanda. The objectives are to establish the time-series properties of malaria cases in Rwanda and provide a forecast. Secondary data on malaria cases by year and severity were collected from hospital records and analyzed using statistical software. Tests were performed to determine trends in malaria incidence and an ARIMA model was fitted to provide a reliable forecast.
Modeling the Consequence of Multi Intervention Campaigns for the Spread of Ma...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a research paper that developed a mathematical model called SPITR to study the transmission dynamics of malaria and the impact of multiple intervention strategies. The SPITR model divides the human population into 5 groups - susceptible, protected, infected, treatment, and recovered. It also includes 2 mosquito groups - susceptible and infected. The model aims to assess how interventions like insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying can increase mosquito mortality and help control the spread of malaria. Simulation results suggest combining these interventions with prompt treatment and vaccination can more effectively reduce malaria cases and transmission.
This document discusses a study that assessed the impact of mass drug administration (MDA) on the transmission of lymphatic filariasis in Tono Irrigation Area in Navrongo, Ghana. The study involved collecting and dissecting mosquitoes from two communities to determine infection levels. A total of 3,650 Anopheles mosquitoes and 386 Culex mosquitoes were collected and examined. Only 3 Anopheles mosquitoes were found to be infected with filarial parasites, but no infective L3 stage larvae were detected. This suggests that ongoing transmission of lymphatic filariasis had been interrupted in the study sites following over nine years of MDA, though continued surveillance is still needed.
Evaluation of factors that influence Reoccurrence of Cholera epidemics in Bwe...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Cholera is an acute enteric infection characterised by sudden onset of profuse, painless watery diarrhoea and vomiting. Transmission of the disease is by faecal-oral route and from man to man via faecal contaminated water, ingestion of contaminated foods and drinks, and bottle feeding in infants. Globally, an estimated 1.4 to 4.3 million cholera cases and 28,000 to 142,000 cholera related deaths occur every year and the highest deaths rates occur in developing countries. The aim of this study was to explore the factors influencing reoccurrence of cholera outbreaks in Bwera hospital-Kasese district, Uganda. The study was a descriptive cross-sectional where quantitative strategy was applied on health workers and households within Bwera hospital. The study targeted 73 respondents; random sampling procedure was used. Three broad themes were based on to obtain results namely; sources of water for home use, environmental sanitation and the role of climate change. It emerged that water was mainly collected from unprotected sources using rudimentary methods and it was made safe by boiling. Hand washing was seen as a common practice done though occasionally. Generally solid wastes were poorly managed including human waste and reinforcing reforestation was seen as a remedy to avert effects of climate change. The commonest source of water for home consumption was from open water surfaces mainly rivers/streams. Boiling was seen as one of the commonest methods of making water safe for home consumption but the numbers of house hold that boils water are very few thereby making them prone to infection. Washing hands was the commonest practice especially before eating but still some children do ignore washing of their hands before eating if their caretakers are not around them; however, it was not consistently after visiting latrine. Poor waste disposal was seen present in the communities whereby bushes and river banks were seen as places where human waste is deposited.
Keywords: Cholera, Deaths, Households, Bwera hospital, contaminated Water.
This study evaluated the direct and indirect protective effects of malaria interventions ITNs and IRS using data from 7 countries in Africa. A crude analysis found that ITN use significantly decreased odds of malaria in 2 countries and increased odds in 2 others, while IRS use significantly decreased odds in 1 country and increased odds in another. An adjusted analysis found no indirect protection for non-ITN users as coverage increased, but indirect protection was offered to ITN users as coverage increased in their neighborhood. IRS use did not provide individual or community-level protection against malaria. The contradictory findings highlight a need for further research on mechanisms driving these observed patterns.
Economic analysis of malaria burden in kenyaNanyingi Mark
This framework uses a cost of illness approach to evaluate the burden of malaria. The evaluation is based on private direct costs (PDC) and private indirect cost (PIC) of malaria attack per episode.
This study evaluated the prevalence of malaria parasite among pregnant and non pregnant women attending Federal Medical Centre (FMC) Owerri Imo State Nigeria within the age range of 21-50 years. The molecular identification and speciation of the malaria parasites were carried out using different diagnostic techniques. The blood samples were analyzed using microscopy, Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results using the microscopy for pregnant women was 181(90.5%) and for non pregnant women, it was 185(92.5%) within the age range of under 21, 41 and above. The result of RDT for pregnant women was 58(32.0%) and for non pregnant women were 46(24.9%). However, the age group of pregnant women that had the highest occurrence of malaria using microscopy was (21-25yrs) with 100% of persons tested positive and (41-45yrs) with 78.8% had the lowest occurrence. For non pregnant women, the age group that had the highest occurrence of malaria parasite was (31-35yrs) with 95.3%of persons reporting tested reporting positive while, (21-25yrs) with 84.6% had the lowest occurrence. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used for the speciation of the parasites and the result revealed that Plasmodium falciparum in pregnant women within the ages of 46-50yrs had the highest (96.0%) prevalent followed by Plasmodium vivax for women within the ages of 21-25yrs had the highest (13.6%) occurrence, Plasmodium malariae for women within the ages 21-25yrs and had the highest (9.4%) occurrence. In this study, Polymerase Chain Reaction was very sensitive, takes more large samples at a time and specific for both P. falciparum and non falciparum Plasmodium infections and has many diagnostic advantages over microscopy. Out of 400 venous blood samples collected from both pregnant and non-pregnant women, 27 blood samples had mixed malaria parasite infections. Therefore, following this study, it will be recommended that we urge the pharmaceutical companies to improve on the manufacturing of broad-spectrum antimalarial drugs to cover all species of Plasmodium as it’s done with antimicrobials not only concentrating on the drugs for the treatment of P. falciparum alone.
National Vector Borne Disease Control Program.pptxDR.SUMIT SABLE
WELL THIS IS ABOUT VECTOR BORNE DISEASE CONTROL PROGRAMME AND MALERIA IN DEPTH . OVERALL OVERVIEW OF NVBDCP HAS GIVEN AND THEN DETAILS ABOUT MALERIA ARE DISCUSSED AND ALL OTHER DISEASES IN PROGRAMME ARE ALSO COVERED.
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted via mosquito bites. P. falciparum is the deadliest species. In 2010, malaria killed approximately 600,000 people, mostly young children and pregnant women in Africa. While control efforts have reduced malaria significantly outside of Africa, it remains a major public health challenge, exacerbated by emerging drug resistance and the overlap of malaria with poverty. Accurate diagnosis via microscopy of blood smears remains essential for effective treatment and control of this widespread and complex disease.
Cholera is an acute diarrheal infection of the small intestine caused by the ingestion of food and water contaminated by bacterium vibrio cholera. An estimated 3–5 million cholera cases resulting to about 120 000 deaths yearly. Nigeria accounts for 38% of cases from Africa with 44,456 cases, with highest case fatality rate (CFR) of 5.1% in Sub-Sahara Africa (WHO, 2010). In Nigeria, 18 States in 2010 reported the outbreak of cholera with about 41,787 cases and1,716 deaths (case-fatality rate [CFR]: 4.1%). In 2010, men had a higher prevalence (5.1%) than in women (4.9%)
This document discusses Inversive Salmonolosis in sub-Saharan Africa. It notes that Salmonella enterica bacteria are a common cause of disease in humans and animals in Africa. Environmental and host risk factors that increase the risk of invasive Salmonella infection are discussed, including rainfall, animal contact, poor sanitation, young age, and HIV/AIDS status. The global burden of invasive Salmonella infection in southern Africa is high, potentially higher than other causes of disease like malaria or tuberculosis. More research is needed to better understand invasive Salmonella in Africa and develop prevention strategies.
The epidemiology of tuberculosis in Kenya, a high TB/HIV burden country (2000...Premier Publishers
Interest in the epidemiology of TB was triggered by the re-emergence of tuberculosis in the early 1990’s with the advent of HIV and falling economic status of many people which subjected them to poverty. The dual lethal combination of HIV and poverty triggered an unprecedented TB epidemic. In this study, we focused on the period 2000-2013 and all the notified data in Kenya was included. Data on estimates of TB incidence, prevalence and mortality was extracted from the WHO global Tuberculosis database. Data was analysed to produce trends for each of the years and descriptive statistics were calculated. The results showed that there was an average decline of 5% over the last 8 years with the highest decline being reported in the year 2012/13. TB continues to disproportionately affect the male gender with 58% being male and 42% being female. Kenya has made significant efforts to address the burden of HIV among TB patients with cotrimoxazole preventive therapy (CPT) uptake reaching 98% AND ART at 74% by the end of 2013. Kenya’s TB epidemic has evolved over time and it has been characterised by a period where there was increase in the TB cases reaching a peak in the year 2007 after which there was a decline which began to accelerate in the year 2011. The gains in the decline of TB could be attributed in part to the outcomes of integrating TB and HIV services and these gains should be sustained. What is equally notable is the clear epidemiologic shift in age indicating reduced transmission in the younger age groups.
Abstracts Of The 20Th College Of Medicine Research Dissemination ConferenceAllison Thompson
This document contains abstracts from the 20th College of Medicine Research Dissemination Conference in Malawi. The summaries describe research on various topics related to malaria:
1. A study on the cost-effectiveness of a school-based malaria intervention program in Zomba district, finding it to be highly cost-effective.
2. A study assessing the spatial heterogeneity of malaria vectors in southern Malawi, finding clear spatial patterns in mosquito abundance.
3. A study of risk factors for Anopheles mosquitoes in rural and urban areas of Blantyre district, finding open eaves and altitude were associated with mosquito presence.
Malaria is a protozoan disease caused by Plasmodium parasites and transmitted via mosquito bites. It remains a major public health issue globally, with over 200 million cases estimated in 2019. The presentation provides an overview of the global, regional, and national scenarios of malaria, with a focus on Nepal. Key points covered include the distribution and trends of malaria cases and deaths worldwide, with most of the burden concentrated in Africa. Strategies to control and eliminate malaria are also summarized, along with achievements in various countries and regions.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
1. ACCRA SCHOOL OF HYGIENE
KORLE-BU
The burden of malaria at Ablekuma south municipal
Assembly
In the Greater Accra Region, Ghana.
BOAKYE GYAN
(SOHAEH200057)
MARCH, 2022
2. DECLARATION
I declare that my thesis is an original result resulting from my effort. Except other
literally works of scholars duly been acknowledged, this proposal is the result of my
study done at Accra School of Hygiene.
SIGNATURE…………………………………..
DATE……………………………
BOAKYE GYAN
(STUDENT)
CERTIFICATION
We the undersigned, hereby certify that the preparation and presentation of this
research work were supervised in accordance with its formats on supervising of
research aid down by the Accra School of Hygiene, Korle-Bu.
ABSTRACT
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects humans and other
animals. Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever, tiredness, vomiting,
and headaches. In severe cases, it can cause jaundice, seizures, coma,
3. or death. Symptoms usually begin ten to fifteen days after being bitten by an
infected mosquito. If not properly treated, people may have recurrences of the disease
months later. In those who have recently survived an infection, reinfection usually
causes milder symptoms. This partial resistance disappears over months to years if the
person has no continuing exposure to malaria.
Malaria is caused by single-celled micro-organisms of the Plasmodium group. It is
spread exclusively through bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. The mosquito bite
introduces the parasites from the mosquito's saliva into a person's blood. The parasites
travel to the liver where they mature and reproduce. Five species of Plasmodium can
infect and be spread by humans. Most deaths are caused by P. falciparum, whereas P.
vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae generally cause a milder form of malaria. The
species P. knowlesi rarely causes disease in humans. The study will employ a
descriptive cross-sectional study design using a quantitative method to determine the
burden of malaria in mobile populations in the Greater Accra region Accra. There will
be proper documentation on the burden of malaria to serve as reference material to the
Greater Accra region especially Ablekuma, the District Health Management team as
well as the Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), who are concerned with the
improvement of sanitation, cleaning of choked gutter, apply mosquitos repellent with
DEET (diethyltoluamide) to expose skin, drape mosquitos netting over bed, put a
screen on windows and doors, and also educate the people in Ablekuma.
DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to my parent Afari Gyan and Asantewaa Mary for their love,
care, and support throughout the three years stay at Accra School of Hygiene
4. TABLE OF CONTENT
DECLARATION
CERTIFICATION
ABSTRACT
DEDICATION
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of the problems
1.3 The objective of the study
1.3.1 Main objective
1.3.2 Specific objective
1.4 Research question
1.5 Significance of the study
1.6 Delimitation
REFERENCE
1.1 Background to the study
5. Malaria is a recurrent and intermittent fever caused by a protozoan parasite that
infects red blood cells and is spread by mosquitoes in many tropical and subtropical
areas.
Plasmodium falciparum is the most serious public health issue on a global scale,
accounting for more than 90% of malaria-related deaths. In 2015, an estimated 212
million new cases of malaria were reported worldwide (range: 148–304 million), with
the bulk of cases occurring in Africa (90 percent).
In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in the problem of urban malaria in
Sub-Saharan Africa. Urban malaria is projected to become more important shortly, as
rising urbanization will result in the majority of Africa's population residing in cities.
It is widely considered that urbanization reduces malaria incidence by reducing
Anopheles breeding sites, reducing bite rates due to a larger human-to-mosquito ratio
improving access to treatment, and improving (mosquito-proof) housing. However,
there is fear that places of rapid, unplanned urbanization, which are often linked with
low income, poor education, poor health care, and bad housing/sanitary conditions,
may not see such significant reductions in crime(Nonvignon et al., 2016)
Malaria is responsible for around 1800 hospital admissions and 10 fatalities per
100,000 people in Ghana, according to a World Health Organization (WHO) report.
Human population movement has been recognized as a fundamental problem in
handling malaria control and elimination programs, as it necessitates an understanding
of how malaria's spatial distribution evolves over time and across numerous areas that
become interrelated through population movement. (Diallo et al., 2017).
6. MIP accounted for 17.6% of outpatient department visits, 13.7 percent of hospital
admissions among pregnant women, and 3.4 percent of maternal mortality in Ghana
in 2014, with the first two measures falling to 14 and 11 percent in 2015. Malaria
transmission has decreased significantly globally, but it is unknown how this has
affected the malaria burden in pregnancy. Specifically, despite their vulnerability to
malaria, little is known about trends in asymptomatic P. falciparum parasitemia in
pregnant women in Ghana and other endemic countries. Such information is critical
for evaluating the efficacy of many years of focused preventive therapies, such as
IPT-SP and ITNs, either directly or indirectly. It will also be important to determine
where more money is needed(Osarfo et al., 2022).
Background In the fight against malaria, Ghana has achieved significant success.
Between 2005 and 2015, malaria incidences and fatalities reduced by almost 50% and
65 percent, respectively (Shretta et al., 2020).
To order to examine the influence of urban agriculture on malaria transmission risk,
entomological and epidemiological studies were conducted in Accra, Ghana. Malaria
prevalence was much greater in children living near urban agriculture (UA) in urban
Accra than in children living in neighborhoods remote from it, according to
epidemiological surveys. Only in a few groups, however, did the distance to
agriculture and malaria prevention have a strong negative relationship. There were
other groups outside of agriculture with high malaria incidence, suggesting that there
are likely to be additional relevant risk factors for urban malaria.
The results of a series of entomological research conducted in urban Ghana are
reported and compared to prior epidemiological studies(Klinkenberg et al., 2008).
7. Intra-country mobility and malaria risk in Sub-Saharan Africa is still poorly
documented in the literature. The extent of malaria in mobile populations and its
contribution to Ghana's local malaria situation are unknown. This study looked at the
malaria burden in mobile populations and their malaria-related risk factors in Ghana's
Greater Accra Region. This study's findings are extremely useful in bridging the
knowledge gap for programmatic improvement.
1.2 Statement of the problems
Two congenital cases, three cryptic cases, and two cases acquired by blood
transfusion were among the 2,161 confirmed malaria cases with symptoms reported to
the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2017. The number of
malaria cases detected in the United States has been growing since the mid-1970s; in
2017, the number of cases reported surpassed the previous record of 2,078 confirmed
cases in 2016, setting a 45-year high. In 2017, a total of 1,819 (86.1%) cases were
imported from Africa, including 1,216 (66.9%) from West Africa. The overall
proportion of imported cases from West Africa (57.6%) increased in 2017 compared
to 2016. (51.6%) of the population. The bulk of infections (1,523 cases) was caused
by P. falciparum. Due to the paucity of appropriate vector breeding grounds in highly
populated places, malaria has long been assumed to be a rural ailment in Ghana and
many other African countries. Although there is evidence that living closer to the
8. heart of a city diminishes mosquito breeding grounds, there have been several
reported cases of malaria transmission in cities(Diallo et al., 2017).
In Ghana due to the rapid growth of the population, especially Ablekuma has seen a
surge in urbanization. More than half of the population lives in the city. More than
half of the world's population lives in cities. Rapid urbanization has increased urban
poverty. Malaria is more common in the poorest parts of cities than previously
thought. In urban poor areas, inadequate housing, low socioeconomic level, and poor
sanitation (leading to the creation of breeding grounds) significantly increase the risk
of malaria. Malaria control in such areas becomes more difficult as a result of this.
Over the last two decades, several measures have been implemented in Ghana to
lower the prevalence of malaria. The malaria action plan and the rollback malaria
program are two examples. Despite these efforts, the rate of malaria in Ghana remains
high. The incidence has been reported to be on the rise. This has been ascribed to poor
drug treatment techniques, which have contributed to the spread of falciparum malaria
resistance. The key result, based on the data provided, is the "number of children
(under 5 years) who slept beneath a net the previous night," as determined by an
interviewer. The information from the household representative's questionnaire was
retrieved. All long-lasting insecticide-treated and other insecticide-treated bed nets
were defined. As a result, all insecticide-treated nets must be used. Whether long-
lasting insecticide-treated or retreated, are referred to as nets or bed nets in this
context. In terms of malaria-related media messaging, the survey found that
Information was obtained through television, radio, newspapers, posters, health
personnel, and community volunteers by inquiring of the household representative
9. "Have you seen or heard anything unusual in the last 12 months any letters informing
you that your families should sleep beneath the stars ITN focuses on pregnant mothers
and children(Owusu Adjah & Panayiotou, 2018).
Home-based remedies involving over-the-counter and leftover drugs, as well as the
use of herbs, are often the first treatment strategies for malaria in Ghana, particularly
Ablekuma, and other African countries, with individuals proceeding to a medical
facility for treatment if the condition worsens. The choice of alternative malaria
treatment has been attributed to misconceptions regarding malaria treatment, as well
as ease of accessibility and availability of alternative treatment.
1.3 Objective of the study
1.3.1 Main objective
The purpose of the study is to determine the burden of malaria in the mobile
population in the Greater Accra Region, Accra.
1.3.2 Specific objective
To determine the knowledge level of the burden of malaria among the people
at ablekuma.
To assess the socio-economic effects of the burden of malaria among the
people at ablekuma
To recommend appropriate measures to be taken to prevent the burden of
malaria among the people at ablekuma.
1.4 Researchquestions
10. What is the level of knowledge of the burden of malaria among the people at
Ablekuma?
What are the socio-economic effects of the burden of malaria among the
people at Ablekuma?
What are some of the appropriate measures to be taken to prevent the burden
of malaria among the people at Ablekuma?
1.5 Significance of the study
It is a leading cause of death and disease in many developing countries, where young
children and pregnant women are the groups most affected. According to the 2021
World Malaria Report: Nearly half the world's population lives in areas at risk of
malaria transmission in 87 countries and territories. In Ghana, it is estimated that 3.5
million cases of malaria are recorded each year. Evidence shows that malaria
contributes to about 38% of all outpatient cases and almost 50% of under-five hospital
admissions in the country. And after finding out all these results then we bring out the
possible ways of preventing malaria in Ghana which will based on the cleaning of
choked gutter, applying mosquito repellent with DEET (diethyltoluamide) to expose
skin, draping mosquitos netting over bed, putting a screen on windows and doors, and
also educate the people on things that will bring out the cause of malaria and the
health impact of it, to prevent the burden of malaria in Ablekuma, south municipal.
1.6 Delimitation
The research will be limited to the burden of malaria at Ablekuma south municipal in
the Greater Accra Region, Ghana.
REFERENCE:
Diallo, N., Akweongo, P., Maya, E., Aikins, M., & Sarfo, B. (2017). Burden of
11. malaria in mobile populations in the Greater Accra region, Ghana: a cross-
sectional study. Malaria Journal, 16(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-
017-1751-x
Klinkenberg, E., Mccall, P. J., Wilson, M. D., Amerasinghe, F. P., & Donnelly, M. J.
(2008). Impact of urban agriculture on malaria vectors in Accra , Ghana. 9, 1–9.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-7-151
Nonvignon, J., Aryeetey, G. C., Malm, K. L., Agyemang, S. A., Aubyn, V. N. A.,
Peprah, N. Y., Plange, C. N. B., & Aikins, M. (2016). Economic burden of
malaria on businesses in Ghana : a case for private sector investment in malaria
control. Malaria Journal, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-016-1506-0
Osarfo, J., Ampofo, G. D., & Tagbor, H. (2022). Trends of malaria infection in
pregnancy in Ghana over the past two decades : a review. Malaria Journal, 1–12.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-021-04031-3
Owusu Adjah, E. S., & Panayiotou, A. G. (2014). Impact of malaria-related messages
on the insecticide-treated net (ITN) use for malaria prevention in Ghana. Malaria
Journal, 13(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-13-123
Shretta, R., Silal, S. P., Malm, K., Mohammed, W., Narh, J., Piccinini, D., Bertram,
K., Rockwood, J., & Lynch, M. (2020). Estimating the risk of declining funding
for malaria in Ghana : the case for continued investment in the malaria response.
Malaria Journal, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-020-03267-9
Diallo, N., Akweongo, P., Maya, E., Aikins, M., & Sarfo, B. (2017). Burden of
malaria in mobile populations in the Greater Accra region, Ghana: a cross-
sectional study. Malaria Journal, 16(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-
017-1751-x
Klinkenberg, E., Mccall, P. J., Wilson, M. D., Amerasinghe, F. P., & Donnelly, M. J.
12. (2008). Impact of urban agriculture on malaria vectors in Accra , Ghana. 9, 1–9.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-7-151
Nonvignon, J., Aryeetey, G. C., Malm, K. L., Agyemang, S. A., Aubyn, V. N. A.,
Peprah, N. Y., Plange, C. N. B., & Aikins, M. (2016). Economic burden of
malaria on businesses in Ghana : a case for private sector investment in malaria
control. Malaria Journal, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-016-1506-0
Osarfo, J., Ampofo, G. D., & Tagbor, H. (2022). Trends of malaria infection in
pregnancy in Ghana over the past two decades : a review. Malaria Journal, 1–12.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-021-04031-3
Owusu Adjah, E. S., & Panayiotou, A. G. (2014). Impact of malaria-related messages
on the insecticide-treated net (ITN) use for malaria prevention in Ghana. Malaria
Journal, 13(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-13-123
Shretta, R., Silal, S. P., Malm, K., Mohammed, W., Narh, J., Piccinini, D., Bertram,
K., Rockwood, J., & Lynch, M. (2020). Estimating the risk of declining funding
for malaria in Ghana : the case for continued investment in the malaria response.
Malaria Journal, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-020-03267-9